The Central American Coffee Commodity Chain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Samper Kutschbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
World Market ◽  
Central American ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Tropical Product ◽  
And Storage

Coffee production has been a significant economic activity in Central America since the 19th century, and it has played an important role in shaping social relations, politics, and culture in various ways over time, both within coffee-producing areas and in each country. Coffee continues to be a major export crop, although the region’s economy has diversified, and the prospects of coffee as a commodity and a way of life will influence the fortunes of many in the highland areas of the isthmus. The Central American coffee commodity chain, from planting, care of the coffee groves, and harvesting through transportation, processing, and storage to shipping, roasting, and distribution abroad and within each country, has evolved in response both to internal dynamics and to changes in the world market for coffee and consumer demand, international trading systems, capital flows, and marketing systems. The supply of credit and the exchange of knowledge and information on the market as well as technical expertise and the provision of inputs, genetic material, and equipment have helped shape and reshape this value chain. Farmers’ strategies and cooperative endeavors, as well as local processing, gathering, and storage facilities and financing and regulations, have adapted to changing trends and to market downturns, recoveries, and segmentation. Vertical and horizontal integration of the various links in this chain have also evolved, in ways that differ from one country to another. While historically there has been a trend toward concentration especially in processing and export, there has also been fragmentation and greater involvement of small- or medium-scale producers in cultivation and in primary processing in specific countries or areas. Certain pests and diseases, whose geographical distribution and severity have been related to agro-ecological conditions and practices, have also contributed to modifications in productive systems. Climate change has had increasingly severe short-term impacts on the frequency of extreme events and variability of rainfall and temperature, while warmer average temperatures have begun to affect the altitudinal range of coffee cultivation. There is definitely a future for specific types of Central American coffee, but not necessarily for all current areas, farms, and firms specializing in this tropical product.

scholarly journals ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CARROT GENETIC RESOURCES

2018 ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Khmelinskaya ◽  
V. I. Burenin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Carrot Fly ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Early Market

Investigations were performed at Pushkin experimental station (Pushkin, Leningrad region), in 2010-2015. Genetic material was represented by 300 samples from Vavilov collection, coming from 18 countries. Results of samples evaluation (productivity, quality, resistance to pests and diseases, suitability for mechanized harvesting) are represented. Widely grown Russian and foreign varieties, interesting for practical usage, are described. As the result of carrot samples investigation, different level of productivity, strongly related with type of variety, was revealed. Samples of carrot, obtained stable level of productivity and quality are described. Best varieties with high level of carotene (13-17 mg/100 g) were NIIOH-336 (Russia), Amro (Denmark), Asmer Early Market (UK), Amsterdam Foram (Netherlands). At the same time, it is very impotent to combine components, which are responsible for the certain type of taste and quality too. Several varieties, bearing high level of resistance to carrot fly (Chamaepsila rosae) and storage diseases, were found. Perspective breeding material for the major directions of carrot breeding programs was chosen. It is highly recommended to use the set of varieties, bearing complex of valuable (early maturation, productivity, marketability, resistance to pests and diseases) traits: Feonia Banta and Nantes Scarletta (Denmark), Formula, Marko, Camillo и Flaxton (Netherlands), Asmer Super Strite and Suko (UK), Lossa Lunga (Italy), Nantsky (Bulgaria), Chantenay Supreme Long (USA), Selbstung (germany), Shantene 2461, Losinoostrovskaya 13, Vitaminnaya 6 (Russia). Prospects of heterosis breeding are adduced.

The Invisible Networks of Global Production: Re-Imagining the Global Value Chain in Legal Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Anna Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Production Network ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Global Production Network

AbstractReviewing the burgeoning legal scholarship on global value chains to delineate the legal image of the global value chain and then comparing this legal image with images on global production in neighbouring social sciences research, in particular the Global Commodity Chain/Global Value Chain and the Global Production Network approach, this article reveals that legal research strongly aligns with the value chain image, but takes less account of the production-centric network image. The article then outlines a research agenda for legal research that departs from a network perspective on global production. To that end, it proposes that re-imagining the law in a world of global production networks requires a focus in legal research on the legal construction of global production and its infrastructure and a stronger contextualization of governance obligations and liability rules in the light of the issue-specific legal rules that apply to said infrastructure.

