Factors influencing non-prescription sales of antibiotics among patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Kano, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 819-828
Author(s):  
Abdu A Adamu ◽  
Muktar A Gadanya ◽  
Rabiu I Jalo ◽  
Olalekan A Uthman ◽  
Charles S Wiysonge
Keyword(s):  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression Model ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs) increase access to antibiotics through non-prescription sales in their drug retail outlets. This fosters irrational antibiotic use among people, thus contributing to the growing burden of resistance. Although training programmes on antibiotic use and resistance exist, they have disproportionately targeted health workers in hospital settings. It’s unclear if there is a relationship between such trainings and non-prescription sales of antibiotics among PPMVs which are more embedded in communities. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to elicit the determinants of non-prescription antibiotic sales among PPMVs in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Through brainstorming, causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were used to illustrate the dynamics of factors that are responsible for non-prescription antibiotic sales. Multilevel logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between training on antibiotic use and resistance and non-prescription antibiotic sales, after controlling for potential confounders. We found that two-third (66.70%) of the PPMVs reported that they have sold non-prescribed antibiotics. A total of three CLDs were constructed to illustrate the complex dynamics of the factors that are related to non-prescription antibiotic sales. After controlling for all factors, PPMVs who reported that they had never received any training on antibiotic use and resistance were twice as more likely to sell antibiotic without prescription compared with those who reported that they have ever received such training (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.27–3.37). This finding suggests that there is an association between training on antibiotic use and resistance and non-prescription sales of antibiotics. However, the complex dynamics of the factors should not be ignored as it can have implications for the development of intervention programmes. Multifaceted and multicomponent intervention packages (incorporating trainings on antibiotic use and resistance) that account for the inherent complexity within the system are likely to be more effective for this setting.

scholarly journals Pengetahuan, sikap Remaja Putri dan Dukungan Petugas Kesehatan terhadap Konsumsi Tablet Besi Folat SMKN 1 Bangsri Jepara: Sebuah Studi Cross Sectional

Jurnal Gizi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Sari Tirthawati ◽  
Ali Rosidi ◽  
Enik Sulistyowati ◽  
Rr. Annisa Ayuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unpleasant Smell ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Attitude

The iron-folate tablets program on adolescent girls for anemia prevention still facing some obstacles, especially adherence to consuming them. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and health worker’s support with the adherence of iron-folate tablets consumption. This study was a cross-sectional study, conducted at SMKN 1 Bangsri Jepara. Anumber of 73 respondents were selected by stratified random sampling. The data were obtained through interviews using a questionnaire, and analyzed using Rank Spearman test.The results showed that most respondents had moderate knowledge (54.8%), good attitude (69.9%), and good health worker’s support (65.8%). As much as 82.2% of adolescent girls did not comply to consume iron-folate tablet which were given once in a week. The unpleasant smell and taste of iron-folate was the reason for the respondent’s (31,5%) disiobedient. The statistical tests showed that there were relationships between knowledge and respondent’s compliance (p=0.004;r=0.334), attitude and respondent’s compliance (p=0.000;r=0.543) and health worker’s support with the respondent’s compliance (p=0.000;r=0.544).The health worker’s support variable is the most dominant variable related to the compliance of iron-folate tablets consumption. It is shown that the higher the support from health workers, the higher the compliance of iron-folate tablets consumption.Keywords: Compliance, adolescent girl, iron-folate tablet consumption

scholarly journals Dukungan Suami Meningkatkan Kunjungan Pemeriksaan K4 Ibu Hamil

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-116
Author(s):  
Eva Nurhidayati ◽  
Emdat Suprayitno
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Background: K4 is the fourth prenatal check-up visit for health workers to obtain antenatal care according to standards and to detect complications as early as possible during pregnancy. The K4 coverage in Batang-Batang Daya village, the working area of ​​the Batang-Batang Puskesmas is still below the target in 2018. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between husband's support and the decision of pregnant women in carrying out K4 examinations. Methods: The design of this study is analytic correlational with a cross-sectional study approach, the population of pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy in Batang-Batang Daya Village in 2019 was 27 respondents, using total sampling techniques, husband's support data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. K4 examination data used a checklist in the KIA book, and the statistical test used was Chi-Square with an expected value of less than 5. Result: The results showed that most of the pregnant women received support from their husbands as many as 20 people (74.1). Most of the pregnant women underwent a K4 examination (4th pregnancy visit), as many as 20 people (74.1%). The analysis result from the Chi-Square test shows the value (ρ) = 0.000. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the husband's support is related to the decision by pregnant women to carry out K4 examinations. Husbands should always provide support to their wives to carry out routine checks so that pregnant women are motivated to carry out K4 examinations, and are more confident about carrying out their pregnancy.

