Effects of Blenderized Watermelon With the Rind on Satiety, Bowel Movement, and Postprandial Glucose

Abstract Objectives Many studies have examined the beneficial effects of watermelon flesh on metabolic diseases, yet fewer studies have investigated the effects of watermelon rind. While normally discarded, rind consumption not only reduces food waste but contains fiber (pectin) and healthful bioactive compounds such as citrulline. This study examined the effects of watermelon rind consumption on postprandial glucose, satiety and bowel movements. It was hypothesized that consumption of blenderized watermelon juice with rind would lower postprandial glucose, increase satiety and improve bowel movement habits. Methods In a double-blind randomized crossover study, 21 participants (age 26.3 ± 5.7 y, BMI 22.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2) consumed one cup (8 fl. oz) of blenderized watermelon juice with or without rind. A visual analogue scale was used to measure satiety at baseline, immediately after, 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes post juice consumption. Blood glucose was measured at baseline, 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes post juice consumption. Bowel movement questionnaires were administered two days before and after each trial. Results Both blenderized watermelon juices (with and without rind) increased satiety with more fullness in watermelon juice with rind (P < 0.05). Watermelon juice with rind also stabilized blood glucose levels in comparison to watermelon juice (P < 0.001). No significant differences between the two trials for bowel movements were found, but no evidence of constipation or discomfort was presented among the participants. Conclusions These results suggest that watermelon juice with rind has favorable effects on postprandial glucose and satiety levels but no effect on bowel movements. Therefore, further research into the benefits of watermelon rind is important and could offer potential clinical applications and disease prevention. Funding Sources NUTR 302L Advanced Nutrition Laboratory San Diego State University and National Watermelon Promotion Board (NWPB 19–20).

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Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response to a Cookie with or Without Added RS4 Wheat Starch After 3 Days of Pre-Feeding: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial (P08-081-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz044.p08-081-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Jenkins ◽

Clodualdo Maningat ◽

Paul Seib ◽

Janice Campbell ◽

Adish Ezatagha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Wheat Starch ◽

Feeding Period ◽

Double Blind ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Gi Symptoms

Abstract Objectives Research on the effect of resistant starch on postprandial glucose levels has mainly focused on the attenuation achieved by substituting it for the available carbohydrate (avCarb), few studies have looked at the effect on glucose levels when the resistant starch is added to avCarb. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the acute effect on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia of a cross-linked RS4 wheat starch (Fibersym® RW) in a test cookie compared to a control cookie matched for available carbohydrate after a 3-day habituation period. Methods This study used a double blind, randomized, cross-over design. Nineteen healthy subjects were screened of which 16 were eligible and randomized into the study. A total of 15 subjects completed the study (5M:10F; 32 ± 11y; 24.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; BP 112/70 mmHg). After 3-day pre-feeding of Control (dietary fiber 1.6 g/d) or Fibersym sugar snap cookies (dietary fiber 29 g/d), the subjects, after an overnight fast, consumed either the respective Control or Fibersym cookie, both meals contained 40 g avCarb. Blood samples were collected over 2 h. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded during the pre-feeding period and during the postprandial visit. Subjective appetite scores were measured at the same time points when blood samples were collected. Results The 90-min blood glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was statistically significantly lower after ingesting the Fibersym cookie (71.9 ± 8.5 mmolxmin/L) compared to the Control cookie (86.7 ± 9.3 mmolxmin/L) (P < 0.02). In addition, the peak glucose concentrations at 30 and 45 min after consumption of the Fibersym cookie was significantly lower than the Control cookie (P < 0.05). Insulin levels at 90-min (P < 0.016) and the 2-h (P < 0.02) insulin IAUC's were significantly lower after consumption of the Fibersym cookie compared to the Control cookie. There were no significant differences in GI symptoms over the 3-day pre-feeding period and during the 2 h postprandial visit between the two cookies and neither did the appetite scores differ significantly. Conclusions The cross-linked RS4 wheat starch, Fibersym, when formulated into a cookie, is well tolerated and attenuates blood glucose and insulin levels in healthy subjects compared to a Control cookie containing the same amount of available carbohydrate. Funding Sources MGP Ingredients, Inc.

