scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Richard H. P. Sia
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Fresh Serum ◽  
Killing Action

A study was made of the pneumococcidal action of serum-leucocyte mixtures of pneumococcus-resistant animals with a view to determining whether this property of the blood is to be accounted for by the presence of certain serum constituents or by cellular characteristics which are lacking in the blood of susceptible animals. By means of a method specially developed for this purpose, it was found that, after adequate contact with the serum of pneumococcus-resistant animals, virulent pneumococci were phagocyted actively not only by the homologous leucocytes but also by the leucocytes of other resistant and susceptible animals. On the other hand, pneumococci exposed to the action of the serum of pneumococcus-susceptible animals were not taken up by the leucocytes of either the resistant or susceptible species. All the resistant animals tested, dog, cat, sheep, pig and horse, showed marked opsonic properties in their blood serum which were not found in the serum of susceptible ones, rabbit, guinea pig and human. There appeared, however, to be no essential difference in the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes from the various animals. It was then shown that the pneumococcus-destroying power of serum-leucocyte mixtures was entirely abolished when heated serum was substituted for fresh serum and that such heated serum had lost much of its opsonic potency. Neither the living leucocytes alone nor extracts of the leucocytes were observed to exert any killing action on pneumococci. Further evidence of the controlling influence of opsonic action in the antipneumococcus defence mechanism of the blood, and its importance in natural resistance, was afforded by a study of the opsonin content and leucocytic functions of the blood of full grown and young rabbits as related to their widely varying degrees of pneumococcus susceptibility.

scholarly journals The cell protection of weated pigs for probiotics

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
L. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Experimental Group

The immune system is central to ensuring the consistency of the body's homeostasis. The state of the body's natural resistance is determined by a set of non-specific protective mechanisms. Lymphocytes and phagocytes are actively involved in maintaining immunity. Lymphocytes recognize the antigens of pathogenic microorganisms, and phagocytes absorb and destroy the pathogens themselves. During the weaning of piglets from sows there is a decrease in the protective forces of their body. During this period, the natural resistance of the piglets is reduced due to the stressful situation caused by changing conditions of confinement, the transition to full feed and lack of sows. The immune system of weaning pigs is relatively weak, so when exposed to environmental and technological stressors, they become susceptible to various diseases. The use of probiotic drugs stimulates the activity of the immune system, prevents stress and immunodeficiency. One of these probiotics is the probiotic of domestic production Protecto-active. It w observed the the influence of the probiotic Protecto-active on the indices of nonspecific resistance of the young pigs organism to the growth. An increase in bactericidal activity of blood serum by 12.10% (P <0.05) and lysozyme activity of blood in the piglets of the experimental group was increased by 3.71% compared to control, which indicates the activation of the body's defenses and the increase in adaptive capacity. An important step in the study of the influence of the probiotic Protekto-active on the state of the immune system is to determine the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, phagocytic index and phagocytic number. In the experimental group of piglets that were fed the probiotic Protecto-active, we found an increase in leukocyte phagocytic activity by 9.0% (P <0.001), a phagocytic index by 51.7% (P<0.001) and a phagocytic number by 24.8% ( P <0.01) compared with the control group. Thus, using a probiotic Protecto-active, all indicators of phagocytosis increase: the number of phagocytes increases, their ability to capture microorganisms and increases their digestive capacity, it increases the bacterial and lysozyme activity of blood serum, which is positively reflected in the immunobiosity. Key words: probiotic, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, phagocytic number, phagocytic activity of leukocytes, cellular immunity, piglets

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF VIBRIO FETUS

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theobald Smith ◽  
Ralph B. Little ◽  
Marian S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Agglutination Titer ◽  
Rule Out