scholarly journals Hubungan Penyediaan Air Bersih dan Jamban Keluarga Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Balita Di Desa Mala Kecamatan Manganitu Tahun 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Dismo Katiandagho ◽  
Darwel Darwel
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bivariate Data ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

Data from the Health Office of the Sangihe Regency up to June 2014, there were 708 diarrhea cases, the most cases were at age> 5 years totaling 430 cases; the highest cases were in the working area of ​​the Manganitu Health Center as many as 115 cases, and the village with the most diarrhea cases was Mala Village as many as 73 cases of diarrhea suffered by toddlers. The research objective is to determine the relationship between the provision of clean water and family latrines with the incidence of diarrhea in Mala Village, Manganitu District. This type of research is an observational analytic study with a cross sectional study design. The sample size in this study was the entire population of 73 toddlers being sampled. The results of bivariate data processing and analysis using the test chi square showed that there was a significant relationship between the provision of clean water facilities and the incidence of diarrhea in infants and there was a significant relationship between the provision of family latrines with the incidence of diarrhea in infants. The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship between the provision of clean water and the provision of family toilets with the occurrence of diarrhea in Mala Village, Manganitu District. Suggestions For people who do not have clean water facilities and family latrines to make or build clean water facilities and family latrines and the need for the role and support of health workers in the prevention of diarrheal diseases transmitted through the environment, officers always make observations and supervision to maintain the spread of disease based environment such as diarrhea.

scholarly journals Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Tentang ISPA dengan Upaya Pencegahan ISPA pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Semerap

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Sarniyati Sarniyati
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MOM'S KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT ARI WITH URTI PREVENTION EFFORTS IN MANY CHILDREN IN THE WORK AREA OF SEMERAP PUSKESMAS  Introduction: ISPA is an upper respiratory tract disease with special attention to pneumonia (pneumonia), and not ear and throat disease. ARI is an acute respiratory infection that attacks one part and or more of the respiratory tract from the nose (upper tract) to the alveolus (lower tract) including adnexal tissue such as sinuses, middle ear cavity, and pleura.Objective: To find out the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers about ISPA with efforts to prevent ARI in toddlers.Methods: This research was conducted in the working area of the Semerap Health Center in 2020. The design of this study was a correlational study with a cross-sectional study approach, the population in this study was 2354 people, and the sampling technique used was Accidental Sampling. Statistical analysis of data using Pearson Product Moment.Result: There is a significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers about ISPA with efforts to prevent ISPA in children under five (p<0.05) with r values = 0.688 and 0.681Conclusion: It is hoped that the puskesmas or health workers can provide health education to the community, especially mothers who have toddlers. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, ISPA  INTISARI: HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU TENTANG ISPA DENGAN UPAYA PENCEGAHAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SEMERAP   Pendahuluan: ISPA adalah penyakit saluran pernafasan atas dengan perhatian khusus pada radang paru (Pneumonia), dan bukan penyakit telinga dan tenggorokan. Ispa adalah infeksi saluran pernafasan akut yang menyerang salah satu bagian dan atau lebih dari saluran nafas mulai dari hidung (Saluran Atas) hingga alveoli (Saluran bawah) termasuk jaringan adneksanya seperti sinus, rongga telinga tengah dan pleura.Tujuan: Diketahui hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap ibu tentang ispa dengan upaya pencegahan ISPA pada balita.Metode:Penelitian ini dilakukan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas semerap tahun 2020. Desain penelitian ini adalah Studi Korelasi dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional Study, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 2354 orang, yang mana teknik pengambilan sampelnya menggunakan Accidental Sampling. Data analisis statistik dengan menggunakan Pearson Product Moment.Hasil: Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan sikap ibu tentang ISPA dengan upaya pencegahan ISPA pada balita (p < 0,05) dengan nilai r = 0.688 dan 0.681Kesimpulan: Diharapkan kepada pihak puskesmas atau tenaga kesehatan untuk dapat memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan kepada masyarakat khususnya ibu yang mempunyai anak balita. Kata kunci: Pengetahuan, Sikap, ISPA