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Improvement of glucose metabolism and safety of acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins in healthy Japanese adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v11i9.822 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 431

Author(s):

Asami Baba ◽

Tomohiro Hoshino ◽

Sosuke Ogawa ◽

Tsuyoshi Takara

Keyword(s):

Placebo Group ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Skin Condition ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Double Blind ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Japanese Adults

Objective: Acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypotensive effects, and improving skin condition, in addition to beneficial effects on blood glucose. Herein, we evaluated the effects of acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins on fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in healthy Japanese adults with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels between 110–125 mg/dL.Methods: Subjects were randomly allocated into 2 groups (n = 33 per group) and consumed 6 tablets/day of either tablets of acacia bark extract containing proanthocyanidins (Acacia group) or placebo for 12 weeks. Evaluation points were at the screening, and after 4-week (4w), 8-week (8w), and 12-week intervention (12w). The primary outcome was FBG level at 12 w, whereas the secondary outcomes were FBG level at 4w and 8w, the FBG changes from Scr to each-week intervention, the percentage of subjects with FBG levels below 110 mg/dL after 12 w, the measured value and the change value from Scr to each-week intervention of HbA1c, the measured value and the change value from Scr to each-week intervention of postprandial blood glucose levels.Results: A total of 33 subjects (18 men, 15 women) from each group were analyzed. The Acacia group had significantly lower FBG levels at 8 and 12 w than the placebo group (P = 0.030 and P = 0.014, respectively). The percentage of subjects with FBG <110 mg/dL at 12 w was marginally higher in the Acacia group than in the placebo group (P = 0.079). HbA1c at 12 w was significantly lowered in the Acacia group compared to the placebo group (P = 0.015).Conclusions: Acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins were confirmed to have FBG-lowering effects.Trial registration: UMIN000039414Foundation: Acacia-No-Ki Co.,Ltd.Keywords: Acacia bark extract, Proanthocyanidins, Fasting blood glucose level, HbA1c

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Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2474

Author(s):

Lyudmila V. Gromova ◽

Serguei O. Fetissov ◽

Andrey A. Gruzdkov

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

New Strategy ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

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Ingredients, Functionality, and Safety of the Japanese Traditional Sweet Drink Amazake

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7060469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 469

Author(s):

Atsushi Kurahashi

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Bowel Movement ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

Fermented Food ◽

The Other ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Main Components

The sweet drink amazake is a fermented food made from Aspergillus oryzae and related koji molds in Japan. There are two types of drinks called amazake, one made from koji (koji amazake) and the other made from sake lees, a by-product of sake (sakekasu amazake). The sweetness of koji amazake is from glucose, derived from starch broken down by A. oryzae amylase. The other, sakekasu amazake, depends on added sugar. The main components are glucose and sucrose, but they also contain more than 300 other ingredients. Koji amazake contains oligosaccharides and ergothioneine, and sakekasu amazake has a resistant protein and α-ethyl glucoside, which are characteristic ingredients of each amazake. However, there are also common ingredients such as glycosylceramide. Functionality is known to include anti-fatigue, bowel movement, skin barrier, and other effects on human health. In particular, the bowel movement-improving effects have been well studied for both amazakes. These functions result from ingesting approximately 100 mL per day, but human clinical trials have clarified that this amount has no effect on blood glucose levels and weight gain. In the future, the identification of substances associated with each function is required.

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Effect of exercise timing on elevated postprandial glucose levels

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 278-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yoichi Hatamoto ◽

Ryoma Goya ◽

Yosuke Yamada ◽

Eichi Yoshimura ◽

Sena Nishimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Effect Size ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Random Order ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Exercise Timing ◽

