scholarly journals Choosing an appropriate planting scheme for intensive apple gardens

2021 ◽  
Vol 939 (1) ◽  
pp. 012094
Author(s):  
H Boboeva
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biological Growth ◽  
Small Branch ◽  
Feeding Area ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Tree Habitat

Abstract This article describes the intensive planting of varieties of apples belonging to local and foreign selection in soil and climatic conditions of Tashkent region in 4 different (4.0x2.5; 4.0x2.0; 4.0x1.5 and 4.0x1.0 m.) planting schemes, mainly in varieties with low tree height and small branch size, the effect of planting schemes on tree habitat is small. In contrast, in varieties with high biological growth rate, the effect of planting schemes was found to be high. However, data have shown that as the length of the main branches in apple tree trees decreases, they cause an increase in ring-shaped fruit branches, which in turn affects the yield in the trees by reducing the feeding area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of interaction in the system "genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree - habitat" at temperature stresses of the summer period in the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
I. A. Dragavtseva ◽  
I. L. Efimova ◽  
A. V. Klyukina
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
New Records ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Tree Habitat ◽  
Generative Organs

The yield of fruit crops depends significantly on the climatic conditions of growing. High-temperature stresses of the summer growing season can lead to a decrease or even death of the crop. In the Krasnodar Territory, more and more new records of the onset of high temperatures are observed in the summer months, when the average daily temperature exceeds the climatic norm by 4-7 degrees. The purpose of the study is to study the sustainability of apple tree trips for summer high-temperature stresses, an assessment of the interaction in the system "Genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree-habitat" in the conditions of a changing climate, as well as identifying the rootstocks that are most adapted to the soil-climatic conditions of the South of Russia. The relevance of the work is due to the enhancement of harmfulness of high-temperature stresses during the passage of the most important stage of laying the generative organs of the future harvest and ripening the current. An assessment of the drought-resistance of the apple trees in conditions of an elevated temperature background was carried out. Apple tree Prikubanskoy cultivar on semi-dwarf rootstock CK 2 and dwarf rootstock M 9 and CK 7, had the greatest leaf boom and their better water-holding ability. The most productive were the trees on the M 9 and SK 7 stocks. In the trees on the semi-dwarf stocks, the highest and steadily growing yield was on the SK 2 stock. Consequently, the implementation of genetic-physiological systems of adaptability of drought-resistant briefings determined the level of yields of the graft trees of the apple tree. The use of apple trees with a high biopotential of resistance to abiotic stress is an element of biologized compensation for the damaging effect of climatic stressors in the ecologized technology for the production of gardening products.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of teak stands at different spacing

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118
Author(s):  
Reginaldo Antonio Medeiros ◽  
Haroldo Nogueira de Paiva ◽  
Flávio Siqueira D’Ávila ◽  
Helio Garcia Leite
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total Tree

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of teak (Tectona grandis) stands at different spacing and in different soil classes. Twelve spacing were evaluated in an Inceptisol and Oxisol, in plots with an area of 1,505 or 1,548 m2, arranged in a completely randomized design with nine replicates. The teak trees were measured at 26, 42, 50, and 78 months of age. Total tree height was less affected by spacing. Mean square diameter was greater in wider spacing, whereas basal area and total volume with bark were greater in closer spacing. An increase in volume with bark per tree was observed with the increase of useful area per plant. For teak trees, growth stagnation happens earlier, the growth rate is higher in closer spacing, and the plants grow more in the Inceptisol than in the Oxisol.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Regional characteristics of seasonal and long-term variations in greenhouse gases at Nainital, India, and Comilla, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 16427-16452
Author(s):  
Shohei Nomura ◽  
Manish Naja ◽  
M. Kawser Ahmed ◽  
Hitoshi Mukai ◽  
Yukio Terao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain

