scholarly journals Green Areas in the City as an Element of Noise Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032025
Author(s):  
Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara ◽  
Filip Pachla ◽  
Tadeusz Tatara ◽  
Krzysztof Nering
Keyword(s):  
Stress Factors ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Environment Noise ◽  
The City ◽  
Correct Design

Abstract From the dawn of history, humanity created communication routes in order to move efficiently. Trees were planted along the roads connecting towns and villages so that travellers could rest in their shade. The line of trees also played an informative, strategic and sometimes aesthetic role. Currently, a line of tall vegetation along the street provides shade and relief in cities during hot weather. It is also worth emphasizing that greenery reduces stress factors in large cities. One of the stressors in cities is noise. In an urbanized environment, noise is perceived as unpleasant and bothersome. Appropriate planting of greenery in the city can reduce this phenomenon. The article not only analyses the possibilities of reducing noise through appropriate planting of greenery, but also provides guidelines for the correct design of greenery along streets and at crossroads. It is worth emphasizing here that the correct design of greenery in the vicinity of communication arteries is not only a matter of ethics or landscape legibility, but also a matter of safe use of infrastructure. The article also deals with the issue of legal acts relating to the design of urban greenery. The former and current legal acts contain provisions related to the classification of green areas, their protection and shaping. These regulations apply to various fields (construction, spatial planning, environmental protection) and therefore there are discrepancies in the legal interpretation of this term. All these doubts will be clarified.

Ecological Centre of Warsaw as a Development Path

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-150
Author(s):  
Krystyna Gruszecka
Keyword(s):  
Green Roofs ◽  
City Center ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
New Development ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Green Walls ◽  
The City

The purpose of this chapter is to present a new development path towards greening the city center of Warsaw in the context of the increasing density of building development in recent years. After the process of urban sprawl, there has been a tendency to concentrate buildings, especially in the city center. Currently, a new idea and the need to improve the climate in the city is being born. The aim is to convert dispersed green areas into a continuous network of corridors and green spaces, comprising the city center on both sides of the Vistula River. The future structure of green areas in the central part of Warsaw will be built as an element of bioeconomy. According to this new pattern of urban greenery, larger green enclaves will be connected by corridors created out of necessity along densely built-up streets. Such elements as green walls, green roofs with decorative greenery and food crops, pocket greenery, as well as urban farms (e.g., algae energy generation) will complement buildings, foster healthy environment, and create the opportunity to enjoy pastimes.

scholarly journals Monitoring urban greenness evolution using multitemporal Landsat imagery in the city of Erbil (Iraq)

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shwan O. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Spectral Mixture ◽  
The City

Most cities in the world have experienced major developments in the past 20–25 years. However, research has showed that the development aspect of these cities has led to a decrease in green areas. This paper aims to assess the spatiotemporal variations of urban green areas during the period 1990–2015 with special regard to city of Erbil. The study uses a mix of fuzzy functions, linear spectral mixture analysis, and maximum likelihood classification for the classification of Landsat imagery from 1990 to 2015 to extract the four main classes of land use, namely agricultural land, vacant land, built-up land, and green vegetation. Both the classification approaches used in this research produced excellent and reliable results, as an overall accuracy of more than 80% was able to be obtained. The spatiotemporal analysis of land use within the city of Erbil shows a series of major changes between 1990 and 2015. Therefore, the results of the spatiotemporal evolution of urban greenness assessment in the Erbil region can be used both for spatial planning purposes and as an urban greenness assessment method in dry climate areas.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MOSCOW METRO IN THE PERIOD FROM 1935 TO 2000

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
A. Bratischev
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Cultural Ideals ◽  
City Space ◽  
The City

