scholarly journals Enteric pathogen among children under five years old with diarrheal diseases in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 913 (1) ◽  
pp. 012098
Author(s):  
N Puspandari ◽  
N Amalia ◽  
Y Hartoyo ◽  
S Nursofiah ◽  
S Sunarno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Enteric Pathogen ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Basic Health

Abstract Diarrheal diseases are the second cause of the high morbidity and mortality in children under five years old. According to the Basic Health Survey 2018 conducted by the Ministry of Health, the prevalence of diarrheal diseases among children under five years old that were diagnosed by healthcare workers was 11.0%. The aim of this study was to describe the enteric pathogen isolated from children with diarrhea. The study was conducted in five cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Serang, Denpasar, Makassar, and Mataram. The Inclusion criteria were children aged one month to five years old, with diarrhea that was diagnosed by a healthcare worker. The rectal swabs were sent to the Centre for Research and Development for Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health in Jakarta. Virus and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) identification by using multiplex PCR from Seegene, meanwhile bacteria identified by conventional method. As many as 2626 children under five years old participated in this study. The highest viral pathogen that causes diarrhea is viral 1.807 (68,81%) and 486 (18,56%). The virus etiology was Rotavirus 982 (54,34%) cases, followed by Adenovirus 916 (50.69) cases, Norovirus II 444 (24,57%) cases, meanwhile the bacteria pathogen were Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli detected in 262 (9,98%) followed by Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella spp. This study described Rotavirus is the prevalence etiology of diarrhea among children under five years old followed by Adenovirus and Norovirus, some other cases reported the cause of diarrhea were bacteria ETEC E. coli followed Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp, etc.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli Patients under Five Years Attending Selected Hospitals in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
R. O. Chioma ◽  
I. Mzungu ◽  
J. B. Orpin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Good Nutrition

Escherichia coli infections and poor nutritional status have implications on the growth and development of children under five years, physically, mentally and health wise with consequences such as diarrhoea, stunting, wasting, underweight and often times leading to death, depending on their severity. This study evaluated the antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157 and Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC)and the nutritional status of diarrhoeic children under five years in Kaduna State, Nigeria, using Conventional isolation methods, latex agglutination tests, VTEC-ELISA tests, Chi-square (SPSS Version 19) and WHO Antro (Version 3.2.2). Purposive sampling was used to select 350 children presenting with diarrhoea in six government hospitals within the three senatorial zones of Kaduna State. The results obtained revealed that 76(21.7%) of the 350 stool samples were positive for E. coli and 28(36.8%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7serotype and 1(1.3%) verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) serotype. High susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and high resistance to sulphamethoxazole, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, gentamicin and tetracycline by the isolates were observed. The study concluded that antibiotics have not been very effective in the treatment of E. coli-related diarrhoea, with VTEC now emerging in this part of the world, making it a serious public health issue. The study therefore recommends the implementation of programmes geared towards good hygiene, good nutrition and good health.

scholarly journals Pneumonia pada Anak Balita di Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Athena Anwar ◽  
Ika Dharmayanti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
Determinant Factors

Pneumonia adalah penyakit infeksi yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada balita di dunia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007 melaporkan bahwa kematian balita di Indonesia mencapai 15,5%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor determinan terjadinya pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Kriteria sampel adalah balita (0 – 59 bulan) yang menjadi responden Riskesdas 2013. Variabel dependen adalah kejadian pneumonia balita, sedangkan variabel independennya adalah karakteristik individu, lingkungan fisik rumah, perilaku penggunaan bahan bakar, dan kebiasaan merokok. Penetapan kejadian pneumonia berdasarkan hasil wawancara, dengan batasan operasional diagnosis pneumonia oleh tenaga kesehatan dan/atau dengan gejala pneumonia dalam periode 12 bulan terakhir. Jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kriteria adalah 82.666 orang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang paling berperan dalam kejadian pneumonia balita adalah jenis kelamin balita (OR = 1,10; 95% CI = 1,02 - 1,18), tipe tempat tinggal (OR = 1,15; 95% CI = 1,06 – 1,25), pendidikan ibu (OR = 1,20; 95% CI = 1,11 – 1,30), tingkat ekonomi keluarga/kuintil indeks kepemilikan (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,10 – 1,30), pemisahan dapur dari ruangan lain (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,05 – 1,34), keberadan/kebiasaan membuka jendela kamar (OR = 1,17; 95% CI = 1,04 – 1,31), dan ventilasi kamar yang cukup (OR = 1,16; 95% CI = 1,04 – 1,30). Disimpulkan bahwa faktor sosial, demografi, ekonomi dan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah secara bersama-sama berperan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia.Pneumonia is an infectious disease which is a major cause of mortality in children under five years of age in the world. National Basic Health Research 2007 reported that infant mortality in Indonesia has reached 15.5%. The objective of the study was to identify the determinant factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years of age in Indonesia. The research design was cross sectional, using National Basic Health Research 2013 data. Sample criteria were children under five years of age (0 – 59 months). The dependent variable was the incidence of pneumonia among children under five years of age, while the independent variables were individual characteristics, physical environment of house, types of fuel used, and smoking habit. There were 82,666 samples that fulfilled the study criteria. The result showed that determinant factors contributing to the incidence of pneumonia in children were sex (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.18), residence (urban/rural) (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1,06 – 1,25), maternal education (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.11 – 1.30), household poverty index quintile (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.10 – 1.30) , kitchen separation (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.05 – 1.34), window availability in bedroom (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.31), and bedroom ventilation (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.30). This study concluded that social factors, demographic, economic levels and the physical environment of house simultaneously contributed to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five of age. 