Qualität durch robuste Prozessketten steigern – Potentiale für die Umformtechnik mit Industrie 4.0/Quality improvement through robust process chains – Potentials for metal forming by Industrie 4.0 approaches

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 674-679
Author(s):  
P. Groche ◽  
J. Schreiner ◽  
J. Hohmann ◽  
S. Höhr ◽  
A. Lechler
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Industrie 4.0 ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Process Chains ◽  
Recording Analysis ◽  
Robust Process ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Insight Into

Industrie 4.0 gestattet transparente sowie sachgerecht angepasste Wertschöpfungsketten. Dazu ist es nötig, ein tiefgreifendes Prozessverständnis zu besitzen sowie die Aufnahme, Auswertung und Speicherung der relevanten Daten zu bewerkstelligen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in Industrie 4.0-Ansätze in der Umformtechnik und zeigt ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus dem Verbundprojekt „RobIN 4.0“.   Industrie 4.0 opens the possibility to realize a monitoring and qualified adaption along the entire value chain. Prerequisites for this include a deep understanding of the process as well as achieving the recording, analysis and storage of relevant process data. This paper gives an insight into Industrie 4.0 approaches for the forming industry and presents selected results of the RobIN 4.0-project.

Slow Food, Shared Values, and Indigenous Empowerment in an Alternative Commodity Chain Linking Brazil and Europe

Sociologus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kapfhammer ◽  
Gordon M. Winder
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Slow Food ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Paullinia Cupana ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Indigenous Cosmology

This article explores governance and power relations within the guaraná (Paullinia cupana) global commodity chain (GCC) of the Sateré-Mawé, an Indigenous group of the Lower Amazon, Brazil. The paper draws on ethnographic work and joint field research in Pará, Brazil and pursues an interdisciplinary approach combining economic geography and anthropological interest in ontological diversity. It describes the guaraná value chain in commodity chain terms, and discusses issues of narrative, transformation, and power in the community of values associated with the chain. Guaraná is a ritual beverage of central importance to Indigenous cosmology and is now a commodity traded within the global Fair Trade network. We found that the commodity chain is the result of not only economically, but also politically motivated Indigenous and European actors. It has a simple organization and is based on inter-personal business relations, with neither retailers nor producers controlling the chain. In this context, diverse actors, including Indigenous and non-Indigenous agents, cooperate in a joint project despite their, at times, differing values. These values are discernable in the narratives and discourses braided around the chain. This paper identifies the values at work and the tensions and dissonances produced as they rub against each other. It argues that, far from making the chain unmanageable, the tensions are creative and help the chain’s participants to bridge between Brazil and Europe.

scholarly journals Critical factors that impact on the efficiency of the Lagos seaports

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Ojadi ◽  
Jackie Walters
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Container Depots ◽  
And Storage

Background: Since the past two decades, the Lagos seaports have experienced vessel and storage yard cargo congestion, resulting in dwell times of about 30 days for containerised imports and high trade logistics costs.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the critical factors that impact the operational efficiency of the Lagos seaports with a view to improving liner trade activities.Method: The study adopted an operational-based approach to understand the dynamics of the various interfaces of the port value chain. The research paradigm adopted for the study was therefore a combination of constructivism and post-positivism paradigms, which entailed the exploration and understanding of the various stakeholders in the port value chain. The epistemology of the research relied on the use of the exploratory sequential mixed method research technique (i.e. the qualitative approach followed by the quantitative approach) at the operational level of port operations.Results: The result of the research showed that significant challenges exist and that some of these challenges cut across all functions of port operations. Challenges are experienced in the areas of corruption, trade fraud, transport infrastructure deficits, the absence of a supply chain culture and shortcomings in the execution of the ‘contract of customs’. Additionally, these factors include the deficiencies in services and facilities provided by state agencies and government-appointed service providers and private sector companies such as truckers, inland container depots, Inland Container Depots (ICDs) and terminal operators.Conclusion: Specific recommendations are made to address the issues identified which, if implemented, could significantly address the current inefficiencies observed in the Lagos seaport’s operations.