For 200 years, the Metro has been carrying out most of the passenger traffic in large cities and metropolitan areas. The metro architecture embodies cultural ideals, historical milestones and the achievements of society in various fields. The metro is the transport frame of the city, participates in the formation of the urban ensemble. Sustainable development of the metro requires a comprehensive study of its architecture, analysis of domestic and foreign analogues: the prerequisites and chronology of metro development, identification of concepts, directions, principles and techniques of the architectural formation of metro objects. A systematic approach to architectural analysis and design of the metro, identifying the importance of the role of an architect allows to determine the prospects and vectors for the development of transport infrastructure, improve the quality and safety of passenger traffic, design energy-efficient, autonomous, economical, aesthetic and ergonomic metro stations. The high rates of modern metro design require the development of measures to preserve the unity of the metro lines and communication with the city space. Systematization and classification of trends in the development of metro architecture in the period from 1823 to 2000 will allow to determine the arsenal of architectural techniques, to develop urban planning approaches to the architectural solution of the stations

scholarly journals POMNIK HISTORII – KATEDRA GNIEŹNIEŃSKA – DOMINANTĄ KRAJOBRAZU MIASTA OBECNIE I W PRZESZŁOŚCI

2017 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Magdalena Meller ◽  
Karolina Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Current State ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The study describes the history and current state of selected areas of urban greenery with the dominant monument of the history of Gniezno Cathedral. An analysis of the nine panoramas from different viewpoints of the city located on several hills. The paper describes the history of selected green areas of the city of Gniezno taking into account basic information concerning the history of the city, as they had a significant influence on their formation. For the area a comparative analysis of the state of the existing and archival state was made, as well as the study of the landscape. Attention was paid to the cultural, natural and tourist potential of the city. The obtained information allowed us to assess the panorama of the Gniezno Cathedral and to exploit the potential of the city in terms of cultural and natural resources.

scholarly journals Classification of air pollution criteria for the improvement of methodical approaches to ensure the environmental safety of major cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Vadim Bespalov ◽  
Oksana Gurova ◽  
Natalya Samarskaya ◽  
Oksana Paramonova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Aerodynamic Parameters ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring environmental safety in the territories of large cities, primarily, to reducing atmospheric air pollution. The aim of the work was to build a comprehensive classification scheme of sources of pollutant emissions into the air basin of the territories of large cities, taking into account the climatic and physicalgeographical conditions of the considered urban areas. In the process of research, we solved the problem of identifying the basic principles of classification of air pollution sources based on the analysis of known methodological approaches with the subsequent improvement of calculation methods to justify the spatial distribution of residential areas, industrial areas, motorways, recreational areas, effective sanitary protective zones taking into account aerodynamics to remove polluted air outside the city territory. A generalized classification of sources of pollutant emissions into the environment is proposed, while the sources of air pollution in urban areas are classified according to the following main criteria: by origin, by aerodynamic parameters and by the nature of the direction of the emission plume, by spatial position and possible mobility, in terms of size in plan, in height of the spread of the emission plume, taking into account the height of the mouth of the source of the emission of pollutants above the level of the earth’s surface, in temperature of air-gas mixture, according to the mode of action.

scholarly journals Greenways as an element of urban planning: Banja Luka case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-515
Author(s):  
Tanja Trkulja ◽  
Ljiljana Dosenovic ◽  
Nikola Matic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Satisfactory Condition ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
City Structure ◽  
Banja Luka ◽  
The City ◽  
Green City

The continuous presence of the landscape concept in planning and design of the Banja Luka area until the end of the 20th century influenced the formation of the identity of Banja Luka as a green city. However, in the last twenty years, there is an absence of the green city concept from planning and designing of Banja Luka's area. In order to improve the state of urban greenery and achieve the satisfactory condition of the endangered landscape elements, this paper re-examines their significance for the city. The green infrastructure has ecological, social and aesthetic functions and it becomes an imperative in defining the strategic goals of a sustainable city. The study showed, that there are possibilities of increasing the size of green areas and improving the quality of green areas in the built city tissue. One of those possibilities is transformation of the existing brownfields into green areas. From the perspective of urban planning, the purpose of this paper is to point out the possibility of implementing the greenways in the city structure for the case study in Banja Luka. In this context, the research focuses on the area of the former Incel factory and the ability to transform the abandoned railways into a greenway. In this research, the sustainable spatial development context of Banja Luka is regarded as a permanent category which includes, among the others, the ambient values, the spirit of the place and the features of a green city are important for the city's inhabitants.

