scholarly journals A comparison of fecal sampling and direct feeding observations for quantifying the diet of a frugivorous primate

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-343
Author(s):  
Jaya K Matthews ◽  
Amanda Ridley ◽  
Beth A Kaplin ◽  
Cyril C Grueter
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Food Species ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fecal Sampling

Abstract Both observational and indirect evidence are widely used to determine the diets of wild animals. Direct observations are often assumed to provide the most comprehensive reflection of diet, but many wild animals are logistically challenging to observe. Despite the regular use of observational and indirect methods for inferring diet in wild animals, they have rarely been compared in detail for the same study population. Over 12 months this study assessed the congruence of methods in estimating the diet of a montane community of eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda using observational scan samples and macroscopic fecal inspection. The assessment of the number of food species consumed each month was comparable between methods, but the estimation of the composition of items in the diet differed significantly. Most notably, the fecal samples significantly underestimated the consumption of flowers, and certain fruit species, which based on direct behavioral observations were seasonally consumed at very high rates. Conversely, direct observations underestimated the consumption of leaves and pith in comparison to results present in the fecal samples. These results suggest that combining methods where possible is most useful for accurate monitoring of dietary trends, particularly for species that experience significant seasonal shifts in their diet.

scholarly journals An Update on The Problem of Small Comets

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
J.C. Brandt ◽  
M.F. A’Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Terrestrial Planets ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Icy Bodies ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Search Program ◽  
Volatile Materials

The evidence for a major population of small comets (SCs) is summarized in two steps. First, we briefly summarize our previous work. Second, we describe recent work that continues to find SCs. When new capabilities become available that can detect SCs, we expect to find them and this is occurring. At present, their detection is a haphazard process and we advocate a dedicated, optimized search program. We define SCs as those icy bodies (i.e., sublimating bodies) with radius less than 1000 meters. Often the existence of SCs is inferred from effects ascribed to them. These “effects” include: lunar cratering; cratering on Ganymede; excess interplanetary hydrogen; delivery of volatile materials to the terrestrial planets; and a source of fragile bodies entering the Earth’s atmosphere. While some of these indirect methods support the existence of SCs, direct observations are clearly preferred.

New Source of Dietary Data for Extinct Herbivores

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Akersten ◽  
Theresea M. Foppe ◽  
George T. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Usual Assumption ◽  
Microhistological Analysis ◽  
Rancho La Brea ◽  
Very High ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Dietary Data

The teeth of many large herbivores contain “pockets” (fossettes, fossettids, etc.) which entrap impacted samples of food (dental boluses) during mastication. These do not preserve well in most fossil deposits, but at Rancho La Brea, paleobotanical remains survive essentially intact and dental boluses from late Pleistocene forms are amenable to microhistological analysis. Of the identifiable bolus contents, those from Bison antiquus averaged 87% nonmonocotyledons; from Camelops hesternus, 90% nonmonocotyledons; and from Equus occidentalis (one specimen), 56% nonmonocotyledons. A control study on modern Bison bison shows that the boluses contain somewhat lower percentages of monocotyledons than do alimentary samples from the same individuals. However, this accounts for only a part of the very high percentage of nonmonocotyledons in the boluses of the extinct Bison. We conclude that the populations of B. antiquus and C. hesternus represented at Rancho La Brea probably fed little on grasses and that there is enough indirect evidence to suggest that the same may be true for other populations of these taxa. The Equus data are not sufficient to do more than question the usual assumption that Pleistocene horses were always obligate grass eaters.

scholarly journals Family’s Role in Achieving Language Affiliation among Children: A Comparative Study Applied to Some Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-128
Author(s):  
Aljohara Fahad Al Saud
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Study Population ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

Identifying language affiliation among children for family immigrants is crucial for one’s language identity. This study aimed to determine the role played by Arab families in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Austria, and Britain to attain language affiliation among their children. It also aims to identify the challenges facing families living in these countries in achieving language affiliation among their children. The study population consisted of all the families that live in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in addition to all the Arab families that live in Austria and Britain and the study sample included (120) parents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the study tool. The study reached several results; first, the role played by families in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Austria, and United Kingdom to attain language affiliation among their children got a high degree of response. Second, the challenges facing activating the family’s role in attaining language affiliation of their children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Austria have got a high degree of response, while in Britain, they obtained a very high degree of response. The study recommended involving all family members in accessing different and creative ways of practicing their native language and activating the role of social media in developing the language affiliation of children.

