Caloric compensation in infants: developmental changes around the age of 1 year and associations with anthropometric measurements up to 2 years

ABSTRACT Background Previous results based on dietary recall suggest that the ability to adjust eaten quantities to food energy density (ED) may deteriorate around the age of 1 y. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated experimentally. Objectives The first aim of the study was to describe changes in the short-term caloric compensation ability of infants around the age of 1 y. We expected a decrease in this ability with age. The second aim was to identify individual factors [e.g., breastfeeding duration, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and change in BMI z-score] related to interindividual variations in caloric compensation ability. Methods We adapted the preload paradigm to calculate a COMPX score. The measure was performed in the laboratory at 11 and 15 mo. The parent offered a food preload that was either low or high in ED (LED = 33 kcal/100 g or HED = 97.9 kcal/100 g, respectively), followed by an ad libitum meal after 25 min. The infants were measured and weighed. Information about the infants’ milk-feeding history was collected. Results We obtained COMPX scores at 11 and 15 mo for 31 infants (12 females). As hypothesized, the caloric compensation ability significantly decreased with age (COMPX11 = 52% ± 133%; COMPX15 = −14% ± 151%; P = 0.03). The more the COMPX score decreased, the more the BMI z-score between 11 and 15 mo increased (P = 0.03) and the higher the BMI z-score was at 2 y (P = 0.03). No associations were found between COMPX scores and breastfeeding duration (all P > 0.60). Conclusions Caloric compensation ability decreases between 11 and 15 mo. This decrease is associated with a larger increase in weight status from 11 to 15 mo and a higher weight status at 2 y. This study calls for further research to better understand the early determinants of caloric compensation ability. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03409042 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03409042).

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Weight Status and Visceral Adiposity Mediate the Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and Skin Carotenoids in Later Childhood

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab010 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruyu Liu ◽

Caitlyn G Edwards ◽

Corinne N Cannavale ◽

Isabel R Flemming ◽

Morgan R Chojnacki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Weight Status ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Physical Growth ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Whole Body ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is associated with healthier weight and nutrient status in early life. However, the impact of breastfeeding on carotenoid status beyond infancy, and the influence of adiposity, is unknown. Objective The aim of the study was to retrospectively investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and carotenoid status, and the mediating effect of weight status and adiposity on this relationship among school-aged children. Methods This was a secondary analysis of baseline data collected from a randomized-controlled clinical trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03521349). 7–12-year-old (n = 81) children were recruited from East-Central Illinois. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and whole-body adiposity (%Fat). Weight was obtained to calculated body mass index percentile (BMI %ile). Skin carotenoids were assessed via reflection spectroscopy. Macular carotenoids were assessed as macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Dietary, birth, and breastfeeding information was self-reported by parents. Results Skin carotenoids were inversely related to %Fat (P < 0.01), VAT (P < 0.01) and BMI %ile (P < 0.01). VAT and BMI %ile significantly mediated this relationship between exclusive breastfeeding duration and skin carotenoids, following adjustment for dietary carotenoids, energy intake, and mother education. Conclusions Weight status and adipose tissue distribution mediate the positive correlation between exclusive breastfeeding duration and skin carotenoids among children aged 7–12 years. The results indicate the need to support breastfeeding and healthy physical growth in childhood for optimal carotenoid status.

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Determinants of Anthropometric Failure Among Tribal Children Younger than 5 Years of Age in Palghar, Maharashtra, India

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120970836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 55-64

Author(s):

Angeline Jeyakumar ◽

Swapnil Godbharle ◽

Bibek Raj Giri

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Composite Index ◽

Z Score ◽

Short Term ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Crude Odds Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Child Undernutrition

Background: Measuring undernutrition using composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and identifying its determinants in tribal regions is essential to recognize the true burden of undernutrition in these settings. Objective: To determine anthropometric failure and its determinants among tribal children younger than 5 years in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey employing CIAF was performed in children <5 years to estimate undernutrition in the tribal district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India. Anthropometric measurements, maternal and child characteristics were recorded from 577 mother–child pairs in 9 villages. Results: As per Z score, prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 48%, 13%, and 43%, respectively. According to CIAF, 66% of children had at least one manifestation of undernutrition and 40% had more than one manifestation of undernutrition. Odds of anthropometric failure were 1.5 times higher among children of mothers who were illiterate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.57, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), children who had birth weight >2.5 kg had lesser odds (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) of anthropometric failure, and children who had initiated early breastfeeding had 1.5 times higher odds of anthropometric failure (crude odds ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1). However, when adjusted for other independent variables, the results were not significant. Conclusion: The alarming proportion of anthropometric failure among tribal children calls for urgent short-term interventions to correct undernutrition and long-term interventions to improve maternal literacy and awareness to prevent and manage child undernutrition.