Abstract. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the Indian subcontinent have increased during the last 20 years along with rapid economic growth; however, there remains a paucity of GHG measurements for policy-relevant research. In northern India and Bangladesh, agricultural activities are considered to play an important role in GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. We performed weekly air sampling at Nainital (NTL) in northern India and Comilla (CLA) in Bangladesh from 2006 and 2012, respectively. Air samples were analyzed for dry-air gas mole fractions of CO2, CH4, CO, H2, N2O, and SF6 and carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of CO2 (δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2). Regional characteristics of these components over the Indo-Gangetic Plain are discussed compared to data from other Indian sites and Mauna Loa, Hawaii (MLO), which is representative of marine background air. We found that the CO2 mole fraction at CLA had two seasonal minima in February–March and September, corresponding to crop cultivation activities that depend on regional climatic conditions. Although NTL had only one clear minimum in September, the carbon isotopic signature suggested that photosynthetic CO2 absorption by crops cultivated in each season contributes differently to lower CO2 mole fractions at both sites. The CH4 mole fraction of NTL and CLA in August–October showed high values (i.e., sometimes over 4000 ppb at CLA), mainly due to the influence of CH4 emissions from the paddy fields. High CH4 mole fractions sustained over months at CLA were a characteristic feature on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which were affected by both the local emission and air mass transport. The CO mole fractions at NTL were also high and showed peaks in May and October, while CLA had much higher peaks in October–March due to the influence of human activities such as emissions from biomass burning and brick production. The N2O mole fractions at NTL and CLA increased in June–August and November–February, which coincided with the application of nitrogen fertilizer and the burning of biomass such as the harvest residues and dung for domestic cooking. Based on H2 seasonal variation at both sites, it appeared that the emissions in this region were related to biomass burning in addition to production from the reaction of OH and CH4. The SF6 mole fraction was similar to that at MLO, suggesting that there were few anthropogenic SF6 emission sources in the district. The variability of the CO2 growth rate at NTL was different from the variability in the CO2 growth rate at MLO, which is more closely linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In addition, the growth rates of the CH4 and SF6 mole fractions at NTL showed an anticorrelation with those at MLO, indicating that the frequency of southerly air masses strongly influenced these mole fractions. These findings showed that rather large regional climatic conditions considerably controlled interannual variations in GHGs, δ13C-CO2, and δ18O-CO2 through changes in precipitation and air mass.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH RATE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE LENINGRAD REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
M. V. Klyueva ◽  
◽  
I. M. Shkol’nik ◽  
Yu. L. Rudakova ◽  
T. V. Pavlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
System A ◽  
Return Levels ◽  
Main Geophysical Observatory

Return levels of the major climatic stressors affecting the level of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Leningrad region are evaluated. Based on data from 26 ob-serving stations located in 18 municipal units, a cluster analysis has been carried out allowing for classification of the territory according to the degree of influence of climatic conditions on the pathology of cardiovascular system. A projection of future changes in the selected climate indica-tors for the mid and end of the XXI century is conducted. The projection is based on the ensem-ble of climate change simulations using the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory regional cli-mate model under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario. It has been shown that the main future threats due to the changing climate are associated with an increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases connected with the projected increase in the intensity of the heat waves. The relevancy to take into account climate warming when it comes to developing a strategy for combating cardiovascu-lar diseases in municipal units is emphasized.

scholarly journals Predicting growth and habitat responses of Ginkgo biloba L. to climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Yue Lu ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Lei Feng ◽  
Guibing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climatic Response ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Key message We developed a climatic response function using 20-year tree height observed from 45Ginkgo bilobaplantations in China and used it to predict the growth and habitat responses to anticipated climate change. We projected northward and upward shifts in the species habitat and productive areas, but a dramatic contraction of the species distribution is unlikely to occur at least during the present century. Context Ginkgo biloba is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta. The species exists in small natural populations in southeastern China but is cultivated across China and the world. The species’ future under climate change is of concern. Aims This study was initiated to model the species’ growth response to climate change and to predict its range of suitable habitat under future climates. Methods Using height data from 45 20 years old plantations growing under a wide range of climatic conditions across China, we developed univariate and bivariate climatic response functions to identify the climate requirements of the species. Results According to the amount of variance explained (> 70%) and the high level of agreement (> 99%) with independent species occurrence coordinates, the developed climate response function was highly accurate and credible. Projections for future periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100) under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario indicated that the areas of potential suitable habitat would increase (25–67 million hectares). It would also be associated with northward (0.21–0.62° in latitude) and elevational (24–75 m) shifts. Conclusion Global climate change is projected to increase the area of potential suitable habitats for Ginkgo and shift its spatial distributions northward and upward.

scholarly journals Phasic Development of Fagus sylvatica based on 240 Years of Continuous Tree-height Observations

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 582a-582
Author(s):  
F.D. Moore ◽  
S.R. Nath ◽  
Y-C Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Linear Phase ◽  
Maximum Slope

Duration of growth is dependent on morphological events or changes in growth rate. It is the latter that is associated with phasic development. The most productive phase of plant growth is the linear or constant rate phase, primarily because it endures longer than the exponential phase. The purpose of our research was to objectively determine the true tree-height growth pattern, the linear and stationary phases of height growth, and to mathematically derive the maximum slope (maximum growth rate) of the growth curve, its location (inflection point), and the maximum slope of the logarithmic form (maximum relative growth rate) of the growth curve. The data were composed of 333 tree-height records covering 240 years from 200 beechwoods in the U.K. Height-age data were fitted using a splined function (S) and the Chapman-Richards function (CR). The growth curve and critical points on the curve were derived from the CR model. The linear phase began when trees were 9 and lasted 43 years. However, the stationary phase did not begin until age 162. Anecdotal evidence suggests that very little fruiting occurs before age 50. Based on derived critical points and anticipated source-sink dynamics, the reproductive stage should have taken place during the progressive “deceleration phase” when trees were between 31 (location of the maximum slope, also inflection point) and 162 (from quadratic root). The linear phase ended at 52 years, (coinciding with minimum acceleration) and may prove a more accurate estimate than 31. Maximum slope was 1.2 m per year occurring at age 31. Maximum slope of the log curve was 0.14 m·m–1 per year. The advantage of the CR function and the importance of the derived quantities and growth phases will be discussed.

