A multifocal approach towards understanding the complexities of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in rice grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-335
Author(s):  
Upasna Chettry ◽  
Nikhil K Chrungoo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Stress Signal ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract Carotenoids are mostly C40 terpenoids that participate in several important functions in plants including photosynthesis, responses to various forms of stress, signal transduction and photoprotection. While the antioxidant potential of carotenoids is of particular importance for human health, equally important is the role of β-carotene as the precursor for vitamin A in the human diet. Rice, which contributes upto 40% of dietary energy for mankind, contains very low level of β-carotene, thereby making it an important crop for enhancing β-carotene accumulation in its grains and consequently targeting vitamin A deficiency. Biosynthesis of carotenoids in the endosperm of white rice is blocked at the first enzymatic step wherein geranylgeranyl diphosphate is converted to phytoene by the action of phytoene synthase (PSY). Strategies aimed at enhancing β-carotene levels in the endosperm of white rice identified Narcissus pseudonarcissus (npPSY) and bacterial CRT1 as the regulators of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in rice. Besides transcriptional regulation of PSY, posttranscriptional regulation of PSY expression by OR gene, molecular synergism between ε-LCY and β-LCY and epigenetic control of CRITSO through SET DOMAIN containing protein appear to be the other regulatory nodes which regulate carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in rice grains. In this review, we elucidate a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism in crops that will enable us to identify an effective tool to alleviate carotenoid content in rice grains.

scholarly journals Cassava with enhanced β-carotene maintains adequate vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) despite substantial cis-isomer content

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Howe ◽  
Bussie Maziya-Dixon ◽  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Isomer Content ◽  
Β Carotene

Efforts to increase β-carotene in cassava have been successful, but the ability of high-β-carotene cassava to prevent vitamin A deficiency has not been determined. Two studies investigated the bioefficacy of provitamin A in cassava and compared the effects of carotenoid content and variety on vitamin A status in vitamin A-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils were fed a vitamin A-free diet 4 weeks prior to treatment. In Expt 1, treatments (ten gerbils per group) included 45 % high-β-carotene cassava, β-carotene and vitamin A supplements (intake matched to high-β-carotene cassava group), and oil control. In Expt 2, gerbils were fed cassava feeds with 1·8 or 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g prepared with two varieties. Gerbils were killed after 4 weeks. For Expt 1, liver vitamin A was higher (P < 0·05) in the vitamin A (1·45 (sd 0·23) μmol/liver), lower in the control (0·43 (sd 0·10) μmol/liver), but did not differ from the β-carotene group (0·77 (sd 0·12) μmol/liver) when compared with the high-β-carotene cassava group (0·69 (sd 0·20) μmol/liver). The bioconversion factor was 3·7 μg β-carotene to 1 μg retinol (2 mol:1 mol), despite 48 % cis-β-carotene [(Z)-β-carotene] composition in cassava. In Expt 2, cassava feed with 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g maintained vitamin A status. No effect of cassava variety was observed. Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. β-Carotene was detected in livers of gerbils receiving cassava and supplements, but the cis-to-trans ratio in liver differed from intake. Biofortified cassava adequately maintained vitamin A status and was as efficacious as β-carotene supplementation in the gerbil model.

scholarly journals Nutritional and functional properties of dried Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. fruit aril and its application in cheese spread production

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1953
Author(s):  
A.F.A. Carbonera ◽  
R.R.P. Tayobong ◽  
L.I.C. Barrameda ◽  
A.M.V. Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Momordica Cochinchinensis ◽  
Β Carotene

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. is an underutilized fruit-bearing indigenous plant in the Philippines with great potential due to its reported nutritional properties. The aril portion of the fruit was used because of its high carotenoid content. The aril was dried using oven drying (60°C) and freeze drying methods to a final moisture content of 15%, and then compared in terms of its lycopene, β-carotene, and Vitamin A contents as well as antioxidant activity. To determine the potential of the dried aril as an additive to produce a fortified product, it was added at an amount of 4 g per 100 g of cheese spread then its nutritional properties were evaluated. Results showed that freeze dried aril has high βcarotene (2090.28 µg/g) and Vitamin A (3483.80 IU/g) but is not significantly different than the oven-dried aril while the oven-dried aril has significantly higher lycopene content (405.22 µg/g) than the freeze dried aril (325.84 µg/g). Furthermore, the freeze dried aril has significantly higher antioxidant activity (29.81%) than the oven-dried aril (16.27%). The addition of the dried aril to cheese spread resulted to a product with significantly higher lycopene (30.15 µg/g), β-carotene (24.93 µg/g), Vitamin A (41.55 IU/g), and Vitamin C (1.20 mg/100 g) compared to the cheese spread with no aril powder. Thus, a serving size of 1 tbsp (20 g) of the cheese spread with aril powder can provide 17% daily value for Vitamin A and has satisfied the definition of fortified food as well as the USDA standard reference for Vitamin A. This functional ingredient can therefore address concerns on Vitamin A deficiency.

