scholarly journals NEPHRITIS AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA

1939 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Whipple ◽  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Early Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Hemoglobin Production

Spontaneous glomerulonephritis develops not infrequently (11 per cent incidence) in the anemia colony. The course of the nephritis is insidious and usually extends over several years but ends in uremia, often with terminal bronchopneumonia. Hemoglobin production in these standard anemic dogs is well established as related to various standard food factors. These tests are summarized in the tables above to show the changes that appear year by year in the life of each dog. Nephritis causes little or no change in hemoglobin production in anemic dogs in the early stages of the disease. In the late stages of nephritis there may be no change or moderate changes in hemoglobin production in these anemic dogs. The average is 70 per cent of normal hemoglobin production in advanced nephritis. It seems unlikely that this degree of impairment of hemoglobin production in nephritis would result in spontaneous anemia in the dog.

IFITM proteins that restrict the early stages of respiratory virus infection do not influence late-stage replication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Meischel ◽  
Svenja Fritzlar ◽  
Fernando Villalon-Letelier ◽  
Melkamu B. Tessema ◽  
Andrew G. Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Cellular Entry ◽  
Overexpression System ◽  
Late Stages

Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit a broad range of enveloped viruses by blocking entry into host cells. We used an inducible overexpression system to investigate if IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 could modulate early and/or late stages of influenza A virus (IAV) or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 infection in human A549 airway epithelial cells. IAV and PIV-3 represent respiratory viruses which utilise distinct cellular entry pathways. We verify entry by endocytosis for IAV, whereas PIV-3 infection was consistent with fusion at the plasma membrane. Following induction prior to infection, all three IFITM proteins restricted the percentage of IAV-infected cells at 8 hours post-infection. In contrast, prior induction of IFITM1 and IFITM2 did not inhibit PIV-3 infection, although a modest reduction was observed with IFITM3. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 expression, in the presence or absence of pre-treatment with type I interferon, resulted in increased IAV, but not PIV-3, infection. This suggests that while all three IFITMs display antiviral activity against IAV, they do not restrict the early stages of PIV-3 infection. IAV and PIV-3 infection culminates in viral egress through budding at the plasma membrane. Inducible expression of IFITM1, IFITM2 or IFITM3 immediately after infection did not impact titres of infectious virus released from IAV or PIV-3 infected cells. Our findings show that IFITM proteins differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two respiratory viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, but do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus. IMPORTANCE Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict the initial stages of infection for several respiratory viruses, however their potential to modulate the later stages of virus replication has not been explored. In this study we highlight the utility of an inducible overexpression system to assess the impact of IFITM proteins on either early or late stage replication of two respiratory viruses. We demonstrate antiviral activity by IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 during the early stages of cellular infection. Furthermore, IFITM induction following IAV or PIV-3 infection does not restrict the late stages of replication of either virus. Our findings show that IFITM proteins can differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, yet do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus.

Growth and Differentiation of Transplanted W/Wv Marrow

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERRY P. LEWIS ◽  
LOIS F. O’GRADY ◽  
SELDON E. BERNSTEIN ◽  
ELIZABETH S. RUSSELL ◽  
FRANK E. TROBAUGH
Keyword(s):  
Macrocytic Anemia ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Erythroid Precursors ◽  
Erythroid Maturation ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Immature Cells ◽  
Erythroid Development ◽  
Mutant Genes ◽  
Late Stages

Abstract This paper reports new data on the effect of the action of the mutant genes W and Wv on murine hemopoiesis. Our studies demonstrate that the presence of these mutant genes produces: (1) a macrocytic anemia with neither granulocytopenia nor thrombocytopenia; (2) a severe defect in the early stages of hemopoietic repopulation manifested by (a) an apparent block in the differentiation of immature cells into erythroid precursors, and (b) a greatly reduced rate of proliferation of differentiated hemopoietic elements. These data demonstrate the existence of genetic influence on repopulation and differentiation of transplanted marrow and suggest that severe anemia may result not only from defects in the late stages of erythroid development but also from abnormalities in the early stages of erythroid maturation and hemopoietic repopulation.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional analysis of synaptic organization in the hippocampal CA1 field in Alzheimer’s disease

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Montero-Crespo ◽  
Marta Domínguez-Álvaro ◽  
Lidia Alonso-Nanclares ◽  
Javier DeFelipe ◽  
Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Synaptic Density ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Late Stages