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Associations of the pre-pregnancy weight status with anemia and the erythropoiesis-related micronutrient status

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002627 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-31

Author(s):

Noor Rohmah Mayasari ◽

Tzu-Yu Hu ◽

Jane C-J Chao ◽

Chyi-Huey Bai ◽

Yi Chun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Weight Status ◽

Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽

Population Level ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Nutritional Deficiencies ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Dietary Analysis ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Pregnancy Weight

Abstract Objective: The coexistence of underweight (UW) and overweight (OW)/obese (OB) at the population level is known to affect iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), but how the weight status affects erythropoiesis during pregnancy is less clear at a population scale. This study investigated associations between the pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) and erythropoiesis-related nutritional deficiencies. Design: Anthropometry, blood biochemistry, and 24-h dietary recall data were collected during prenatal care visits. The weight status was defined based on the pBMI. Mild nutrition deficiency-related erythropoiesis was defined if individuals had an ID, folate depletion, or a vitamin B12 deficiency. Setting: The Nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (Pregnant NAHSIT 2017-2019). Participants: We included 1456 women aged 20 to 45 years with singleton pregnancies. Results: Among these pregnant women, 9.6% were UW, and 29.2% were either OW (15.8%) or OB (13.4%). A U-shaped association between the pBMI and IDA was observed, with decreased odds (OR; 95% CI) for OW subjects (0.6; 0.4˜0.9) but increased odds for UW (1.2; 0.8˜2.0) and OB subjects (1.2; 0.8˜1.8). The pBMI was positively correlated with the prevalence of a mild nutritional deficiency. Compared to normal weight (NW), OB pregnant women had 3.4-fold (3.4; 1.4˜8.1) higher odds for multiple mild nutritional deficiencies, while UW individuals had lowest odds (0.3; 0.1-1.2). A dietary analysis showed negative relationships of pBMI with energy, carbohydrates, protein, iron, and folate intakes, but positive relationship with fat intakes. Conclusion: The pre-pregnancy weight status can possibly serve as a good nutritional screening tool for preventing IDA during pregnancy.

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Short-term effects of milkshake containing polydextrose and maltodextrin on subjective feelings of appetite, energy intake and blood glucose in healthy females

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-02-2021-0082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

İsmail Mücahit Alptekin ◽

Ece Erdoğan ◽

Aylin İşler ◽

Esma Cansu Yanalak ◽

Funda Pınar Çakiroğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Analog Scale ◽

Short Term ◽

Content Type ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Desire To Eat ◽

Healthy Females

Purpose Previous studies have reported that dietary fibers such as polydextrose and maltodextrin can reduce food intake; however, the studies on the differences of this effect are insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effects of dietary fibers maltodextrin and polydextrose on alterations of short-term satiety, energy intake and postprandial blood glucose in healthy females. Design/methodology/approach This study was designed as a randomized, crossover and double blind research. For this purpose, 21 healthy females consumed a milkshake containing 0 g (control), 15 g polydextrose (PDX) and 15 g maltodextrin (MDX), and an ad libitum lunch meal was served 150 min later. Subjective appetite scores (hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption and desire to eat) were measured using a visual analog scale. Appetite scores and blood glucose were measured before preload and once per 15 min after milkshake consumption. Findings Visual analog scale scores showed that PDX had an improved effect on satiety and hunger feelings. Compared to the control, dietary fiber increased the Area Under Curve (AUC) scores of satiety (p < 0.001) and decreased the AUC scores of hunger (p < 0.001), prospective food consumption (p < 0.001) and desire to eat (p < 0.001). Energy intake during ad libitum meal was significantly lower in PDX (Control: 862 (54.3) Kcal versus PDX: 679 (35.4) Kcal and MDX: 780 (49.3) Kcal. Moreover, the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in MDX. Originality/value This study conducted with healthy females demonstrated that PDX was more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake, and that postprandial blood glucose were within more healthy levels in MDX.