A Study on Diarrheal Diseases in Children Under Five Years of Age

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hussain Qadri ◽  
Mohammad Ali Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Abu Yousf Musharaf ◽  
Mohammad Imdad Haq
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals Hospitalizations and Deaths Because of Respiratory and Diarrheal Diseases Among Haitian Children Under Five Years of Age, 2011–2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. e238-e243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Vinekar ◽  
Nicolas Schaad ◽  
Mentor Ali Ber Lucien ◽  
Eyal Leshem ◽  
Ikwo K. Oboho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae fecal carriage among children under five years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258117
Author(s):  
Mekdes Alemu Tola ◽  
Negga Asamene Abera ◽  
Yonas Mekonnen Gebeyehu ◽  
Surafel Fentaw Dinku ◽  
Kassu Desta Tullu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Fecal Carriage ◽  
High Prevalence

Background Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria present an ever-growing burden in the hospital and community settings. Data on the prevalence of ESBL fecal carriage remain scarce in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae fecal carriage among children under five years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2017. A total of 269 fecal/rectal swab samples were cultured on MacConkey agar. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Further, bacteria identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were performed using VITEK 2 Compact as per the instruction of the manufacturer. Socio-demographic and risk factors data were collected using questionnaires. Data were entered by EPI INFO version 7.2.1.0 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 17.1% (46/269; 95% CI: 12.9%–22.7%). A total of 47 isolates were ESBL-positive, of which, 83.0% were E. coli and 17.0% were K. pneumoniae. ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were also showed high levels of MDR (93.6%) and high rates of co-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. However, all isolates were carbapenem susceptible. In the risk factors analysis, Children’s mothers who had lower educational level (primary school) (OR: 2.472, 95% CI: 1.323–4.618, P = 0.0062) and children who used tap water for drinking (OR: 1.714, 95% CI: 1.001–3.659, P = 0.048) were found to be significantly associated with higher ESBL fecal carriage. Conclusions In this study, the high prevalence rate of ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae fecal carriage and high level of multidrug resistance among ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae were demonstrated. This suggested that the necessity of routine screening of ESBL is crucial for the early detection and appropriate antibiotics selection for infection caused by ESBL producing pathogens.

scholarly journals KONTAMINASI BAKTERI ESCHERISCIA COLI PADA BOTOL SUSU BALITA DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Andi Sani ◽  
Sartika Sartika ◽  
Inka Anugrah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Under Five