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, characterized by a persistent and progressive impairment of cognitive functions. Alzheimer’s disease is typically associated with extracellular deposits of amyloid-β peptide and accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein inside neurons (amyloid-β and neurofibrillary pathologies). It has been proposed that these pathologies cause neuronal degeneration and synaptic alterations, which are thought to constitute the major neurobiological basis of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. The hippocampal formation is especially vulnerable in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the vast majority of electron microscopy studies have been performed in animal models. In the present study, we performed an extensive 3D study of the neuropil to investigate the synaptic organization in the stratum pyramidale and radiatum in the CA1 field of Alzheimer’s disease cases with different stages of the disease, using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM). In cases with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, the synapse morphology looks normal and we observed no significant differences between control and Alzheimer’s disease cases regarding the synaptic density, the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, or the spatial distribution of synapses. However, differences in the distribution of postsynaptic targets and synaptic shapes were found. Furthermore, a lower proportion of larger excitatory synapses in both strata were found in Alzheimer’s disease cases. Individuals in late stages of the disease suffered the most severe synaptic alterations, including a decrease in synaptic density and morphological alterations of the remaining synapses. Since Alzheimer’s disease cases show cortical atrophy, our data indicate a reduction in the total number (but not the density) of synapses at early stages of the disease, with this reduction being much more accentuated in subjects with late stages of Alzheimer’s disease. The observed synaptic alterations may represent a structural basis for the progressive learning and memory dysfunctions seen in Alzheimer’s disease cases.

Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3637 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. SÁNCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Taxonomic Assignment ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Constant Diameter ◽  
The Family ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Late Stages

Tadpoles in the superfamily Dendrobatoidea (families Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae), housed in zoological collections or illustrated in publications, were studied. For the most part, tadpoles of species within the family Aromobatidae, the subfamilies Colostethinae and Hyloxalinae (of the family Dendrobatidae), and those of the genus Phyllobates, Dendrobatinae (Dendrobatidae) have slender anterior jaw sheaths with a medial notch and slender lateral processes, triangular fleshy projections on the inner margin of the nostrils and digestive tube with constant diameter and color and its axis sinistrally directed, concealing the liver and other organs. These morphologies are different from the ones observed in tadpoles of species included in the Dendrobatinae (minus Phyllobates). Exceptions to these morphological arrangements are noted, being the digestive system arrangement and the nostril ornamentation more plastic than the shape of the upper jaw sheath. Tadpoles of all species of the Dendrobatoidea have similar disposition of digestive organs in early stages, but differentiate in late stages of development. Classifying the upper jaw sheath into the two recognized states is possible from very early stages of development, but gut disposition and nostril ornamentation cannot be determined until late in development, making classification and taxonomic assignment of tadpoles based on these morphological features challenging.

The effect of novel small molecule drugs in human explants across the disease sequence in colorectal cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13570-e13570
Author(s):  
Adrian Gerard Murphy ◽  
Rory Casey ◽  
David William Fennelly ◽  
Alison Reynolds ◽  
Miriam Tosetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Colorectal Tumor ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Human Explants ◽  
Tnf Secretion

e13570 Background: The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer has been improved by combining cytotoxic chemotherapy with bevacizumab. Newer anti-angiogenic agents are required to improve survival rates as response rates with the current therapies are modest. The preclinical development of such drugs is time-consuming and new methods are required to test the efficacy of lead drugs which represent the entire tumor micro-environment. Methods: Chemical screens were performed in zebrafish larvae to identify hits that affected intersegmental angiogenesis. Five lead drugs were then tested for cytotoxicity using the crystal violet assay. These drugs were tested using ex vivo colorectal tumor explants to determine their effect on secretion of IL-1β, TNF, IL-6 and VEGF. Human explants from 20 patients (Dukes A-D) were cultured for 72 hours and the levels of the above factors measured by ELISA. Comparisons were made between early (Dukes A&B) and late stages (Dukes C&D). Results: One thousand drugs were screened and 5 were found to reduce intersegmental angiogenesis in zebrafish larvae: AM1, AM2, AM3, AM4 and AM5. The drugs did not affect cell growth levels at 10 µM concentration. From the explant studies: AM1 decreased secretion of VEGF in late stages (p=0.005) and IL-6 in early stages (p=0.009). AM2 decreased VEGF in early (p=0.004) and late stages (p=0.02). AM3 decreased TNF secretion in late stages (p=0.02) and IL-6 secretion in early (p=0.009) and late stages (p<0.0001). AM4 decreased VEGF secretion in early stages (p=0.001), IL-6 in early stages (p<0.001) and late stages (p=0.03) and IL-1β in early stages (p=0.002). AM5 decreased IL-6 secretion in the early stages (p=0.03) and IL-1β in the early stages (p=0.001).Overall, IL-1β secretion was reduced by AM4, AM3 and AM5 (p<0.05). IL-6 secretion was reduced by AM1, AM3 and AM4 (p=0.001). TNF secretion was reduced by AM3 (p=0.02) and VEGF secretion was reduced by AM1, AM2 and AM4 (p<0.005). Conclusions: These studies show these drugs have stage-specific effects in colorectal tumor explants and may have the potential as new anti-angiogenic agents in colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Early Stages of Golgi Vesicle and Tubule Formation Require Diacylglycerol