scholarly journals Development and Field Evaluation of Near-Isogenic Lines of GR2-EBRRI dhan29 Golden Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Partha S. Biswas ◽  
B. P. Mallikarjuna Swamy ◽  
Md. Abdul Kader ◽  
Md. Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Raul Boncodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Golden Rice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Β Carotene

Vitamin A deficiency remains a common public health problem among the rice-dependent poor people in the developing countries of Asia. Conventional milled rice does not contain provitamin A (β-carotene) in is edible part (endosperm) and is also deficient in essential minerals, such as iron and zinc. Transgenic Golden Rice event GR2E, which produces β-carotene in its endosperm, was used as a parent to introgress the transgene locus conferring β-carotene biosynthesis into a widely grown rice variety, BRRI dhan29, which covers around 26.1% of the irrigated rice area (4.901 Mha) of Bangladesh in the dry season. The current study reports the introgression process and field performance of GR2E BRRI dhan29 Golden Rice. The background recovery of GR2E BRRI dhan29 lines at BC5F2 generation was more than 98% with a 6K SNP-chip set. The transgenic GR2E BRRI dhan29 yielded 6.2 t/ha to 7.7 t/ha with an average of 7.0 ± 0.38 t/ha, while the non-transgenic BRRI dhan29 yielded 7.0 t/ha under confined field conditions in Bangladesh. Moreover, no significant difference between GR2-E BRRI dhan29 Golden Rice and non-transgenic BRRI dhan29 in any measured trait was observed in the multi-location trials conducted at five locations across the country. Furthermore, the appearance of cooked and uncooked rice was similar to that of BRRI dhan29 except for the yellow color indicating the presence of carotenoids. Total carotenoid content in the selected introgression lines ranged from 8.5 to 12.5 μg/g with an average of 10.6 ± 1.16 μg/g. This amount is sufficient to deliver approximately 66 and 80% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A for children and women, respectively, assuming complete substitution of white rice in the diet with Golden Rice. However, the lead selected line(s) need further evaluation at open field conditions before deciding for commercial cultivation. A large-scale feeding trial among the malnourished community with this newly developed GR2-E BRRI dhan29 Golden Rice is also required to validate its efficacy in alleviating vitamin A deficiency.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing and Biochemical Analysis of Perianths and Coronas Reveal Flower Color Formation in Narcissus pseudonarcissus

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Li ◽  
Dongqin Tang ◽  
Hui Du ◽  
Yimin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Color Fading ◽  
Narcissus Pseudonarcissus ◽  
Bulbous Plant ◽  
Β Carotene

Narcissus pseudonarcissus is an important bulbous plant with white or yellow perianths and light yellow to orange-red coronas, but little is known regarding the biochemical and molecular basis related to flower color polymorphisms. To investigate the mechanism of color formation, RNA-Seq of flower of two widely cultured cultivars (‘Slim Whitman’ and ‘Pinza’) with different flower color was performed. A total of 84,463 unigenes were generated from the perianths and coronas. By parallel metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in N. pseudonarcissus. The results showed that the content of carotenoids in the corona was higher than that in the perianth in both cultivars. Accordingly, phytoene synthase (PSY) transcripts have a higher abundance in the coronas than that in perianths. While the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, like GGPPS, PSY, and LCY-e, were not significantly different between two cultivars. In contrast, the carotenoid degradation gene NpCCD4 was highly expressed in white-perianth cultivars, but was hardly detected in yellow-perianth cultivars. Silencing of NpCCD4 resulted in a significant increase in carotenoid accumulation, especially in all-trans-β-carotene. Therefore, we presume that NpCCD4 is a crucial factor that causes the low carotenoid content and color fading phenomenon of ‘Slim Whitman’ by mediating carotenoid turnover. Our findings provide mass RNA-seq data and new insights into carotenoid metabolism in N. pseudonarcissus.

scholarly journals Nutritional enhancement of Ghanaian weaning foods using the orange flesh sweetpotato (Ipomea batatas)