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PEMBERIAN STIMULASI DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN BALITA USIA 1-5 TAHUN DI POSYANDU SERUNAI VII KELURAHAN VI SUKU WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TANAH GARAM KOTA SOLOK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-286
Author(s):  
Afridon Afridon
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship

Factors affecting growth and development are genetic, environmental (prenatal, and post natal), post-natal environments that affect children's growth and development in general can be classified as biological environments. One factor that influences development is stimulation. The type of research used is descriptive analytic with Cross Sectional Study design in which to see the relationship between two variables. The variable in this study is the independent variable is the provision of stimulation and the dependent variable is the development of toddlers aged 1-5 years. Based on the results of research conducted on 34 respondents, it is known that more than a portion (64.7%) of respondents provide developmental stimulation in infants, more than a portion (61.8%) of infants of respondents have appropriate development and analysis results between the provision of stimulation and development under-five children were found to be more than a part (66.7%) who did not provide stimulation that experienced dubious development. While statistically obtained p value = 0.025 ˂ 0.05, which means that there is a significant relationship between those who do not provide stimulation with the development of children who have doubts. It is expected that health workers provide information on how to provide stimulus to their toddlers in accordance with the stage of development of their age so that respondents are able to provide stimulus to their children.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN STIMULASI IBU DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK PADA ANAK USIA 3-5 TAHUN DI PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Suyanti Suwardi
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
The Relationship

Background: According to WHO 2018, the problem of child development is increasing, the incidence rate in the United States ranges from 12-16%, Argentina 20%, Thailand 37.1%, and in Indonesia between 13-18%. Looking at the epidemiological data, it is necessary early detection and intervention in children with developmental disorders. Aceh Profile data in 2019 the percentage of health service coverage for children under five years of age has a effect, namely that 65% of the health of children under five must be monitored to ensure that their health is always in optimal condition.The Purpose: Research to determine the relationship between maternal stimulation on motor development in children aged 3-5 years in Paud INARA, Johan Pahlawan District, West Aceh Regency, 2020 ".Methods: The design of this study was a quantitative analytic survey using a cross sectional study. The total population was 36 respondents and the sample used a total population of 36 respondents. The data used are primary and secondary data. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate.Results: The results showed that the stimulation was good as many as 31 people and less good as many as 5, normal motor development as many as 30 people and not normal as many as 6 people, the relationship between maternal stimulation and motor development in children aged 3-5 years with p = 0.000 <0.05.Conclusion: in this study there is a relationship between maternal stimulation and motor development in children aged 3-5 years in PAUD Inara Kec. Johan Kab. West Aceh 2020. It is recommended for parents to stimulate children under five, and if you experience problems, immediately consult with health workers, especially midwives and pediatricians.Suggestion Health workers are expected to provide promotions about growth and development for parents so that parents know the good growth and development of children, so as to prevent child development problems as early as possible. Keywords: Stimulation, motor development, toddlers ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Menurut WHO 2018 bahwa masalah perkembangan anak semakin meningkat, angka kejadian di Amerika Serikat berkisar 12-16%, Argentina 20%, Thailand 37,1%, dan di Indonesia antara 13-18%, Melihat data epidemiologi tersebut, maka diperlukan deteksi dan intervensi dini pada anak dengan gangguan perkembangan. Data Profil Aceh tahun 2019 persentase cakupan pelayanan kesehatan anak balita lima tahun terakhir berflutuaksi yaitu 65% kesehatan balita harus dipantau untuk memastikan kesehatan mereka selalu dalam kondisi optimal.Tujuan: Penelitan untuk mengetahui hubungan stimulasi ibu terhadap perkembangan motorik pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Paud INARA Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan Kabupaten Aceh Barat Tahun 2020”.Metode:Desain penelitian ini adalah survei analitik kuantitatif dengan menggunakan cross sectional study. Jumlah populasi sebanyak 36 responden dan sampel menggunakan total populasi yaitu sebanyak 36 responden. Data yang digunakan dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Analisa data menggunakan univariat dan bivariat.Hasil :Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa stimulasi baik sebanyak 31 orang dan  Kurang Baik  sebanyak 5, perkembangan motorik normal sebanyak 30 orang dan tidak normal sebanyak 6 orang, hubungan stimulasi ibu dengan perkembangan motorik pada anak usia 3-5 tahun dengan p= 0.000<0.05.Kesimpulan: dalam penelitian ini ada hubungan stimulasi ibu dengan perkembangan motorik pada anak usia 3-5 Tahun di PAUD Inara Kec. Johan Kab. Aceh Barat Tahun 2020. Disarankan bagi orang tua untuk melakukan stimulasi kepada anak balita, dan jika mengalami msalah segera berkonsultasi ke tenaga kesehatan khusunya Bidan dan dokter anak.Saran Bagi Petugas kesehatan diharapkan untuk memberikan promosi tentang tumbuh kembang bagi orang tua agar orang tua mngetahui tumbuh kembang anak yang baik, sehingga dapat mencegah masalah tumbuh kembang anak sedini mungkin. Kata Kunci : Stimulasi, perkembangan motorik, anak Balita

