A-10 High Score Multivariate Base Rates for the Spanish-Language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery: Potential Resource for Assessing High-Functioning Spanish-Speaking Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1032
Author(s):  
Justin E Karr ◽  
Monica Rivera Mindt ◽  
Grant L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Language ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Normative Sample ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Average Ability ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Sociocultural Characteristics ◽  
Fluid Test

Abstract Objective This study involved the preparation of high score multivariate base rates for the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) to inform neuropsychological practice with high-functioning Spanish-speaking patients. Method Participants included 250 healthy adults from the Spanish-language NIHTB-CB normative sample (M = 38.8 ± 13.7 years-old; 72.0% women; 100% Latinx) who completed the full battery (2 crystallized and 5 fluid cognition tests). Multivariate base rates quantified the frequency at which participants obtained 1+ fluid test scores ≥50th, ≥63rd, ≥75th, ≥84th, ≥91st, ≥95th, and ≥ 98th percentile based on age-adjusted and demographic-adjusted normed scores, with stratifications based on education, crystallized ability, and sociocultural characteristics. Results It was common for participants in the normative sample to obtain 1+ high scores (50.8% obtained 1+ scores ≥84th percentile) and uncommon for participants to obtain no high scores, especially when using lower, non-conventional thresholds for defining a high score (10.8% obtained no scores ≥50th percentile). The frequency of participants obtaining no high scores varied by education (36.8% with <12 years obtained no scores ≥63rd percentile vs. 2.1% with ≥16 years), crystallized ability (47.8% with below average ability obtained no scores ≥75th percentile vs. 21.9% with above average ability), and sociocultural characteristics (37.1% from households below national median income obtained no scores ≥75th vs. 6.9% from households above). Conclusion(s) The frequency of high scores varied by education, crystallized ability, and sociocultural characteristics, which was not fully accounted for by use of demographic-adjusted norms. In high-functioning patients and patients of higher socioeconomic status, the absence of high scores is uncommon and may indicate cognitive decline.

The Other Side of the Bell Curve: Multivariate Base Rates of High Scores on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-393
Author(s):  
Justin E. Karr ◽  
Mauricio A. Garcia-Barrera ◽  
James A. Holdnack ◽  
Grant L. Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Function System ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Normative Sample ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Bell Curve ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractObjective:Previous researchers have examined the frequency at which healthy participants obtain one or more low scores on neuropsychological test batteries, proposing five psychometric principles of multivariate base rates: (a) low scores are common, with their frequency contingent on (b) the low score cutoff used, (c) the number of tests administered/interpreted, and (d) the demographic characteristics and (e) intelligence of participants. The current study explored whether these principles applied to high scores as well, using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS).Method:Multivariate base rates of high scores (≥75th, ≥84th, ≥91st, ≥95th, and ≥98th percentiles) were derived for a three-test, four-test, and full D-KEFS battery, using the adult portion of the normative sample (aged 16–89 years; N = 1050) stratified by education and intelligence. The full D-KEFS battery provides 16 total achievement scores (primary indicators of executive function).Results:High scores occurred commonly for all batteries. For the three-test battery, 24.1% and 12.4% had 1 or more scores ≥95th percentile and ≥98th percentile, respectively. High scores occurred more often for longer batteries: 61.6%, 72.9%, and 87.8% obtained 1 or more scores ≥84th percentile for the three-test, four-test, and full batteries, respectively. The frequency of high scores increased with more education and higher intelligence.Conclusions:The principles of multivariate base rates also applied to high D-KEFS scores: high scores were common and contingent on the cutoff used, number of tests administered/interpreted, and education/intelligence of examinees. Base rates of high scores may help clinicians identify true cognitive strengths and detect cognitive deficits in high functioning people.