Daily Exercise ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

There is no consensus regarding optimal exercise timing for reducing postprandial glucose (PPG). The purpose of the present study was to determine the most effective exercise timing. Eleven participants completed four different exercise patterns 1) no exercise; 2) preprandial exercise (jogging); 3) postprandial exercise; and 4) brief periodic exercise intervention (three sets of 1-min jogging + 30 s of rest, every 30 min, 20 times total) in a random order separated by a minimum of 5 days. Preprandial and postprandial exercise consisted of 20 sets of intermittent exercise (1 min of jogging + 30 s rest per set) repeated 3 times per day. Total daily exercise volume was identical for all three exercise patterns. Exercise intensities were 62.4 ± 12.9% V̇o2peak. Blood glucose concentrations were measured continuously throughout each trial for 24 h. After breakfast, peak blood glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise (99 ± 6 mg/dl) than those with preprandial and postprandial exercise (109 ± 10 and 115 ± 14 mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.517). After lunch, peak glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise than those with postprandial exercise (97 ± 5 and 108 ± 8 mg/dl, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.484). After dinner, peak glucose concentrations did not significantly differ among exercise patterns. Areas under the curve over 24 h and 2 h postprandially did not differ among exercise patterns. These findings suggest that brief periodic exercise may be more effective than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG in young active individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This was the first study to investigate the effect of different exercise timing (brief periodic vs. preprandial vs. postprandial exercise) on postprandial glucose (PPG) attenuation in active healthy men. We demonstrated that brief periodic exercise attenuated peak PPG levels more than preprandial and postprandial exercise, particularly in the morning. Additionally, PPG rebounded soon after discontinuing postprandial exercise. Thus, brief periodic exercise may be better than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG levels.

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Association of Acrochordons with Diabetes Mellitus - A Hospital based Case Control Study

Nepal Medical Journal ◽

10.37080/nmj.147 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60

Author(s):

Sunita Karki ◽

Anjan Rai ◽

Manish Pradhan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Early Screening ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Skin Tags ◽

And Gender ◽

Control Study

Introduction Acrochordons or skin tags are common benign cutaneous tumors that occur especially over the neck and major flexures. A possible association between diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia is observed in numerous past studies with varying results. We aim to find out the association of diabetes mellitus with acrochordons Methods: One hundred patients were enrolled in our study. Among them, 50 (27 males and 23 females) with skin tags were selected as cases and 50 with other dermatologic diseases after matching age and gender were taken as controls. Blood glucose levels including both fasting and postprandial glucose levels were determined for both cases and controls and compared. Results: There was a higher frequency of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with skin tags in comparison to controls (p<0.001). Moreover, there were higher odds of acquiring skin tags in patient with abnormal blood glucose levels. Conclusions: There is an increased risk of developing DM in patients with skin tags. It is highly recommended that suspicion for Diabetes Mellitus is to be done in patients with skin tags for early screening and diagnosis of Diabetes.

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Leptin contributes to the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic male mice

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (6) ◽

pp. E1264-E1273

Author(s):

Ursula H. Neumann ◽

Michelle M. Kwon ◽

Robert K. Baker ◽

Timothy J. Kieffer

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Daily Injection ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Glucose Lowering ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Lowering Effect ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Glucose Lowering Effect

It was long thought that the only hormone capable of reversing the catabolic consequences of diabetes was insulin. However, various studies have demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin can robustly lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of insulin-deficient diabetes. In addition, it has been suggested that some of the metabolic manifestations of insulin-deficient diabetes are due to hypoleptinemia as opposed to hypoinsulinemia. Because insulin therapy increases leptin levels, we sought to investigate the contribution of leptin to the beneficial effects of insulin therapy. To do this, we tested insulin therapy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice that were either on an ob/ ob background or that were given a leptin antagonist to determine if blocking leptin action would blunt the glucose-lowering effects of insulin therapy. We found that STZ diabetic ob/ ob mice have a diminished blood glucose-lowering effect in response to insulin therapy compared with STZ diabetic controls and exhibited more severe weight loss post-STZ injection. In addition, STZ diabetic mice administered a leptin antagonist through daily injection or plasmid expression respond less robustly to insulin therapy as assessed by both fasting blood glucose levels and blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. However, leptin antagonism did not prevent the insulin-induced reduction in β-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we conclude that elevated leptin levels can contribute to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes.