scholarly journals The Degree of Awareness of Certified Trainers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia about the Importance of Certified Trainer's License the degree to which they benefit from it: درجة وعي المدربين المعتمدين في المملكة العربية السعودية بأهمية رخصة المدرب المعتمد ودرجة استفادتهم منها

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kholoud Mohammed Naïf Al-Suheimy Al-Qahtani, Remsh Nasser Sa
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Type Region ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Very High

The study aimed to identify the degree of awareness of trainers about the importance of license and the degree to which they benefit from it. It used the descriptive approach, and a questionnaire was built, it was distributed to all the study population (trainers who have a certified trainer license in the Kingdom), the number of sample was (330). The results showed that the degree of awareness of the trainers is very high, but the degree of the benefit of it is high. There were no differences in the degree of awareness of the trainers by (type, region, qualification, training experience), there were no differences about the degree to which they benefit from it by (region, training experience), but there were differences by (type, qualification).

scholarly journals Natural infection by endoparasites among free-living wild animals

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Holsback ◽  
Mauro José Lahm Cardoso ◽  
Rafael Fagnani ◽  
Thaís Helena Constantino Patelli
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence and variety of intestinal parasites among free-living wild animals. Fecal samples from wild mammals and birds at rehabilitation centers in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo were analyzed by sedimentation and flotation-centrifugation methods. Parasite eggs, oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites were found in 71% of the samples. Cryptosporidiumsp. oocysts were detected in fecal samples from oncillas (Leopardus tigrinus) and scaly-headed parrots (Pionus maximiliani). Giardia cysts were identified in the feces of a gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira). Among the most common parasites found, there were eggs from Toxocara cati,Toxascaris leonina and Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and from Cestoda. Several Enterobiussp. eggs were found in the feces of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). It can be concluded from this study that despite the small number of samples, the diversity of parasites found was noteworthy. Additional information about parasite endofauna in wild animals is needed, since their presence might suggest that there could be proximity to and interactions with domestic animals and/or humans. In addition, further studies on parasites from free-living wild animals are of prime importance for understanding the intensity of anthropic changes in wild environments.

The Plastic Resistance of Crystals

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Dislocation Motion ◽  
Dislocation Velocity ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Very High

Evidence is presented in this paper to show that crystals present a pla8tic 'resistarwe to dislocation motion. This has been demonstrated by direct observations of dislocations in LiF crystals by Johnston and Gilman, and in Fe-Si crystals by Stein and Low. The plastic resistance is almost independent of dislocation velocity except at very high velocities. It is, however, strongly influenced by temperature, impurities, and radiation damage. In LiF crystals, the plastic resistance is much higher for glide on {100} planes than on {nO} planes.

An Observational Study of Agitation in Agitated Nursing Home Residents

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield ◽  
Perla Werner ◽  
Marcia S. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Very High Frequencies ◽  
Very High

Direct observations of 24 highly agitated, cognitively impaired nursing home residents were performed during each hour of the 24-hour day for 2–3 months. Results showed that agitated behaviors (in particular, strange noises, requests for attention, repetitious mannerisms, picking at things, strange movements, and pacing) were manifested at very high frequencies. The data also showed that daytime agitation was positively related to nighttime agitation. Patterns of agitation were specific to each resident, an important finding for future research and intervention.

scholarly journals Persepsi Nelayan Menurut Stratifikasi Sosial Tentang Pendidikan Anak di Desa Aeng Batu-batu Kec. Galesong Utara Kab. Takalar

LaGeografia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Hasriyanti Hasriyanti
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
The Village ◽  
Very High

This study aims to 1) know the general picture of social stratification, 2) find out the perceptions of fishermen according to social stratification about children's education. The study population was fishermen totaling 456 families. Sampling was done using purposive sampling method with a sample of 40 families. Data were collected using a Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the social stratification of fishermen was based on objective criteria, namely the possession of fishing production equipment and the level of income divided into 3 strata namely fishermen who had fishing equipment (boats) and had laborers called fishermen fishermen, fishermen who did not have fishing equipment were called laborers, and fishermen who own boats but are operated on their own are called individual fishermen. Fishermen's perception of children's education has 75 percent having high perceptions, and 25 percent having very high perceptions. Based on the average value obtained that is 113 in the range 91-120, it can be said that fishermen in the village of Aeng Batu-Batu have a relatively high perception of children's education.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Test between Formalin Fresh and Boiled Fish at the Fish Market in Tulungagung

