scholarly journals ‘Paying for the Emergency by displacing the settlers’: global coffee and rural restructuring in late colonial Kenya

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Rural Restructuring ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coffee Sector ◽  
Colonial Government

AbstractGlobal coffee markets entered into a deep cyclical downturn from the mid 1950s. As producers, notably Brazil and Colombia, continued to increase their output, intense struggles arose among global competitors for larger slices of a contracting market. The prospect of an economic catastrophe, following the release of Brazil's surplus stocks, preoccupied Kenya's colonial government, which was dependent on tax revenues derived from coffee sales, and was less able to support the settler-dominated industry in the face of the increased costs incurred by the Mau Mau Emergency after 1952. This left European settlers exposed, with many barely able to recover their costs of production. What began as a counter-insurgency strategy, by allowing an elite of African farmers to grow Arabica coffee (a privilege formerly reserved to settlers) was enlarged and accelerated in response to unrelenting global market pressures. These compelled the colonial government to beckon low-cost African farmers into coffee production, in a bid to save its tax base and ensure the survival of the coffee sector. Even though the Coffee Marketing Board confiscated much of their income, African farmers proved well able to rally family labour and achieve surpluses. Rationalization of production and the re-organization of the commodity chain to maintain high quality at lower cost were decisive in both reconfiguring the economic and social relationships that underpinned Kenya's independence in 1963 and securing the country's place on the world market. The aim here is to explain the crisis, and its grip on Kenya's economy during the transition to independence and beyond.

Face recognition in an intelligent door lock with ResNet model based on deep learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Suphawimon Phawinee ◽  
Jing-Fang Cai ◽  
Zhe-Yu Guo ◽  
Hao-Ze Zheng ◽  
Guan-Chen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Graphics Recognition ◽  
Face Images ◽  
The Face ◽  
Door Lock

Internet of Things is considerably increasing the levels of convenience at homes. The smart door lock is an entry product for smart homes. This work used Raspberry Pi, because of its low cost, as the main control board to apply face recognition technology to a door lock. The installation of the control sensing module with the GPIO expansion function of Raspberry Pi also improved the antitheft mechanism of the door lock. For ease of use, a mobile application (hereafter, app) was developed for users to upload their face images for processing. The app sends the images to Firebase and then the program downloads the images and captures the face as a training set. The face detection system was designed on the basis of machine learning and equipped with a Haar built-in OpenCV graphics recognition program. The system used four training methods: convolutional neural network, VGG-16, VGG-19, and ResNet50. After the training process, the program could recognize the user’s face to open the door lock. A prototype was constructed that could control the door lock and the antitheft system and stream real-time images from the camera to the app.

scholarly journals Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Lúcia P. S. Pimenta ◽  
Dhionne C. Gomes ◽  
Patrícia G. Cardoso ◽  
Jacqueline A. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Compounds

Filamentous fungi are known to biosynthesize an extraordinary range of azaphilones pigments with structural diversity and advantages over vegetal-derived colored natural products such agile and simple cultivation in the lab, acceptance of low-cost substrates, speed yield improvement, and ease of downstream processing. Modern genetic engineering allows industrial production, providing pigments with higher thermostability, water-solubility, and promising bioactivities combined with ecological functions. This review, covering the literature from 2020 onwards, focuses on the state-of-the-art of azaphilone dyes, the global market scenario, new compounds isolated in the period with respective biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we discussed the innovations of azaphilone cultivation and extraction techniques, as well as in yield improvement and scale-up. Potential applications in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile industries were also explored.

scholarly journals IoT and Deep Learning Based Approach for Rapid Screening and Face Mask Detection for Infection Spread Control of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3495
Author(s):  
Shabir Hussain ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Akmal Khan ◽  
Rukhshanda Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Vaccine Distribution