PHYSICAL DISORDERS AFTER HYSTERECTOMY DEPEND ON MRS AND SERUM ESTRADIOL LEVELS

2016 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Lam Huong Le
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sexual Disorders ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Hysterectomy ◽  
Physical Disorders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Objectives: To study the relationship between serum estradiol and physical disorders after hysterectomy. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study on 151 women after total hysterectomy from 12/2008 to 11/2010 at Hue Cental Hospial. Results: Serious disorders in total hysterectomy group include: physical disorders (34.78%), maternal disorders (71.74%), sexual disorders (58.70%). There were significant differences these disorders between total hysterectomy group and hysterectomy with/without accessiory remove group, as well as menopause group. Conclusion: Serum estradiol levels was inversely correlated with physical disorders, martenal disorders, sexual disorders and other disorders. Key words: hysterectomy, serum estradiol

POLA ASUH ORANGTUA TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMANDIRIAN PERSONAL HYGIENE CUCI TANGAN DAN GOSOK GIGI PADA ANAK PRASEKOLAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Dina Dewi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT   The study aims todetermine the relationship between parenting style and the level of independence of Personal Hygiene Hand Wasting and Tooth Brush in Preschoolers in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora in 2019. The study is a quantitative study, based on the research location including the type of field reseaerch, based on the ansence of the treatment of subjects including survey research, based on time is a cross sectional study, and based on objectives includin correlation analytics. The population in this study were all parents in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora as many as 85 respondents. Based on the sample calculation, the sample obtained in this study that most parent in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora amounted to 70 respondents. Srearmen’s rho test analysis results parenting parents with the level of independence of personal hygiene hand wasting result obtained p value = 0,000 < α (0,05), and parenting patters with the independence of personal hygiene tooth brush obtained results p value = 0,000 < α (0,05). So it can be concluded that were is a significant relationship between parenting parents with the level of independence of personal hygiene washing hands and brushing their tooth at preschoolers in Kindergarten Negeri Pembina Blora in 2019. Keywords: parenting; personal hygiene, preschool ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Pola Asuh Orangtua Terhadap Tingkat Kemandirian Personal Hygiene Cuci Tangan dan Gogok Gigi pada Anak Prasekolah di TK Negeri Pembina Blora Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, berdasarkan tempat penelitian termasuk jenis penelitian lapangan, berdasarkan tidak adanya perlakuan terhadap subjek termasuk penelitian survey, berdasarkan waktu merupakan penelitian cross sectional, dan berdasarkan tujuan termasuk analitik korelasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh orangtua di TK Negeri Pembina Blora sebanyak 85 responden. Berdasarkan perhitungan sampel  maka diperoleh sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sebagian orangtua di TK Negeri Pembina Blora sebanyak 70 responden. Hasil analisis uji spearmen’s rho pola asuh orangtua dengan tingkat kemandirian personal hygiene cuci tangan didapatkan hasil p value = 0,000 < α (0,05), dan pola asuh orangtua dengan kemandirian personal hygiene gosok gigi didapatkan hasil p value = 0,000 < α (0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan tingkat kemandirian personal hygiene cuci tangan dan gosok gigi pada anak prasekolah di TK Negeri Pembina Blora Tahun 2019. Kata kunci: pola asuh; personal hygiene; prasekolah

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