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Asp ◽  
Fredrik Kartberg ◽  
Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez ◽  
Maria Smedh ◽  
Markus Elsner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Golgi Vesicle ◽  
Tubule Formation ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Golgi Membranes ◽  
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase ◽  
Late Stages

We have investigated the role for diacylglycerol (DAG) in membrane bud formation in the Golgi apparatus. Addition of propranolol to specifically inhibit phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), an enzyme responsible for converting phosphatidic acid into DAG, effectively prevents formation of membrane buds. The effect of PAP inhibition on Golgi membranes is rapid and occurs within 3 min. Removal of the PAP inhibitor then results in a rapid burst of buds, vesicles, and tubules that peaks within 2 min. The inability to form buds in the presence of propranolol does not appear to be correlated with a loss of ARFGAP1 from Golgi membranes, as knockdown of ARFGAP1 by RNA interference has little or no effect on actual bud formation. Rather, knockdown of ARFGAP1 results in an increase in membrane buds and a decrease of vesicles and tubules suggesting it functions in the late stages of scission. How DAG promotes bud formation is discussed.

Development of bundle sheath chloroplasts in rice seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 556-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Miyake ◽  
Eizo Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Storage Starch

A developmental process of bundle sheath chloroplasts in rice seedlings is examined and compared with that of mesophyll chloroplasts. Chloroplast development is accompanied with the leaf development. Both types of chloroplasts accumulate starch derived from endosperm in the early stages of the leaf development, and the accumulated starch is dissipated during the leaf development. In contrast with mesophyll chloroplasts, bundle sheath chloroplasts accumulate large amounts of starch, appear as spherical, amyloplast-like structures, and preserve the starch up to the late stages of the leaf development. It is suggested that bundle sheath chloroplasts of rice seedlings are specialized in the accumulation and supply of storage starch, which is presumed to be consumed for the leaf development.

scholarly journals Negative Geotaxis in Sea Urchin Larvae: A Possible Role of Mechanoreception in the Late Stages of Development

1988 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Mogami ◽  
Chieko Oobayashi ◽  
Tomoko Yamaguchi ◽  
Yumi Ogiso ◽  
Shoji A. Baba
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Swimming Direction ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Pluteus Stage

Negative geotactic behaviour of sea urchin larvae at various developmental stages from blastula to pluteus was analysed by means of time-exposure dark-field photography of the swimming behaviour of individual larvae. Significant differences in the patterns of behaviour, such as swimming direction and speed, were demonstrated between the early stages (up to the gastrula) and the pluteus, although larvae at any developmental stage showed negative geotactic migration. Larvae in the early stages swam at speeds that varied as a function of the swimming direction with respect to gravity, faster downwards and slower upwards. This might be predicted from the assumption that vertical locomotion is determined by constant propulsion affected passively by gravity. In the pluteus stage, however, larvae swam at a constant speed in any direction, suggesting that the propulsive activity of swimming plutei is actively controlled depending on the swimming direction. This change in the negative geotactic behaviour of sea urchin larvae in the course of embryogenesis indicates development of physiological control systems for propulsive activity at the pluteus stage.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Analysis of Gingival Proliferative Processes Associated with Fixed Orthodontic Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306
Author(s):  
Catalin Petru Simon ◽  
Dana Cristina Bratu ◽  
Andrei Gheorghe Marius Motoc ◽  
George Popa ◽  
Izabella Silvia Pop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Late Stages

Our study started from the hypothesis that the gingival volume growth associated with fixed orthodontic treatment appeared during the use of leveling and aligning archwires, without any inflammatory signs, as a result of the mechanical stress and periodontal remodeling during the orthodontic dental movement.We selected and included in the study 35 patients (13 females and 12 males) between 12 and 38 years of age, all suffering from gingival overgrowth, diagnosed during the active treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (braces). For each patient, two tissue samples were taken: one in the early stages of the lesion, coinciding with the use of leveling and aligning archwires and another in the late stages of the lesion, coinciding with the use of finishing archwires. The samples were taken from the same site in the oral cavity. Out of 35 gingival biopsies taken from patients, 8 cases showed no significant changes in the gingiva, while in the remaining 27 cases, significant changes were found after the histopathological exam.Out of 27 gingival biopsies, 16 cases presented a significantly greater number of T cells. In addition, a greater number of B cells were observed in the granulation tissues than in the gingiva. The relative number of B cells (CD20), T cells and dendritic cells (CD8) has been expressed, both in the early and the late stages of the gingival lesions. Our results revealed that the proportion of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells was greater in the early stages rather than at the late stages. The B cells showed a higher count in the late stages.

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