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Lilis Setyowati ◽  
Edi Purwanto ◽  
Nurmala Agustin Ningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
The Public ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Biomedical Laboratory ◽  
Very High

Introduction: Fish is one of the sources of animal protein that many people look for because it is readily available and affordable. Nowadays, found in many traditional markets of traders, fish managers use formalin to preserve their wares. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in levels of boiled and fresh fish in TPI Tulungagung. Design quantitative analytic research studies cross-sectional. Quantitative formalin test with Formalin Kit returns UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the Biomedical Laboratory FK UMM, and Mann-Whitney test. The study population of fresh and boiled fish taken from 3 TPI in Tulungagung. The sampling technique was random sampling, each with four samples. Result: The results showed that the average value of formalin in boiled fish was 1.63 mg / ℓ and fresh 4.54 mg / ℓ. There was a significant difference in formalin levels in boiled fish and fresh fish (p) <0.001. The samples from TPI Tulungagung contaminated formalin. However, the content of formalin in fresh fish is higher than boiled fish. It is very high from the BPOM standard. Discussion: The public is more concerned with the abuses committed, especially the use of formalin in circulation.

scholarly journals Wildlife as Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Plaza-Rodríguez ◽  
Katja Alt ◽  
Mirjam Grobbel ◽  
Jens Andre Hammerl ◽  
Alexandra Irrgang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Nasal Swabs

The presence of bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in wildlife is an indicator that resistant bacteria of human or livestock origin are widespread in the environment. In addition, it could represent an additional challenge for human health, since wild animals could act as efficient AMR reservoirs and epidemiological links between human, livestock and natural environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of several bacterial species in certain wild animals in Germany, including wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild ducks (family Anatidae, subfamily Anatinae) and geese (family Anatidae, subfamily Anserinae). In the framework of the German National Zoonoses Monitoring Program, samples from hunted wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese were collected nationwide in 2016, 2017, and 2019, respectively. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. (in wild boars and wild ducks and geese), Campylobacter spp. (in roe deer and wild ducks and geese), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC), commensal E. coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (in wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese). In addition, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated in nasal swabs from wild boars. Isolates obtained in the accredited regional state laboratories were submitted to the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for confirmation, characterization and phenotypic resistance testing using broth microdilution according to CLSI. AMR was assessed according to epidemiological cut-offs provided by EUCAST. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 13 of 552 (2.4%) tested wild boar fecal samples, but absent in all 101 samples from wild ducks and geese. Nine of the 11 isolates that were submitted to the NRL Salmonella were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial substances. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four out of 504 (0.8%) roe deer fecal samples, but not from any of the samples from wild ducks and geese. Of the two isolates received in the NRL Campylobacter, neither showed resistance to any of the substances tested. From roe deer, 40.2% of the fecal samples (144 of 358) yielded STEC compared to 6.9% (37 of 536) from wild boars. In wild ducks and geese, no STEC isolates were found. Of 150 STEC isolates received in the NRL (24 from wild boars and 126 from roe deer), only one from each animal species showed resistance. Of the 219 isolates of commensal E. coli from wild boars tested for AMR, 210 were susceptible to all 14 tested substances (95.9%). In roe deer this proportion was even higher (263 of 269, 97.8%), whereas in wild ducks and geese this proportion was lower (41 of 49, 83.7%). Nevertheless, selective isolation of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli yielded 6.5% (36 of 551) positive samples from wild boars, 2.3% (13 of 573) from roe deer and 9.8% (10 of 102) from wild ducks and geese. Among the 25 confirmed ESBL-/AmpC-producing isolates from wild boars, 14 (56.0%) showed resistance up to five classes of substances. This proportion was lower in roe deer (3 of 12, 25%) and higher in wild ducks and geese (7 of 10, 70%). None of the 577 nasal swabs from wild boars yielded MRSA. Results indicate that overall, the prevalence of resistant bacteria from certain wild animals in Germany is low, which may reflect not only the low level of exposure to antimicrobials but also the low level of resistant bacteria in the areas where these animals live and feed. However, despite this low prevalence, the patterns observed in bacteria from the wild animals included in this study are an indicator for specific resistance traits in the environment, including those to highest priority substances such as 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and colistin. Therefore, also continuous monitoring of the occurrence of such bacteria in wildlife by selective isolation is advisable. Furthermore, the possible role of wildlife as reservoir and disperser of resistant bacteria would need to be assessed, as wild animals, and in particular wild ducks and geese could become spreaders of resistant bacteria given their capacity for long-range movements.

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