Kasus diare terus meningkat di Kota Makassar sebanyak 23.334 kasus ditahun 2016. Balita menjadi kelompok yang rentan terhadap diare. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kontaminasi bakteri Escherichia coli pada botol susu dengan kejadian diare pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kaluku Bodoa Kota Makassar Tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional dengan desain cross sectional study. Populasi adalah seluruh balita yang berada di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kaluku Bodoa. Sampel adalah balita yang memakai botol susu yang dipilih menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling, sebanyak 72 anak balita. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak dapat melihat hubungan Escherichia coli pada botol dikarenakan seluruh sampe terdapat Escherichia coli dan tidak memenuhi  syarat,  sedangkan pada proses  pencucian (p=0.007), penyimpanan botol (p=0.041), menyiapkan botol (p=0.100), penyediaan air bersih (p=0.904), kebiasaan cuci tangan pakai sabun (p=0.229). Kesimpulan dari penelitian bahwa tidak dapat melihat perbandingan Escherichia coli pada botol susu dikarenakan seluruh sample terdapat bakteri E.coli. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pencucian dan  menyiapkan botol susu dengan kejadian diare pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kaluku Bodoa Kota Makassar Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar para ibu atau wali anak lebih memperhatikan cara pencucian botol susu dan  penyiapan botol susu. Diarrhea cases continue to increase in Makassar City as many as 23,334 cases in 2016. Toddlers are a group that is vulnerable to diarrhea. This study aims to determine the contamination of Escherichia coli bacteria in milk bottles with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in the working area of ​​Kaluku Bodoa Public Health Center Makassar City in 2018. The type of research used was observational with a cross sectional study design. The population is all children under five in the working area of ​​Kaluku Bodoa Health Center. Samples are toddlers who use milk bottles selected using proportional random sampling technique, as many as 72 children under five. The results showed that there was no relationship between Escherichia coli on the bottle because all Escherichia coli was present and did not meet the requirements, whereas in the washing process (p = 0.007), storage of bottles (p = 0.041), preparing bottles (p = 0.100), provision clean water (p = 0.904), handwashing habits with soap (p = 0.229). The conclusion from the study that can not see the comparison of Escherichia coli in milk bottles because all samples contained E.coli bacteria. There is a significant relationship between washing and preparing milk bottles with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in the working area of ​​the Kaluku Bodoa Public Health Center Makassar City in 2018. This study suggests that mothers or guardians of children pay more attention to how to wash bottles and prepare milk bottles.

scholarly journals Profil Peresepan Obat Peyakit Diare pada Pasien Rawat Inap Anak di RSU Dr. Kanujoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Yullia Sukawaty ◽  
Rusdiati Helmidanora ◽  
Fitri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Bloody Diarrhea ◽  
Lactate Ringer ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Prescribing Medication ◽  
Supplement Therapy

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death especially in children. Approximately 10% of cases of diarrhea in children under five years old (toddlers) worldwide are bloody diarrhea or dysentery.The purpose of this study was to determine profile of the diarrhea prescribing of children inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan period October to December 2015.This research was conducted by non experimental retrospectively method with purposive sampling and analyzed descriptively using microsoft excel.Profile of the diarrhea prescribing of children inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan encompasses the use of the single most antibiotic ceftriaxone 24%, the most commonly used combination antibiotic, ampicillin combination with chloramphenicol 12%, rehydration therapy widely used lactate ringer 38%, supplement therapy widely used zinc 90%.Prescribing medication for diarrheal disease of inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikapapan has been in accordance with the procedure of diarrhea treatment of Ministry of Health RI (MOH RI 2011) five steps to solve diarrhea.

scholarly journals A Model for the Creation of a Predictive Healthcare Coverage Map in Yemen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Suprenant ◽  
Anuraag Gopaluni ◽  
Meredith Dyson ◽  
Fauzia Shafique ◽  
Muhammad Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Conflict Settings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coverage Map