scholarly journals PROBLEM DOSTĘPNOŚCI TERENÓW ZIELENI W MIEŚCIE NA PRZYKŁADZIE ŁODZI

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Adam Bielecki ◽  
Krzysztof Będkowski
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Regular Network ◽  
The City ◽  
Official Data

The article is devoted to the subject of urban greenery. The paper attempts to present real green areas and not only those that have such a purpose featuring in lists and registers. The authors also refer to the topic of availability of urban greenery for the residents of the city, taking into account an uneven density of places of residence. The aim of the article is to present the method for assessing the availability of green areas around places of residence, using spatial data showing residential buildings and official data on greenery. The relevant analyses are based on a regular network of squares of 90 m × 90 m. It was found that Łódź is a city with rich greenery resources. However, this judgment needs revising because a significant part of the residents both in their places of residence (R = 50 m) and further surroundings (R = 500 m) do not have access to green areas intended for recreation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Green Spaces Development in Prague During Years 1901–2010

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
L. Hladíková ◽  
M. Jebavý
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

AbstractAlthough the issue of urban greenery is a frequently discussed topic and numerous case studies have already documented the beneficial functions of green spaces in the cities, studies on the balance of urban greenery during the past 20th century are few. This research follows up the issue of Prague urban green spaces during the years 1901–2010 and documents the changes in Prague public greenery in that period. The analysis specifies the development of public greenery and characterizes its categories in the individual decades of the 20th century. The percentage of public greenery and its area in hectares are given for each decade. Furthermore, the total green area is confronted with the number of inhabitants then living in Prague. The results have shown a continuous development and expansion of urban greenery. Their application will be beneficial to the city planning for sustainable development and further management of current and future public green areas as a part of the capital’s urban structure.

scholarly journals The economic potential of large municipal entities: theoretical and methodological approaches to analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Valentina Antonyuk ◽  
◽  
Darya Kremer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The City

The article considers approaches in order to study large municipal entities and their economic potential. The authors specify that large municipal entities in modern conditions have a multifunctional structure, so they propose an interdisciplinary approach to their study. The article discusses such approaches to analyzing large municipalities as: philosophical; research from the perspective of social sciences and the humanities (political science, sociological, psychological, historiographic and ethnographic approaches). The authors analyze large municipalities from the perspective of the geographical approach; urban theory; urban planning and architecture. The problem of studying large municipalities in the legal sciences is separately investigated. With the help of the economic approach the authors show that at the core of urbanization and the emergence of large municipalities there are three effects: comparative advantage, concentration effect, and localization effect. The authors give classification of large municipalities. The authors propose a systematic approach to analyzing large cities, representing the unity of the functional approach, open systems methodology and the factor approach. Under the latter, it is proposed to understand the economic potential of the city, which presupposes the possibility of efficient use of available resources and their maximum inclusion in social reproduction in order to meet the needs of the municipality population. The authors substantiate the classification of the economic potential of a large municipal formation, which consists of: the resource (basic and used), innovative and infrastructural potentials.

scholarly journals Urban green areas planning and development: An assessment of general urban plans of the City of Nis

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Jelena Djekic ◽  
Milena Dinic-Brankovic ◽  
Petar Mitkovic ◽  
Milica Igic ◽  
Mihailo Mitkovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Areas ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
The City

Urban green areas have multiple roles in cities and to a large extent they determine the quality and livability of urban space. The process of urbanization has led to an increase in construction in cities and reduction of open public spaces, especially green areas. Planning of urban green areas is an integral part of urban planning, thus changes in planning and development of urban green areas can be observed through urban planning documents. The main question is whether the loss of green areas is a consequence of non-compliance with plans, or the reason for this lies in the method of planning of green areas. In order to answer this question the paper discusses: functions, standards and classification of urban green areas in general, and their use in two successive general urban plans of the city of Nis in the last twenty years, as a prerequisite for the development of green areas in accordance with growing need for green areas in the city.

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