The data bearing on these three cases are quite sufficient to rule out Bacillus abortus as the agent. Not only the cultures and guinea pig tests of fetal tissues and contents of the digestive tract, but also the agglutination and guinea pig tests of the milk, were negative. The same is true of the agglutination tests of the blood serum. Only in one case was the placenta obtained in part. The stained films and the sections from various regions showed no abortion bacilli. Guinea pig tests of placental tissue were negative for Bacillus abortus. On the other hand) minute organisms resembling vibrios were detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells within capillaries in the edematous subchorionic tissue. Subsequently the agglutination titer of the blood serum of one of these cases rose to a level indicating infection with Bacillus abortus during the second pregnancy. The peculiar distribution of abortions due to Vibrio fetus among older cows and heifers in this herd, resulting at first in cases among older cows and latterly passing to young stock, may be explained by certain occurrences in the herd itself. It may be assumed that the infection was originally brought in by purchased cows. The young stock is kept segregated from these in a special barn, and when 6 months old it is pastured on outlying farms until returned in an advanced stage of pregnancy. The heifers during the first pregnancy were thus kept away from vibrio carriers until after the first calf was born. In June and July, 1919, 55 older cows, purchased and native, were placed on the young stock pasture. The three cases of abortion in heifers due to Vibrio fetus occurred October 24, November 9, and December 2, 1919. The age and condition of the fetuses accord very well with the assumption that Vibrio fetus was introduced among the young stock in June or July of the same year. The information gathered thus far concerning vibrionic abortion in this herd enables us to formulate a tentative hypothesis subject to modification with increasing knowledge of this type of infectious abortion. The infectious agent was probably introduced by purchased cows in 1917 or earlier. It gained a certain headway up to 1919, then the number of cases declined so that between May, 1919, and May, 1920, only the above three cases in heifers, and one case of mixed infection with Bacillus abortus in an older cow, were detected. During the same period cases due to Bacillus abortus continued undiminished. The greater resistance of Bacillus abortus manifested in cultures as compared with Vibrio fetus is thus reflected in its behavior in nature. The temporary dying out of the infection indicates that natural immunization of a herd to Vibrio fetus proceeds quite rapidly. Another outbreak may be expected when the immunity of the herd has declined in the absence of the infecting agent and the latter is reintroduced from without, or it may reappear at any time when a vibrio of higher virulence is brought in.

scholarly journals THE QUANTITY OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE GUINEA PIG AS AN INHERITED CHARACTER; ITS RELATION TO NATURAL RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS, AND TO TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Shope
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Bovine Type

1. Infection with tubercle bacilli of bovine type produced no alteration in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs. 2. Certain controlled variations in diet produced no changes in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs. 3. Inbred families of guinea pigs known to manifest differing resistances to tuberculosis gave differing serum cholesterol values, but no direct relationship between the two sets of phenomena could be established. 4. It seems probable that in the guinea pig the cholesterol content of the blood serum is influenced by inherited factors.

THE EFFECT OF PREBIOTIC HEMIV ON THE NATURAL RESISTANCE AND QUALITY OF MEAT OF BROILER CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
A.A. Reznichenko ◽  
◽  
V.I. Dorozhkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Natural Resistance

We studied the effect of prebiotic hemiv on natural resistance and meat quality of broiler chickens. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that after using the drug at a dose of 0,6 g/kg of body weight, there was an increase in the phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils and the bactericidal activity of blood serum by 34,3 and 22,4%, respectively, compared with the control. After the use of hemiv at a dose of 0,9 g/kg, there was also a statistically confirmed increase in the bactericidal activity of blood serum and phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils by 20,6 and 29,1%. At studying the effect of the drug on the quality of meat, it was found that it belongs to the mature and benign and can be eaten without restrictions.