scholarly journals Influence of farmers' knowledge of climate change on production of citrus and tomato in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adebisi-Adelani ◽  
M. Akeredolu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Growing Period

ABSTRACT Production is the basis of value-chain which is a key factor in Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Nigeria. Thus, for successful production of horticultural crops the importance of climate cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, in this era of climate change there is the need to study farmers' knowledge of climate change and their production level. The study was carried out in Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to arrive at a study population of 441 tomato and citrus farmers. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), structured interview schedule and secondary data (FAOSTAT). It was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage and pie charts) and inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Correlation). There existed no significant relationship between knowledge level of respondents and change in production of both crops. The reason for this could be that no matter what the level of knowledge one may have on the subject of climate change it does not have anything to do with production, adaptation strategies is the key. Citrus and tomato farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change includes among others crop management, use of varieties resistant to pests and diseases, altering the timing or location of cropping activities, different planting dates and shortened length of growing period. In conclusion climate change has affected the production of horticultural crops therefore for ATA to have a good footing there is the need to focus on the adaptation strategies that can combat the effect of climatic changes. Key words: Horticultural crops, Horticultural farmers, Climate, Production, Knowledge,

Tropical Forest Biodiversity Protection: Who Pays and Why

Last Stand ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall A. Kramer ◽  
Narendra Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
International Context ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Environmental Good ◽  
Temporal Dimensions

People value biodiversity found in tropical rain forests for a variety of utilitarian, aesthetic, moral, ecological, and socioeconomic reasons (Botkin and Talbot, 1992). For instance, traditional medicines derived from plant and animal species found in the tropics provide health services to rural and urban populations; about 25 percent of the pharmaceutical products produced in the United States are associated with plants (WRI et al., 1992). Genetic materials extracted from plant and animal species have contributed to the development of commercial agricultural products (e.g., new varieties of wheat, maize, and rice) that are more resistant to pests and diseases. And nature tourism, often associated with protected wildlife habitats, has become an important source of income, generating about $ 12 billion annually in worldwide earnings (Lindberg, 1991). There are important socioeconomic and political considerations in the valuation of biological resources and the protection of biodiversity. First, the benefits that result from biodiversity have spatial and temporal dimensions. The ecological services linked with biodiversity, such as clean air and water, and the use of genetic material and ingredients extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms, occur at different places and at different times, often beyond the “economic time scale” of individuals. Second, biodiversity has characteristics of a public good locally arid nationally and may be considered a “global environmental good” in an international context. The benefits of public goods flow to all people regardless of whether they have paid for the good, which means that public goods suffer from the problem of “free riders.” In a national context, economists have long focused attention on the difficulty of financing public goods and have generally concluded that such goods will be underprovided by markets. In the international context, the provision and financing of public goods is even more problematic. These characteristics make management of biodiversity institutionally complex and create problems in defining property rights. Third, conservation of biodiversity can create significant nonuse values. By its very existence, biodiversity can generate economic value without requiring actual use and can provide value by leaving open the option of future use.

scholarly journals Holistic Assessment of Carbon Capture and Utilization Value Chains

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tryfonas Pieri ◽  
Alexandros Nikitas ◽  
Arturo Castillo-Castillo ◽  
Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Carbon Capture And Utilization ◽  
Holistic Assessment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Storage