Abstract IntroductionThe ongoing war in Yemen continues to pose challenges for health care workers in the country. The fighting has destroyed public infrastructure including primary and secondary health care facilities, hindered the movement of people, food, fuel, medical supplies, and information, and restricted access to and availability of social services including safe drinking water and sanitation. This has led to the increase in the spread of diarrheal diseases, including cholera, which, despite the efficacy of zinc and oral rehydration salt solutions to treat the resulting dehydration, remains one of greatest sources of mortality in children under five years old. In contexts such as Yemen, Health Management Information Systems and Surveillance Systems are weak and unreliable to begin with, with conflict and linked disruption of social services these systems are further weakened making monitoring of the situation and evidence-based planning and implementation even more difficult. Without information on the total number of children suffering from these diseases, it is difficult for health officials and aid organizations to make policy level decisions, inform annual and humanitarian response plans, set targets, mobilize resources, order supplies, deploy resources (human and supplies) and monitor based on needs, leading to poor quality decisions. These reasons, coupled with lack of access, security, and financial and human resources make it even more important in conflict settings, than in non-conflict settings, to know where it is best to invest. This manuscript looks at the development of a computational model designed to draw upon available health data and supplement it with additional sources and acceptable assumptions to provide some of the missing data via health access chart to better inform decision making on the above-mentioned policies. This chart is designed to show what percentage of the total estimated sick population is receiving medical assistance without the need for health workers to place themselves in the way of any additional harm.MethodsA Markov model, which is a probabilistic model that shows how a population moves between different states overtime, was created based on an analysis of Yemen clinical register data from the Ministry of Public Health collected through a third party hired for monitoring purposes covering the period of May through September of 2018. The model was designed with four states for children to transition between over a weekly basis. The probability that a child transitioned from the Sick state to the In-treatment state during any given week was a time varying function based on the average precipitation recorded monthly for 115 years and the state of the roads and bridges during that week as assessed by the World Food Program. The model examined the number of children treated, incidence rate, mortality rate, treatment efficacy and treatment mortality. Once validated, the model was run for 2019 to provide the weekly estimated coverage of children being treated for diarrheal diseases throughout all of Yemen. ResultsThe model was able to recreate the observed trends in treatment on the ground with no significant difference between model output and provided validation data for all metrics. When combined with infrastructure data, the curve of best fit created for the precipitation values depicted a seasonal increase in the number of estimated new diarrheal cases in children under five and a resulting decreasing in the number receiving treatment. This combination has led predictions for the percent coverage to range between an average weekly minimum of 1.73% around the 28th week of the year to a weekly maximum weekly coverage of just over 5% around the new year. ConclusionThe model created and presented in this manuscript shows a seasonal trend in the spread of diarrheal disease in children under five living in Yemen. Despite the assistance of aid organizations in attending to those in need, during the mid-year rains up to 98% are unable to receive medical aid. The coverage map indicates that community outreach or other types of assistance where aid proactively goes out to those in need should be scaled up during and just prior to these periods. This would serve to offset the decrease in the number receiving treatment by lessening the prohibitive travel burden on families during these times.

Diarrheal diseases among children under five years in Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana, 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Dapaa ◽  
Florence Nzilanye ◽  
Donne Ameme ◽  
George Khumalo Kuma ◽  
Samuel Sackey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Brong Ahafo Region ◽  
Brong Ahafo

scholarly journals A Predictive Model for Healthcare Coverage in Yemen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Suprenant ◽  
Anuraag Gopaluni ◽  
Meredith Dyson ◽  
Najwa Al-Dheeb ◽  
Fauzia Shafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Healthcare Coverage ◽  
Receive Treatment

Abstract Introduction: The ongoing war in Yemen continues to pose challenges for healthcare coverage in the country especially with regards to critical gaps in information systems needed for planning and delivering health services. Restricted access to social services including safe drinking water and sanitation systems have likely led to an increase in the spread of diarrheal diseases which remains one of greatest sources of mortality in children under five years old. To overcome morbidity and mortality from diarrheal diseases among children in the context of severe information shortages, a predictive model is needed to determine the burden of diarrheal disease on Yemeni children and their ability to reach curative health services through an estimate of healthcare coverage. This will allow for national and local health authorities and humanitarian partners to make better informed decisions for planning and providing health care services. Methods: A probabilistic Markov model was developed based on an analysis of Yemen’s health facilities’ clinical register data provided by UNICEF. The model combines this health system data with environmental and conflict-related factors such as the destruction of infrastructure (roads and health facilities) to fill in gaps in population-level data on the burden of diarrheal diseases on children under five, and the coverage rate of the under-five sick population with treatment services at primary care facilities. The model also provides estimates of the incidence rate, and treatment outcomes including treatment efficacy and mortality rate. Results: By using alternatives to traditional healthcare data, the model was able to recreate the observed trends in treatment with no significant difference compared to provided validation data. Once validated, the model was used to predict the percent of sick children with diarrhea who were able to reach, and thus receive, treatment services (coverage rate) for 2019 which ranged between an average weekly minimum of 1.73% around the 28th week of the year to a weekly maximum coverage of just over 5% around the new year. These predictions can be translated into policy decisions such as when increased efforts are needed to reach children and what type of service delivery modalities may be the most effective.Conclusion: The model developed and presented in this manuscript shows a seasonal trend in the spread of diarrheal disease in children under five living in Yemen through a novel incorporation of weather, infrastructure and conflict parameters in the model. Our model also provides new information on the number of children seeking treatment and how this is influenced by the ongoing conflict. Despite the work of the national and local health authorities with the support of aid organizations, during the mid-year rains up to 98% of children with diarrhea are unable to receive treatment services. Thus, it is recommended that community outreach or other delivery modalities through which services are delivered in closer proximity to those in need should be scaled up prior to and during these periods. This would serve to increase number of children able to receive treatment by lessening the prohibitive travel burden, or access constraint, on families during these times.

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