scholarly journals NATURAL RESISTANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF EGG-TYPE REPAIR YOUNG CHICKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 246 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
А.А. Menkova ◽  
◽  
V.N. Shilov ◽  
Е.М. Tsygankov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Poultry House ◽  
Blood Neutrophils ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Blood and lymph make up the circulatory link of the bird's immune system. It is necessary to note the humoral factor of immune protection-lysozyme. The purpose of scientific research is to study the level of natural resistance and development of egg-type chickens after aerosol application of the disinfectant Argodez. Research and production experiments were conducted in the conditions of the poultry farm "snow", Bryansk region, p. Voucher. Aerosol disinfection was performed in the poultry house before settling in with day-old chickens. Test shop were treated once Arcadetm of 0.01%, the rate of 2 ml/m3, and control Desalina - f - 5 ml/m3., with the generator cold fog IGEBA -UNIPRO-5. At the age of 24 hours, two groups of egg - type chickens, the Lohmann-brown cross, were formed using the method of analogous groups. Blood was taken from the underwing vein and by decapitation, before feeding, at the daily, 30-day, 60-day age. Bactericidal, lysozyme, and phagocytic activity of blood serum was determined according to generally accepted methods. Control weighing of chickens of both groups was performed on days 30 and 60 of the study. A significant increase in phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils was found in the experimental group of chickens on the 30th-21.40 % and 60th day of research-25.40 %, as well as a tendency to increase the bactericidal activity of blood serum by 1.90 % and 7.90 % and the lysozyme activity of blood serum by 8.46 % and 9.17 %. It was also found to increase safety by age periods. The highest safety was observed at the age of 1-30 days and was 99.50 %, then 30-60 – 99.10 %.

Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 in cultured peritoneal macrophages and its correlation to susceptibility of animals

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Ichi Yoshida ◽  
Yasuo Mizuguchi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Intracellular Growth ◽  
Golden Hamsters

Intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 strain in peritoneal macrophages (PMP) from various rodents was measured and its correlation to the level of susceptibility of the animal was examined. In guinea pig PMP, the organism grew well and the guinea pig was very susceptible to it (50% lethal dose, LD50 = 7.6 × 104). On the other hand, the bacteria hardly multiplied in mouse PMP and the animal was resistant to infection (LD50 = 6.7 × 107). Intracellular growth rate correlated well with susceptibility in these animals. In golden hamsters, a discrepancy between intracellular growth and susceptibility was found. The organism grew intracellularly as rapid as in guinea pig PMP, but the golden hamster was very resistant to infection (LD50 = 2.2 × 108). In rat PMP, the organism did not grow intracellularly during a 24-h period of infection, but started to grow after that and the growth rate thereafter was as rapid as in guinea pig PMP. WKA rats were resistant and the LD50 in the animal was 1.9 × 107. In vivo natural resistance of rats and golden hamsters to the organism was considered to be a result of other factors than macrophages.

Comparative Study of Proactivators of the Fibrinolysin System in Three Mammalian Species

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 594-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Takada ◽  
A Takada ◽  
J. L Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Plasminogen Activators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Fibrin Plate

SummarySephadex gel filtration of human plasma gave results suggesting the presence of two proactivators of plasminogen, termed proactivators A and B.Activity resembling that of proactivator A was found in rabbit plasma, but not in guinea pig plasma.Plasminogen activators produced by the interaction of proactivator A of human plasma with streptokinase had no caseinolytic or TAMe esterolytic effect.Proactivator A can be separated in a form apparently free from plasminogen, as shown by the heated fibrin plate test and by immunological analysis. On the other hand, proactivator B concentrates prepared so far are contamined with plasminogen.Human proactivators appear to be far more susceptible to streptokinase than are rabbit proactivators.Inhibitors of the fibrinolysin system were observed in the plasmas of all 3 species. These inhibitors are not present in the euglobulin fraction of plasma. Sephadex fractionation of euglobulin fractions results in proactivator preparations that do not contain inhibitors.

TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF IMMUNITY IN BLACK-AND-WHITE COWS DEPENDING ON AGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
М.В. ДОВЫДЕНКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Проведена статистическая обработка сформированной базы данных показателей неспецифической резистентности MS «Excel» с целью изучения динамики иммунитета по параметрам бактерицидной, лизоцимной и фагоцитарной активности у крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы разных возрастов. Было установлено, что средние значения показателей лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности у телят в 6 мес были ниже (47,89% и 49,09%, соответственно), чем у животных в 3—4 года (53,75% и 52,81%). Выведено уравнение регрессии, описывающее взаимосвязь между средними показателями фагоцитарной активности и возрастом при высокой степени достоверности (R2=0,90). Изменения лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности в зависимости от возраста были недостоверными (R2=0,58 и R2=0,49, соответственно). Установлена высокая корреляция между бактерицидной и лизоцимной активностью. Отмечена динамика изменения неспецифического иммунитета у коров различных возрастных групп. Создание баз данных и постоянный мониторинг основных показателей естественной резистентности в зависимости от различных факторов (породы, возраста, стадий лактации, кормления, способов содержания), которые влияют на данные показатели, необходимо для оценки физиологического состояния организма животных и их устойчивости к болезням. Statistical processing of the generated MS "Excel" on indicators of non-specific resistance database was carried out with the aim of studying the dynamics of the development of immunity in terms of bactericidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity in black-and-white cattle of different ages. It was found that the average values of indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity in calves at 6 months were lower (47.89% and 49.09%, respectively) than in animals at the age of 3—4 years (53.75% and 52.81%). The equation of regression was derived, it describes the relationship between the average indicators of phagocytic activity and the age with a high degree of reliability (R2=0.90). The changes in lysozyme and bactericidal activity depending on age were dubious (R2=0.58 and R2=0.49, respectively). The high correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity was established. It was noticed that the cows of different age groups experienced the dynamics of changes in nonspecific immunity. The creation of databases and constant monitoring of the main indicators of natural resistance, depending on various factors (breed, age, stages of lactation, feeding, methods of keeping) that affect these indicators, is necessary for assessing the physiological state of the animals’ body of and their resistance to diseases.

scholarly journals A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smadel ◽  
M. J. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times

Anti-soluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances, which develop following infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, appear to be separate entities. The times of appearance and regression of the two antibodies are different in both man and the guinea pig; the antisoluble substance antibodies appear earlier and remain a shorter time. Moreover, mice develop them but no demonstrable neutralizing substances. Injection of formalin-treated, virus-free extracts containing considerable amounts of soluble antigen fails to elicit anti-soluble substance antibodies and to induce immunity in normal guinea pigs; administration of such preparations to immune pigs, however, is followed by a marked increase in the titer of anti-soluble substance antibodies in their serum. On the other hand, suspensions of formolized washed virus are effective in normal guinea pigs in stimulating both anti-soluble substance antibodies and protective substances, and in inducing immunity to infection.

PREVALENCE OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII IN FREQUENTLY ILL CHILDREN ON ADMISSION TO THE RESPIRATORY DEPARTMENT AND DURING SANATORIUM REHABILITATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
L.V. Feklisova ◽  
◽  
N.V. Karazhas ◽  
M.K. Khadisova ◽  
E.I. Likhanskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Blood Neutrophils ◽  
Pneumocystis Infection ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence and to assess the significance of markers of pneumocystosis in frequently ill children (FIC) during inpatient treatment and during rehabilitation in a sanatorium. Materials and methods of research: 115 children with recurrent respiratory diseases were observed: 52 were treated in a hospital and 63 underwent rehabilitation in a sanatorium. Biological samples (oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, feces and blood serum) were examined for pneumocystosis. Laboratory techniques used: a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect DNA pathogens, an indirect immunofluorescence reaction (NRIF) – antigens, and immunoforment analysis (IFA) – specific antibodies of immunoglobulins (Ig) of classes M (IgM) and G (IgG). The material for laboratory research was smears from the posterior pharyngeal wall (PCR, NRIF) and blood serum (IFA). Microbiological studies included seeding, isolation of cultures with quantitative counting of colony-forming units in samples of oropharyngeal swabs, feces. Determination of the functional activity of the oropharynx microbiocenosis by the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in saliva by means of GLC method. Phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils was also investigated. Results: in hospital patients, markers for pneumocystis were found in 60% of cases, including the active form (40%) and pneumocystis (13%); in the sanatorium – 33% of cases, with active infection (26%) and detection of pneumocystis (17%). Inpatients were diagnosed with clinical variants of pneumocystis infection: pneumonia, obstructive bronchitis, acute respiratory infections; schoolchildren have been diagnosed with active pneumocystis infection and carriage. Dysbiotic disorders of the loci of the oropharynx and intestines were identified in all examined subjects, inhibition of the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and shifts in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids have been observed. Conclusion: a high proportion of active pneumocystis infection (40% and 27% of cases) was revealed in FIC treated in the hospital and in the sanatorium, which represents a risk group for infection/reinfection with pneumocystosis in the premises.

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