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is recognized by the European Union, along with carbon, capture and storage (CCS), as one of the main tools towards global warming mitigation. It has, thus, been extensively studied by various researchers around the world. The majority of the papers published so far focus on the individual stages of a CCU value chain (carbon capture, separation, purification, transportation, and transformation/utilization). However, a holistic approach, taking into account the matching and the interaction between these stages, is also necessary in order to optimize and develop technically and economically feasible CCU value chains. The objective of this contribution is to present the most important studies that are related to the individual stages of CCU and to perform a critical review of the major existing methods, algorithms and tools that focus on the simulation or optimization of CCU value chains. The key research gaps will be identified and examined in order to lay the foundation for the development of a methodology towards the holistic assessment of CCU value chains.

scholarly journals ‘Paying for the Emergency by displacing the settlers’: global coffee and rural restructuring in late colonial Kenya

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Rural Restructuring ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coffee Sector ◽  
Colonial Government

AbstractGlobal coffee markets entered into a deep cyclical downturn from the mid 1950s. As producers, notably Brazil and Colombia, continued to increase their output, intense struggles arose among global competitors for larger slices of a contracting market. The prospect of an economic catastrophe, following the release of Brazil's surplus stocks, preoccupied Kenya's colonial government, which was dependent on tax revenues derived from coffee sales, and was less able to support the settler-dominated industry in the face of the increased costs incurred by the Mau Mau Emergency after 1952. This left European settlers exposed, with many barely able to recover their costs of production. What began as a counter-insurgency strategy, by allowing an elite of African farmers to grow Arabica coffee (a privilege formerly reserved to settlers) was enlarged and accelerated in response to unrelenting global market pressures. These compelled the colonial government to beckon low-cost African farmers into coffee production, in a bid to save its tax base and ensure the survival of the coffee sector. Even though the Coffee Marketing Board confiscated much of their income, African farmers proved well able to rally family labour and achieve surpluses. Rationalization of production and the re-organization of the commodity chain to maintain high quality at lower cost were decisive in both reconfiguring the economic and social relationships that underpinned Kenya's independence in 1963 and securing the country's place on the world market. The aim here is to explain the crisis, and its grip on Kenya's economy during the transition to independence and beyond.

scholarly journals Poplar Short Rotation Coppice Plantations under Mediterranean Conditions: The Case of Spain

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1352
Author(s):  
Nerea Oliveira ◽  
César Pérez-Cruzado ◽  
Isabel Cañellas ◽  
Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro ◽  
Hortensia Sixto
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Mediterranean Conditions

Developing a circular bioeconomy based on the sustainable use of biological resources, such as biomass, seems to be the best way of responding to the challenges associated with global change. Among the many sources, short rotation forest crops are an essential instrument for obtaining quality biomass with a predictable periodicity and yield, according to the areas of cultivation. This review aims to provide an overview of available knowledge on short rotation coppice Populus spp. plantations under Mediterranean conditions and specifically in Spain, in order to identify not only the status, but also the future prospects, for this type of biomass production. The analysis of available information was conducted by taking into consideration the following aspects: Genetic plant material; plantation design, including densities, rotation lengths and the number of rotations, and mixtures; management activities, including irrigation, fertilization, and weed control; yield prediction; biomass characterization; and finally, an evaluation of the sustainability of the plantation and ecosystem services provided. Despite advances, there is still much to be done if these plantations are to become a commercial reality in some Mediterranean areas. To achieve this aim, different aspects need to be reconsidered, such as irrigation, bearing in mind that water restrictions represent a real threat; the specific adaptation of genetic material to these conditions, in order to obtain a greater efficiency in resource use, as well as a greater resistance to pests and diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity; rationalizing fertilization; quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services; the advance of more reliable predictive models based on ecophysiology; the specific characterization of biomass for its final use (bioenergy/bioproducts); technological improvements in management and harvesting; and finally, improving the critical aspects detected in environmental, energy, and economic analyses to achieve profitable and sustainable plantations under Mediterranean conditions.

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