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AGGRESSION IN PRESCHOOLERS: ITS RELATION TO SOCIALIZATION

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.93.2.163 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 163-163

Author(s):

Klaus Minde

Keyword(s):

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

The Other ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Significant Delay ◽

Short Term ◽

Aggressive Children

The present article discusses developmental changes of aggression seen in preschool children and reports on an 18-month short-term prospective study of three preschool populations: a group referred for aggressive behavior problems, a normal control group, and a group of youngsters who had lived in violent homes, but showed no aggressive behaviors. Results indicate that the aggressive children, in comparison with the other two groups at age 4, showed a significant delay in their interpersonal awareness and perspective taking ability. However, although the aggressive children caught up with their peers in the course of the study period, there was no accompanying decrease in their aggressive behavior. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Developmental Trends in Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review with Implications for Community Mental Health

Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health ◽

10.7870/cjcmh-2014-004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 31-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jennine S. Rawana ◽

Gordon L. Flett ◽

Meghan L. McPhie ◽

Hien T. Nguyen ◽

Sarah Jane Norwood

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Emotion Regulation ◽

Community Mental Health ◽

Well Being ◽

Research Literature ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Children And Youth ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Patterns And Processes

The ability to regulate how emotions are experienced is central to psychological well-being. Developmental changes in emotion regulation (ER) strategies are unclear in the literature. Thus, a systematic review of the research literature was conducted in order to (a) describe normative ER development across childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood, (b) describe the patterns and processes of specific ER strategies, and (c) identify and describe the influence of specific individual factors on ER. Fifty-five studies were identified that examined key ER strategies across development. The findings highlight the importance of facilitating adaptive ER strategies among children and youth.

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Changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1440483 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 144 (3) ◽

pp. 483-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

S G Matthews ◽

K Yang ◽

J R G Challis

Keyword(s):

Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Pars Intermedia ◽

Pars Distalis ◽

Short Term ◽

Neonatal Life ◽

Inferior Aspect ◽

Glucocorticoid Receptor Mrna

Abstract Developmental changes in pituitary glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA were examined during gestation and early neonatal life using in situ hybridization. Pituitaries were harvested from sheep fetuses at days 60–80, 100–120, 130–135, 140–142 and term, and from lambs of days 0–7 and 30–60, and adults. GR mRNA was present in the pars distalis by day 60, levels increased through gestation, and there was a redistribution of GR mRNA, resulting in a relatively greater abundance at the base of the pars distalis. At term, there was a significant (P<0·05 compared with the day 140–142 fetuses) elevation of GR mRNA, which was maintained in the newborn lamb, reaching highest levels at days 30–60 of neonatal life. GR mRNA was undetectable in the pars intermedia until day 120, but subsequently increased to high levels at term. Interestingly, the expression of GR mRNA in the pars intermedia dropped precipitously in the newborn (P<0·05 compared with term), though levels recovered in the older lambs and adults. The regional and cellular distribution of GR mRNA correlated closely with the presence of immuno-reactive GR (irGR) in the pituitary; the majority of irGR was present in the nuclei. Intrafetal infusion of cortisol (12 h; 5 μg/min) in late gestation (day 135) had no effect on GR mRNA expression in either the pars distalis or pars intermedia. These results indicated that, in the fetal pituitary, (1) the GR gene is expressed in both the pars distalis and pars intermedia, (2) levels of GR mRNA in the fetal pituitary correlated with the distribution of nuclear irGR, (3) GR mRNA is present at higher levels in the inferior aspect of the pars distalis, its abundance increases immediately prior to parturition and is maintained in the newborn, and (4) cortisol infusion for 12 h does not affect GR mRNA in either region of the pituitary, suggesting that, in the short term, glucocorticoids do not directly regulate GR synthesis. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 483–490

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Faster growth rate in ad libitum-fed cats: a risk factor predicting the likelihood of becoming overweight during adulthood

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2013.10 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Samuel Serisier ◽

Alexandre Feugier ◽

Claudie Venet ◽

Vincent Biourge ◽

Alexander J. German

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Weight Status ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Group Differences ◽

Significant Variable ◽

Housing Status ◽

Daily Food ◽

Mixed Mean ◽

Ad Libitum

AbstractIn human subjects, the risk of becoming overweight (OW) in adulthood is largely determined early in childhood. However, early-life factors have not been considered for feline obesity. A total of eighty colony cats, fed ad libitum, were studied; various breeds, ages and sex were included, with thirty-six (45 %) being OW and forty-four (55 %) being of ideal weight (IW). The effects of various factors (including age, sex, neuter status, breed (pure v. mixed), mean daily food intake (FI), housing status (indoor with outdoor access v. exclusively indoor) and body weight at 1 year of age (BW1y)) on weight status were assessed. Initial statistical analyses identified BW1y as the main significant variable. Body weight (BW) and FI were then assessed between 1 and 8·5 years of age, with group differences (OW v. IW) noted for BW, which increased significantly with age only in the OW group (P < 0·001). However, no difference in BW (P = 0·17) was noted when BW1y was included as a covariate in the model. FI did not change with age in either group. Finally, given the importance of BW1y, changes in BW from 3 to 12 months were then assessed with BW at 3 months of age included as a covariate. Whereas at 3 months of age, no group difference in BW was observed, a faster rate of weight gain was seen in OW cats. In conclusion, as in human subjects, the rate of growth is a key risk factor for cats becoming OW, although the factors responsible are currently not known.