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (65) ◽  
pp. 9236-9256
Author(s):  
EA Bonsi ◽  
◽  
WA Plahar ◽  
R Zabawa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Weaning Food ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Weaning Foods ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Β Carotene

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a public health problem in Ghana. Research on the orange flesh sweet potato root has been given prominence because of its high β - carotene content as a means to enhance the nutritive value and vitamin A content of the traditional diets of Ghanaian children as a long -term intervention towards combating VAD. Two Ghanaian cereal -legume weaning foods: roasted maize- soy blend and fermented maize -soy blend were added to Orange Flesh Sweet potato (O FS) flour from the variety, Beauregard, to develop four weaning food formulations . To each product formulation preparation, 25% and 50% OFS flour was added to the basic cereal - legume meals , and mixed thoroughly. The four weaning formulations were evaluated for chemical composition, sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. All samples had a range of protein (12.1% - 15%), fat (4.8% - 6.4%), carbohydrate (71.1% – 75.1%), energy (380 - 390 kcal/100g) and minerals (calcium, iron and phosphorus) to ensure good nutrient density, while the moisture content was low (5.3% - 6.1%) for storage stability. The contribution of β -carotene ( 55.18 –115.55 ug/g) by the OFS in the formulations further enhanced the nutritive value of all the blends and is enough to meet the daily β -carotene needs of the children ( 1-6 yrs of 400 -450ug/100g). A higher level of β -carotene was seen in the roasted maize meal weaning foods which make s them a better potential blend for combating VAD. Also, sensory evaluation of the products indicated the highest consumer acceptability score (87%) for the roasted maize meal porridge formulation containing 25% OFS . It is, therefore , concluded that OFS flour has the potential to be used at 25% replacement level in the soy- fortified roasted maize meal formulation, and OFS is a useful ingredient with the potential to improve the β -carotene or vitamin A content of such formulations . This will help alleviate vitamin A deficiency of children in Ghana and other countries with similar problems . It is , therefore, recommended that the orange flesh sweet potato flour be used by mothers as an entry point for enhancing the traditional weaning food preparations .

scholarly journals Assessing Effect of Marker-Based Improvement of Maize Synthetics on Agronomic Performance, Carotenoid Content, Combining Ability and Heterosis

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1625
Author(s):  
Innocent Iseghohi ◽  
Ayodeji Abe ◽  
Silvestro Meseka ◽  
Wende Mengesha ◽  
Melaku Gedil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Β Carotene

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and other parts of the world. Understanding the effect of marker-based improvement (MARS) of two maize synthetics (HGA and HGB) representing different heterotic groups on their agronomic performance, carotenoid content, and combining abilities could help identify suitable sources to develop divergent inbred lines for optimizing heterosis. This study involved three selection cycles each of the two synthetics and their nine varietal-cross hybrids together with a released check variety was conducted across four diverse locations in Nigeria in 2018 and 2019. Environment and hybrid effects were significant on grain yield and other agronomic traits as well as provitamin A content and other carotenoids. Genetic improvement per cycle of MARS in the parental synthetics was 15% for provitamin A, 25% for β-carotene and 26% for lutein in HGA and 4% for grain yield, 3% for zeaxanthin and 5% for α-carotene in HGB. Grain yield and agronomic traits of the two maize synthetics were controlled by additive and non-additive gene effects, while provitamin A content and other carotenoids were mainly controlled by additive gene effects. Some selection cycles which were high in grain yield and provitamin A content were identified as potential sources of new and divergent maize inbred lines in maize breeding programs. Some varietal-cross hybrids expressed significant mid-parent heterosis for grain yield and moderate mid-parent heterosis for provitamin A, β-carotene and xanthophylls. These hybrids could be commercialized at reasonable prices to small-scale farmers in rural areas that are most affected by vitamin A deficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of Drying on β-Carotene, α Carotene, Lutein and Zeaxanthin Content in Vegetables and Its Application for Vegetable Seasoning

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Kullamethee Piyarach ◽  
Kamnerd Nipawan ◽  
Chumphukhaw Chadapon ◽  
Suwannasit Daluwan ◽  
Rotjanapun Kunjana
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Chinese Kale ◽  
Pepper Powder ◽  
Air Dryer ◽  
Β Carotene