The spread of COVID-19 has been taken on pandemic magnitudes and has already spread over 200 countries in a few months. In this time of emergency of COVID-19, especially when there is still a need to follow the precautions and developed vaccines are not available to all the developing countries in the first phase of vaccine distribution, the virus is spreading rapidly through direct and indirect contacts. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides the standard recommendations on preventing the spread of COVID-19 and the importance of face masks for protection from the virus. The excessive use of manual disinfection systems has also become a source of infection. That is why this research aims to design and develop a low-cost, rapid, scalable, and effective virus spread control and screening system to minimize the chances and risk of spread of COVID-19. We proposed an IoT-based Smart Screening and Disinfection Walkthrough Gate (SSDWG) for all public places entrance. The SSDWG is designed to do rapid screening, including temperature measuring using a contact-free sensor and storing the record of the suspected individual for further control and monitoring. Our proposed IoT-based screening system also implemented real-time deep learning models for face mask detection and classification. This module classified individuals who wear the face mask properly, improperly, and without a face mask using VGG-16, MobileNetV2, Inception v3, ResNet-50, and CNN using a transfer learning approach. We achieved the highest accuracy of 99.81% while using VGG-16 and the second highest accuracy of 99.6% using MobileNetV2 in the mask detection and classification module. We also implemented classification to classify the types of face masks worn by the individuals, either N-95 or surgical masks. We also compared the results of our proposed system with state-of-the-art methods, and we highly suggested that our system could be used to prevent the spread of local transmission and reduce the chances of human carriers of COVID-19.

Interfacial interactions between urea formaldehyde and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) of varying chemical composition and their impact on particle boards manufacture (PBs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Iglesias ◽  
Philip S. McMichael ◽  
Osei A. Asafu-Adjaye ◽  
Brian K. Via ◽  
Maria S. Peresin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Interfacial Interactions

Abstract Wood-based panels are commonly used as building materials for interior and exterior purposes. Their production and utilization have increased over the past decades due to the useful properties they present. Adhesive-bonded products make up to 80% of the wood alternatives on the global market, and of that, urea-formaldehyde (UF) makes up approximately 81% of the resins used. Formaldehyde-based resins are used due to their effectiveness and low cost, as well as their ease of application and lack of color. Nevertheless, their main disadvantages are the lack of tackiness and the emission of formaldehyde over time. To improve UF performance, the utilization of microfibrillated cellulose, has been demonstrated to be effective. However, more understanding on the mechanisms of the interactions is of relevant importance. In this work, we studied interfacial interactions between UF with bleached (BCNF) and unbleached (LCNF) cellulose nanofibrils using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique observing the superior performance of lignin-containing CNF. Additionally, the surface free energies were investigated using Contact Angle Measurements (CA) showing a decrease of the values mainly when utilizing LCNF, which was later correlated with the wettability properties of the particle boards (PBs). PBs with different adhesive/CNF formulations were produced showing larger improvements when adding LCNF in terms of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bonding (IB). To gain a better understanding on the interactions between CNF and UF, CNF was fully characterized in terms of morphology, chemical composition, charge density, as well as thermal and colloidal stability.

Giving when it costs

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa C. Day ◽  
Emily A. Impett
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Daily Experience ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Interdependent Self ◽  
The Face ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice

Do some people exhibit a greater willingness to sacrifice in romantic relationships and derive more satisfaction from doing so, even in the face of high costs? In a cross-sectional study and a daily experience study, we show that people low in interdependent self-construal were less willing to sacrifice when the costs were relatively high, whereas people high in interdependent self-construal were equally willing to make high- and low-cost sacrifices. Further, when people low in interdependent self-construal chose to sacrifice, they felt less authentic when the costs were high, which in turn, detracted from their satisfaction with sacrifice. In contrast, people high in interdependent self-construal did not feel less authentic and were buffered against feeling less satisfied when making more costly sacrifices. The findings identify a set of individuals who are more willing to sacrifice, even in the face of high costs, and who feel more satisfied and authentic when doing so.

Toward Critical Patriotism: Student Resistance to Political Education in Hong Kong and China. By Gregory P. Fairbrother. [Hong Kong University Press, 2003. x+218 pp. £26.95. ISBN 962-209-622-0.]

2004 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 521-523
Author(s):  
Agnes S. Ku
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Student Resistance ◽  
Hong Kong Students ◽  
The Face ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Legitimacy Crisis

Fairbrother's Toward Critical Patriotism is a timely publication in the “Hong Kong Culture and Society” series: political squabbles and conflicts over the idea of patriotism in the context of the national security legislation in Hong Kong are inflamed following the spectacular mass demonstration by 500,000 people on 1 July 2003. As the author points out, patriotism and nationalism are relatively recent historical phenomena in China. In mainland China, Marxist-Leninism became the guiding ideology after 1949. Yet, from the early 1980s, in the face of a legitimacy crisis, the leadership shifted toward patriotism as a unifying and justificatory ideology while professing ultimate objectives in line with Marxist principles. In Hong Kong, civic education had been de-emphasized under the ideology of de-politicization by the colonial government until the handover in the 1990s. The book rejects the typical characterization of Hong Kong students as simply having a weak sense of patriotism and nationalism, and of mainland students as patriotic dupes under the state and presents a more nuanced analysis.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD MARKET OF SPACE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
A. Krishtofor
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Global Patterns