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Palatable Noodles as a Functional Staple Food Made Exclusively from Yellow Peas Suppressed Rapid Postprandial Glucose Increase

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12061839 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1839 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joto Yoshimoto ◽

Yukiko Kato ◽

Masayasu Ban ◽

Mikiya Kishi ◽

Humitoshi Horie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Breaking Stress ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Staple Food ◽

Double Blind ◽

Breaking Strain ◽

Sensory Tests

Legumes are low-carbohydrate food and are abundant in dietary fiber. In order to provide a functional staple food that does not cause a rapid increase in postprandial blood glucose levels, four kinds of legumes were focused on as ingredients. Noodles made from dehulled yellow pea, unshelled yellow pea, chickpea, and lentil were prepared and evaluated as functional staple foods for controlling blood glucose via an in vitro digestion method. We also measured breaking stress and breaking strain using a creep meter, as well as sensory tests on a 9-point hedonic scale. The noodles made from yellow pea had high values for both breaking stress and breaking strain, and was highly regarded in the sensory tests. Therefore, the noodles made from yellow pea on postprandial glucose and insulin response were measured in a randomized double-blind study (n = 12). The results show that noodles made from yellow pea have a low glycemic index (50.4), and have potential as a functional staple food.

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Preventive Effect of Salicylate and Pyridoxamine on Diabetic Nephropathy

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/1786789 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tarek Kamal Abouzed ◽

Seiichi Munesue ◽

Ai Harashima ◽

Yusuke Masuo ◽

Yukio Kato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Macrophage Infiltration ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Developmental Factors ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Long Acting

Objective. Diabetic nephropathy is a life-threatening complication in patients with long-standing diabetes. Hemodynamic, inflammatory, and metabolic factors are considered as developmental factors for diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated whether pharmacological interventions with salicylate, compared to pyridoxamine, could prevent diabetic nephropathy in mice. Methods. Male mice overexpressing inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic β-cells were employed as a diabetic model. Salicylate (3 g/kg diet) or pyridoxamine (1 g/L drinking water; ~200 mg/kg/day) was given for 16 weeks to assess the development of diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with long-acting insulin (Levemir 2 units/kg twice a day) was used as a control. Results. Although higher blood glucose levels were not significantly affected by pyridoxamine, early to late stage indices of nephropathy were attenuated, including kidney enlargement, albuminuria, and increased serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, and inflammatory and profibrotic gene expressions. Salicylate showed beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy similar to those of pyridoxamine, which include lowering blood glucose levels and inhibiting macrophage infiltration into the kidneys. Attenuation of macrophage infiltration into the kidneys and upregulation of antiglycating enzyme glyoxalase 1 gene expression were found only in the salicylate treatment group. Conclusions. Treatment with salicylate and pyridoxamine could prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice and, therefore, would be a potentially useful therapeutic strategy against kidney problems in patients with diabetes.

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The effect of beverages varying in glycaemic load on postprandial glucose responses, appetite and cognition in 10–12-year-old school children

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512005296 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 529-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Emily Brindal ◽

Danielle Baird ◽

Amy Slater ◽

Vanessa Danthiir ◽

Carlene Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Short Term ◽

Double Blind ◽

Term Memory ◽

Glycaemic Load

Reducing glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) inconsistently improves aspects of cognitive function and appetite in children. Whether altering the GL by lowering carbohydrate relative to protein and fat has a role in these effects is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the differential effects of beverages varying in GL and dairy composition on appetite, energy intake and cognitive function in children. A total of forty children (10–12 years) completed a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, receiving three isoenergetic drinks (approximately 1100 kJ): a glucose beverage (GI 100, GL 65), a full milk beverage (GI 27, GL 5) and a half milk/glucose beverage (GI 84, GL 35). For 3 h post-consumption, subjective appetite and cognitive performance (speed of processing, memory, attention and perceptual speed) were measured hourly. At completion, each child was provided a buffet-style lunch and energy intake was calculated. Blood glucose was objectively measured using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Blood glucose AUC values were significantly different between the drinks (P< 0·001), but did not sustain above the baseline for 3 h for any drink. Mixed modelling revealed no effect of beverage on subjective appetite or energy intake. Participant sex and drink GL significantly interacted for short-term memory (P< 0·001). When girls consumed either milk-containing beverage, they recalled 0·7–0·8 more words compared with 0·5 less words after the glucose drink (P≤ 0·014). Altering GL of drinks by reducing carbohydrate and increasing protein did not affect appetite or cognition in children. Girls may demonstrate improved short-term memory after consuming beverages with higher protein and lower GL.

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