Univision, Telemundo, and the Rise of Spanish-Language Television in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
American Society ◽  
The U.S

The first completely researched history of U.S. Spanish-language television traces the rise of two foremost, if widely unrecognized, modern American enterprises—the Spanish-language networks Univision and Telemundo. It is a standard scholarly history constructed from archives, original interviews, reportage, and other public materials. Occasioned by the public’s wakening to a “Latinization” of the U.S., the book demonstrates that the emergence of Spanish-language television as a force in mass communication is essential to understanding the increasing role of Latinos and Latino affairs in modern American society. It argues that a combination of foreign and domestic entrepreneurs and innovators who overcame large odds resolves a significant and timely question: In an English-speaking country, how could a Spanish-speaking institution have emerged? Through exploration of significant and colorful pioneers, continuing conflicts and setbacks, landmark strides, and ongoing controversies—and with revelations that include regulatory indecision, behind-the-scenes tug-of-war, and the internationalization of U.S. mass media—the rise of a Spanish-language institution in the English-speaking U.S. is explained. Nine chapters that begin with Spanish-language television’s inception in 1961 and end 2012 chronologically narrate the endeavor’s first 50 years. Events, passages, and themes are thoroughly referenced.

The cost of linguistic loyalty

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

In a census-related study on language maintenance among the Hispanic/Latino population in the southwest United States, Hudson, Hernández-Chávez and Bills (1995) stated that, given negative correlations between language maintenance and years of education and per capita income, “educational and economic success in the Spanish origin population are purchased at the expense of Spanish language maintenance in the home” (1995: 179). While census figures from 1980 make this statement undeniable for the Southwest, the recent growth of the Spanish-language population in the United States, which has grown by a factor of ~2.5 over the last twenty years, begs a reexamination of these correlations. A recent study on the state of Colorado (McCullough & Jenkins 2005) found a correlational weakening, especially with regard to the relationship between language maintenance and median income.
 The current study follows the model set forth by Hudson et al. (1995) in examining the interrelationship between the measures of count, density, language loyalty and retention based on 2000 census data, as well as the relationship between these metrics and socioeconomic and demographic variables, including income and education. While some relationships existed in 2000 much in the same way that they did in the 1980 data, especially with regard to count and density, the measures of loyalty and retention saw marked reductions in their correlations with social variables.

The United States Sees Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Senate Committee ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The Media ◽  
Oklahoma Territory

In 1902, U.S. Senator Albert Beveridge led four senators from the senate committee on the territories into New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma territory. While New Mexico had operated in Spanish in its courts, schools, and politics for decades, Beveridge’s team exposed the rest of the nation to this Spanish language reality in their campaign to portray the territory as unfit for statehood. During the Senate subcommittee hearings, dozens of New Mexicans relayed their connection to both their United States citizenship and their use of the Spanish language. From census takers to court interpreters to principals, Spanish-speaking New Mexicans defended their use of Spanish. While the use of the Spanish language did not definitively delay statehood, the increased national scrutiny in the media of the language did result in a shift in territorial policies related to language that increasingly favored English in order to better conform to the country's expectations.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-280
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Digital Print ◽  
National Perspective

The essays in this volume trace the development of Spanish-language anarchist print culture in relation to the United States. As a whole, these chapters provide a historical and ethno-linguistic, rather than national, perspective on how Spanish-language anarchist print culture responded to social struggles, economic oppression, and political repressions. Despite such obstacles, anarchist periodicals, writers, editors, correspondents, couriers, distributors, and readers established networks for the maintenance and furtherance of transoceanic and transnational flows of information and culture, and they established a level of solidarity among Spanish-speaking peoples promoting social revolution. It might seem reasonable to doubt the overall significance of this network in the United States or its ability to gain widespread public acceptance, but it was, in fact, the perseverance of the anarchist Ideal manifest in print culture (now including digital print) that exhibits the continuity of the struggle for social justice in the modern age, as well as its resistance to assimilation into dominant politics and cultures. The influence of Hispanic thinkers, writers, readers, and operatives in this narrative is undeniable and should be recognized as an integral component of U.S. society, culture, and history....