The main organizational characteristics of the world space industry in the context of increased international competition have been determined. The most characteristic changes in the global market of space products have been identified. The methodology of the analysis of the world market of space products and services has been presented. As a result of the analysis of the successful international experience in the development of the space industry and the trends of the world space activity, the global patterns, that need to be taken into account in the implementation and planning of measures to improve the competitiveness of space activity of the Russian Federation have been revealed.

scholarly journals Economic productivity and competitiveness of Ukrainian exports due to the global challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Lesia Petkova ◽  
Olena Berezina ◽  
Iryna Honcharenko ◽  
Ihor Osadchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Research Result ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

Productivity and economic growth are key factors to maintain and improve the competitiveness of nations in the global market. The paper analyzes the prospects for the competitiveness of Ukrainian exports in the terms of pandemic circumstances and post-pandemic recovery of the global economy. The prospects for strengthening the competitiveness of Ukraine’s economy evaluating based on the modified approach for assessing the revealed comparative advantage. The dynamics and structure of major industries exports were estimating. The research result proved that the growth of innovative products in the iron and steel industry increases its competitiveness in the world market. The established reduction of the identified comparative advantages index for the main exports positions reflects the presence of structural and technological lags in the modern structure of the national economy and requires economic policy measures aimed at long-term action. Respectively, the main goals of contemporary national economic policy aimed at promoting the export competitiveness of Ukrainian products (goods & services) have to be the stimulating of R&D, infrastructure modernization and capital deepening.

scholarly journals Flying in the Face of Adversity: A Drosophila-based Virtual CURE Provides Semester-long Authentic Research Opportunity to the Flipped Classroom.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A Waddell ◽  
Dara Ruiz-Whalen ◽  
Alana M O'Reilly ◽  
Nathan T. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Undergraduate Research ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
Research Opportunity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Upper Level

A call for the integration of research experiences into all biology curricula has been a major goal for educational reform efforts nationally. Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have been the predominant method of accomplishing this, but their associated costs and complex design can limit their wide adoption. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced programs to identify unique ways to still provide authentic research experiences while students were virtual. We report here a full guide for the successful implementation of a semester-long virtual CURE that uses Drosophila behavioral assays to explore the connection between pain and addiction with the use of a "lab-in-a-box" sent home to students. Individual components were piloted across three semesters and launched as a 100-level introductory course with 19 students. We found that this course increased science identity and successfully improved key research competencies as per the Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment (URSSA) survey. This course is ideal for flipped classrooms ranging from introductory biology to upper-level neuroscience courses and can be integrated directly into the lecture period without the need for building a new course. Given the low cost, recent comfort with virtual learning environments, and the current proliferation of flipped biology classrooms following the 2020 pandemic, this curriculum could serve as an ideal project-based active-learning tool for equitably increasing access to authentic research experiences.

scholarly journals Patterns and Determinants of Vietnamese Seafood Exports

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huy Quang Nguyen ◽  
Huong Thi Lan Tran ◽  
Hoan Quang Truong ◽  
Chung Van Dong
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Selection Of

By employing the gravity model using the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator, the air of this study was to investigate the determinants of Vietnam’s world seafood exports from 2000-2018 at both the aggregate and sub-sectoral level. In recent decades, Vietnam has rapidly increased its seafood exports to the global market, with a concentration on its exports to the United States, Japan, China, and South Korea. Its seafood export subsectors have been diversified among fish products (fresh, chilled, or frozen), crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic invertebrate products, aquatic fish, and invertebrates (prepared or persevered) products. The estimations show that Vietnam’s seafood exports (at both aggregate and subsector level) are determined by the size of the importing partners’ economies and income levels. At the aggregate level, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union, and North America were found to promote Vietnam’s seafood exports. At the subsector level, we found that North America had a positive link with Vietnam’s export of fish (fresh, chilled, or frozen), while there was a negative nexus between many regions with respect to the export of crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates, as well as aquatic fish and invertebrates (prepared or persevered). To promote Vietnam’s seafood exports to the world market at the aggregate level, the country should enhance its establishment of preferential trade agreements with certain target markets, while at the subsector level, Vietnam should have a dynamic approach regarding the selection of its export destinations.

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