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Predictors of Post-Exercise Energy Intake in Adolescents Ranging in Weight Status from Overweight to Severe Obesity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14010223 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

Nicole Fearnbach ◽

Amanda E. Staiano ◽

Neil M. Johannsen ◽

Daniel S. Hsia ◽

Robbie A. Beyl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Test Meal ◽

Weight Status ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Body Composition Change ◽

Ad Libitum

Exercise may sensitize individuals with overweight and obesity to appetitive signals (e.g., hunger and fullness cues), overriding trait eating behaviors that contribute to overeating and obesity, such as uncontrolled eating. The objective of the current study was to measure predictors of objective ad libitum energy intake at a laboratory-based, post-exercise test-meal in adolescents ranging in weight status from overweight to severe obesity. We hypothesized that appetitive states, rather than appetitive traits, would be the strongest predictors of energy intake at a post-exercise test-meal, after controlling for body size. At Baseline, 30 adolescents (ages 10–16 years, 50% female (F), 43% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 83% with obesity (OB)) completed state and trait appetite measures and an ad libitum dinner meal following intensive exercise. Nineteen of those participants (47% F, 32% NHW, 79% OB) completed identical assessments two years later (Year 2). Energy intake (kcal) at each time point was adjusted for fat-free mass index (i.e., body size). Adjusted energy intake was reliable from Baseline to Year 2 (ICC = 0.84). Multiple pre-meal appetite ratings were associated with test-meal energy intake. In stepwise linear regression models, pre-meal prospective food consumption was the strongest and only significant predictor of test-meal energy intake at both Baseline (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.005) and Year 2 (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.003). Baseline post-exercise energy intake was associated with weight change over two years (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.04), but not with change in fat mass (p = 0.11). Appetitive traits were not associated with weight or body composition change (p > 0.22). State appetite cues were the strongest predictors of post-exercise energy intake, independent of body size. Future studies should examine whether long-term exercise programs enhance responsiveness to homeostatic appetite signals in youth with overweight and obesity, with a goal to reduce excess energy intake and risk for weight gain over time.

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Nutritional Status in Childhood Cancer Survivors with Solid Tumors: A Longitudinal Study

10.22541/au.163975504.41100024/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy Sacks ◽

Wendy Hobbie ◽

Laura Byham-Gray ◽

Robert Denmark ◽

Yuane Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Solid Tumors ◽

Weight Status ◽

Nutritional Assessment ◽

Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Z Score ◽

Large Tumor

Background: Malnutrition (under and overnutrition) occurs in children with solid tumors and has been linked with adverse outcomes during and after treatment. Assessment of nutritional status (NS) can be challenging due to large tumor burdens, atypical growth patterns and different methods for assessing NS. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study of children with solid tumors (n=61). Anthropometric data assessed [(diagnosis, after diagnosis (1.5, 3, 6 and 12 months, 5 years), end of treatment (EOT), initial cancer survivorship program (CSP) visit]. Registered dietitian nutritionist nutritional assessment (NA) during treatment and Intensity of Treatment Rating (ITR) documented. Results: At diagnosis, prevalence of undernutrition [(Z-score -1.0 to -2.99)] and overnutrition (Z-score ≥ +2.0) were 13.8% and 8.6%, respectively; weight status categories, 8.6%, 6.9%/13.8% were underweight, overweight/obese, respectively. Weight loss and decreased weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) occurred in 31.9% and 74.5% patients, respectively, at 1.5 months. At EOT, compared to diagnosis, WAZ and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) decreased and BMIZ increased. From EOT to CSP visit, overweight/obesity doubled, 7.7%/5.8% and 15.2/11.9%, respectively. Thirty-one percent of patients received a NA, occurring at lowest WAZ. Over 50% had ITR of level 3 or 4 and 88.9% had NA in level 4. Conclusions: Suboptimal NS continues at diagnosis, during treatment and survivorship. Normalized measures, accounting for expected growth, should be used instead of raw numbers. More than one nutrition indicator will identify atypical growth patterns and a proactive approach would help prevent malnutrition. Evidence based research is essential and collaboration necessary to meet the needs of this population.

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