Domestic Spanish handbooks: Language and labor in the American home

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (262) ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
David Divita
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn this article I analyze artifacts that teach domestic Spanish, a register of the language meant to facilitate communication between Anglo employers and their Spanish-speaking employees. Comprising a limited range of features, including imperatives, second-person pronouns, and lexical items, domestic Spanish provides its users with a means to overcome the “language barrier” that often characterizes relationships in the domestic sphere. Drawing on the concepts of raciolinguistic ideologies and indexical field, I show how domestic Spanish ultimately works to maintain asymmetrical relationships by constricting the range of social meanings that its use can activate; I also shed light on the ambivalent and often conflicting notions among employers about the Spanish language and its speakers. My analysis lays bare the possible disjuncture between the intention of those who use domestic Spanish and the effect it may have on the relationships that it mediates – a disjuncture that enables its speakers to misrecognize their efforts as benevolent, ignoring the ways that language functions in practices of racial discrimination and social control.

scholarly journals Negotiating Collaborations: BookTubers, The Publishing Industry, and YouTube’s Ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 205630511989400
Author(s):  
José M. Tomasena
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Publishing World ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Transfer Capital

BookTubers (from the acronym book + YouTuber) have become key players for the publishing industry, given their influence on children and teens to promote reading and book consumption. Based on an 18-month digital ethnography that combines direct observation, digital interactions on YouTube channels, and other social media and semistructured interviews with 17 Spanish-speaking BookTubers, this study uses Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field and capital to analyze how BookTubers negotiate their practices with other agents of the publishing world. This article characterizes the challenges the Spanish-language publishing industry is facing in the context of digitalization to attract readers; describes the position that BookTubers have within the YouTube ecosystem, and how they relate with the platform’s actors, politics, and affordances; and analyzes the exchanges that BookTubers establish with publishers—often referred as collaborations—and their implications for their autonomy. This case study helps to understand how platformization allows new agents to transfer capital gained in social media to other cultural industries.

scholarly journals Considerations for Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Literate Spanish-Speaking Participants in USDA Food and Nutrition Education Programs

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Jinan Banna
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Food Assistance ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Spanish Speaking

Rates of obesity and associated chronic disease are high in Hispanics in the United States. Nutrition education interventions promoting dietary change in underserved populations have been shown to have positive effects on behaviors such as fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, thereby reducing the chronic disease burden. Evaluation tools in the Spanish language to assess the dietary behavior changes made in response to the intervention are important in determining the success of such efforts. Currently, there are no Spanish-language tools focused exclusively on FV intake and behaviors that include features to enhance readability for use in low-literacy participants of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food assistance and education programs. There is a need for such tools to determine the degree to which programs are able to promote behavior change. In designing these tools, researchers should take into account potential issues that may arise when administered. For example, respondents may have difficulty estimating consumption for mixed dishes and vegetables added to food. To address such issues, researchers should employ strategies to assist respondents to understand what constitutes FV and appropriately identify amount consumed. Addition of images to tools or development of accompanying instruction guides may be helpful. Once developed and tested, such scales may be used with Spanish-speaking participants of USDA food assistance and education programs aimed at improving FV behaviors and ultimately, intake.

Syntactic Complexity in Spanish Narratives

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera F. Gutierrez-Clellen ◽  
Richard Hofstetter
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
School Age ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Structural Constituent ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Nominal Clauses

Syntactic complexity in the movie retellings of 77 school-age Spanish-speaking children was examined using a structural constituent analysis. The results demonstrated developmental differences in the length of T-units, index of subordination, use of relative clauses, and prepositional phrases. There were also differences in the length of T-units, use of nominal clauses, and adverbial phrases across Spanish language groups. The analysis underscores the significance of subordination as a cohesive device and as an indicator of narrative proficiency.

Correlations among GPA and Scores on the Spanish Version of WISC—R and the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Subtests for 10- to 12-Year-Old Puerto Rican Children

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor L. Rodriguez ◽  
Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Woodcock Johnson

The purpose of this study was to explore the correlations among GPA, the Spanish version of the WISC—R, and the Woodcock Johnson Achievement subtests for a group of Puerto Rican children. The tests were administered to a sample of 32 children between the ages of 10 to 12 yr. in Grade 4. Pearson correlations between the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale scaled scores in the WISC—R (Spanish Edition) ranged between .37 to .83. Correlations between subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Test ranged from .26 to .70. The moderate correlation between the Total scaled scores on the Woodcock-Johnson and the scaled scores of the Performance, Verbal, and Full Scales of the Spanish WISC—R is indicative of the value of these Spanish-language instruments in diagnosing the intellectual and academic performance of Spanish-speaking populations in the United States.

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