In plant based food with dark-green, yellow and orange color, beta (β)-carotene, alpha (α)-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin are predominating carotenoids contributing to an eyesight improvement. Among food preservation methods, drying using cabinet hot air dryer is one of the most cost-effective options and therefore, this investigation was aimed to study the carotenoids content in vegetables after drying and optimize the vegetable seasoning product. Based on customer survey, carrot, pumpkin, Chinese kale and long coriander were selected for the experiment, accessibility and have met the requirement of final moisture content, less than 10%. Our results demonstrated that drying period of sliced carrots and pumpkins was 360 min, while in Chinese kale and long coriander was 240 min. Amounts of carotenoids in carrot and long coriander were greatly remaining after drying. Drying of Chinese kale had little effect on carotenoids content. While, dried pumpkin may cause a major loss of β-,α-carotene and lutein content over 50%. Regarding to development of vegetable seasoning powder, Just about right and Hedonic 9 point tests were used for a sensory evaluation. The optimal seasoning formula consisted of 66. 8% mixed dried ground vegetables, 13.4% sugar, 8.8% salt, 6.7% garlic powder, and 4.3% white pepper powder. The overall acceptability of the product was rated as moderately liked, containing β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin content as 178.04±3.39, 58.81±1.83, 158.89±4.16, 0.98±0.01 μg/g, respectively (vitamin A approximately 29.67 μg RE/g). Fortification of vegetable seasoning powder for daily consumption may improve the eye vision and reduce the rate of vitamin A deficiency.

scholarly journals Retention of Pro-Vitamin A Content in Products from New Biofortified Cassava Varieties

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Emmanuel Eyinla ◽  
Busie Maziya-Dixon ◽  
Oladeji Emmanuel Alamu ◽  
Rasaki Ajani Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Percentage Retention ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Cassava Varieties

Plant breeding efforts in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have produced biofortified cassava with high carotenoid content to address vitamin A deficiencies (VAD). Since carotenoids in foods are easily depleted during processing, the retention of β-carotene in some newly released cassava varieties is under query. From four of these new varieties, two commonly consumed products (gari and its dough) were processed according to standard methods. Retention of β-carotene was then probed after applying fermentation periods of a day and three days. The possible contribution of the products to Vitamin A intake in children, adolescents, and women was also assessed. The concentration of β-carotene in fresh Cassava roots ranged from 5.32 to 7.81 µg/g. The percentage retention ranged from 14.4 to 29.3% and 10 to 21.7% in gari fermented for one and three days respectively. The impact of varietal difference and length of fermentation was significant on retention in the intermediate and final products (p < 0.001). When compared with dietary intake data, cooking biofortified gari into its dough reduced Vitamin A intake in most varieties. We conclude that processing Cassava into gari (especially its dough) could hinder the retention of β-carotene however some varieties have retention advantage over others irrespective of the initial concentration in their fresh roots.

scholarly journals CMO1 Deficiency Abolishes Vitamin A Production from β-Carotene and Alters Lipid Metabolism in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 282 (46) ◽  
pp. 33553-33561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Hessel ◽  
Anne Eichinger ◽  
Andrea Isken ◽  
Jaume Amengual ◽  
Silke Hunzelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Mouse Mutant ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are currently investigated regarding their potential to lower the risk of chronic disease and to combat vitamin A deficiency in humans. These plant-derived compounds must be cleaved and metabolically converted by intrinsic carotenoid oxygenases to support the panoply of vitamin A-dependent physiological processes. Two different carotenoid-cleaving enzymes were identified in mammals, the classical carotenoid-15,15′-oxygenase (CMO1) and a putative carotenoid-9′,10′-oxygenase (CMO2). To analyze the role of CMO1 in mammalian physiology, here we disrupted the corresponding gene by targeted homologous recombination in mice. On a diet providing β-carotene as major vitamin A precursor, vitamin A levels fell dramatically in several tissues examined. Instead, this mouse mutant accumulated the provitamin in large quantities (e.g. as seen by an orange coloring of adipose tissues). Besides impairments in β-carotene metabolism, CMO1 deficiency more generally interfered with lipid homeostasis. Even on a vitamin A-sufficient chow, CMO1-/- mice developed a fatty liver and displayed altered serum lipid levels with elevated serum unesterified fatty acids. Additionally, this mouse mutant was more susceptible to high fat diet-induced impairments in fatty acid metabolism. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-regulated marker genes related to adipogenesis was elevated in visceral adipose tissues. Thus, our study identifies CMO1 as the key enzyme for vitamin A production and provides evidence for a role of carotenoids as more general regulators of lipid metabolism.

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