scholarly journals Use of Flying Dragon Trifoliate Orange As Dwarfing Rootstock for Citrus Under Tropical Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Mademba-Sy ◽  
Zacharie Lemerre-Desprez ◽  
Stéphane Lebegin
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Citrus fruit trees grown under tropical climatic conditions have a high level of vigor and, consequently, late fruit-bearing and low productivity. The use of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T.Itô) Swing.] (FD) rootstock could overcome these negative effects by inducing small trees with early production. Trials including eight commercial cultivars began in Dec. 1992 on an irrigated plot on the main island of New Caledonia (South Pacific). Growth of the trees was observed over a 13-year period through twice-yearly measurements of tree height, canopy between and in the rows, and trunk diameter. Fruit production was recorded beginning 2 years after planting. According to the climatic and pedological conditions of the experimental site, trees grafted on FD could, depending on cultivar, be planted in densities from 519 to 1111 trees/ha. Over the 13 years, yields were 0.5 to 2.8 times greater than those of the same cultivar on the standard rootstock. ‘Tahiti’ lime cumulative planting and maintenance costs were only 1.5 times higher for a density five times as great, and the level of productivity per hectare (gross margin/ha) was 3.3 times that of traditional orchards. Grafting citrus cultivars on FD, which is seldom used in the Mediterranean zone as a result of its excessive dwarfing effect in relation with the climatic conditions, could prove, on the other hand, promising in tropical areas.

Effect of competition on individual white spruce production in young boreal mixedwood forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 726-735
Author(s):  
Sandra Carr ◽  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Nancy Luckai ◽  
F. Wayne Bell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mixedwood Forests ◽  
Competition Indices

Increasing the production of wood fibre from conifer species such as white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is one of many challenges in the management of boreal mixedwood forests. The effects of various competition measures on relative growth and relative growth rate variables were calculated for individual white spruce subject trees. Correlation analysis was used to explore relationships with competitor structural features, including the ratio of competitor basal area to subject tree basal area (CBAS), the ratio of competitor height to subject tree height (AHCS), and the proportion of softwood (FSW). Regression analysis was used to explore relationships with three distance-dependent competition indices. The ratio of subject tree height to diameter at breast height (DBH) (HDR), crown ratio (CR), and crown relative increment rate (CRIR) were significantly correlated with CBAS and AHCS. HDR, CR, CRIR, and DBH relative growth rate were all statistically significantly related to the competition indices. Results indicated that (i) relative growth and relative growth rate measures successfully captured a range of competition, (ii) crowns of trees with larger diameters used their horizontal growing space more efficiently to produce stemwood, and (iii) the proportion of softwood contributing to competition did not appear to influence subject tree production efficiency. Growth efficiency variables have the potential to improve our understanding of boreal mixedwood dynamics.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE VARIABLES, TRUNK GROWTH RATE AND WOOD DENSITY OF Eucalyptus grandis W. Mill ex Maiden TREES

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roberto Sette Jr ◽  
Mario Tomazello F ◽  
José Luis Lousada ◽  
Domingos Lopes ◽  
Jean Paul Laclau
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Trunk Diameter

ABSTRACT Climatic conditions stimulates the cambial activity of plants, and cause significant changes in trunk diameter growth and wood characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate variables in the diameter growth rate of the stem and the wood density of Eucalyptus grandis trees in different classes of the basal area. A total of 25 Eucalyptus trees at 22 months of age were selected according to the basal area distribution. Dendrometer bands were installed at the height of 1.30 meters (DBH) to monitor the diameter growth every 14 days, for 26 months. After measuring growth, the trees were felled and wood discs were removed at the DBH level to determine the radial density profile through x-ray microdensitometry and then re-scale the average values every 14 days. Climatic variables for the monitoring period were obtained and grouped every 14 days. The effect of the climate variables was determined by maximum and minimum growth periods in assessing trunk growth. These growth periods were related with precipitation, average temperature and relative air humidity. The re-scaled wood density values, calculated using the radial growth of the tree trunks measured accurately with steel dendrometers, enabled the determination of the relationship of small changes in wood density and the effect of the climatic variations and growth rate of eucalyptus tree trunks. A high sensitivity of the wood density to variation in precipitation levels was found.

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