scholarly journals Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Discard Mortality ◽  
Delayed Mortality ◽  
Mortality Predictors ◽  
Sigmoid Functions

Abstract Davis, M. W. 2007. Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1535–1542. Development of efficient methods to predict discard and escapee mortality in fishing operations is essential to the conservation of sensitive fish stocks. For a few fisheries, mortality data are available from fishing experiments in the field; these require long-term holding or monitoring of fish in tanks, cages, or tag and recapture experiments to detect delayed mortality. A different approach to predicting discard and escapee mortality is to use reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) consisting of relationships between mortality and reflex impairment for species of interest. Fish were towed in a net in the laboratory and then either restrained in foam-lined holders and rapidly tested for reflex impairment five minutes after towing, or held for up to 60 days to determine delayed mortality. Delayed mortality occurred up to 20 days after towing. RAMP was related to mortality with biphasic sigmoid functions. As fishing stressors increased in intensity, the first phase showed an increase in RAMP with no concomitant mortality. In the second phase, RAMP continued to increase, while mortality became apparent and increased. The measurement of RAMP in restrained fish on board fishing vessels during experiments to predict discard mortality and in caged free swimming fish to predict escapee mortality is feasible and advisable.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Unintentional Fall Mortality in China: A Population-Based Age-Period-Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenkun Wang ◽  
Youzhen Hu ◽  
Fang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Unintentional Falls

Background: Unintentional falls seriously threaten the life and health of people in China. This study aimed to assess the long-term trends of mortality from unintentional falls in China and to examine the age-, period-, and cohort-specific effects behind them.Methods: This population-based multiyear cross-sectional study of Chinese people aged 0–84 years was a secondary analysis of the mortality data of fall injuries from 1990 to 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Age-standardized mortality rates of unintentional falls by year, sex, and age group were used as the main outcomes and were analyzed within the age-period-cohort framework.Results: Although the crude mortality rates of unintentional falls for men and women showed a significant upward trend, the age-standardized mortality rates for both sexes only increased slightly. The net drift of unintentional fall mortality was 0.13% (95% CI, −0.04 to 0.3%) per year for men and −0.71% (95% CI, −0.96 to −0.46%) per year for women. The local drift values for both sexes increased with age group. Significant age, cohort, and period effects were found behind the mortality trends of the unintentional falls for both sexes in China.Conclusions: Unintentional falls are still a major public health problem that disproportionately threatens the lives of men and women in China. Efforts should be put in place urgently to prevent the growing number of fall-related mortality for men over 40 years old and women over 70 years old. Gains observed in the recent period, relative risks (RRs), and cohort RRs may be related to improved healthcare and better education.

USING INDIRECT METHODS TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF FORCED MIGRATION ON LONG-TERM UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAVITA SINGH ◽  
UNNI KARUNAKARA ◽  
GILBERT BURNHAM ◽  
KENNETH HILL
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Impact

Despite the large numbers of displaced persons and the often-lengthy periods of displacement, little is known about the impact of forced migration on long-term under-five mortality. This paper looks at the Brass Method (and adaptations of this method) and the Preceding Birth Technique in combination with a classification of women by their migration and reproductive histories, in order to study the impact of forced migration on under-five mortality. Data came from the Demography of Forced Migration Project, a study on mortality, fertility and violence in the refugee and host populations of Arua District, Uganda and Yei River District, Sudan. Results indicate that women who did not migrate in a situation of conflict and women who repatriated before the age of 15, had children with the highest under-five mortality rates compared with women who were currently refugees and women who repatriated after the age of 15.

scholarly journals Years of Life Lost Due to Premature Death and Their Trends in People With Selected Neurological Disorders in Shanghai, China, 1995–2018: A Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Luo ◽  
Huihui Lv ◽  
Yichen Chen ◽  
Xiaoyun Xu ◽  
Kangyong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Pudong New Area

Background: Neurological disorders are the leading cause of long-term disability and the second leading cause of death in the world. We aimed to characterize the long-term trends in mortality and disease burden of selected neurological disorders and quantitatively analyze the contributions of demographic and non-demographic factors on the mortality of selected neurological disorders in Shanghai, China, 1995–2018.Methods: Mortality data were derived from the Vital Statistics System of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, during 1995–2018. Temporal trends for the mortality rates and burden of selected neurological disorders were analyzed by Joinpoint Regression Program. Years of life lost (YLL) was used to analyze the burden of disease. The increasing mortality rates related to demographic and non-demographic factors were estimated by the decomposition method.Results: A total of 4432 deaths from selected neurological disorders occurred during 1995–2018, accounting for 0.98% of total deaths. The crude mortality rates (CMR) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRW) of neurological disorders were 7.14/105 person–years and 4.08/105 person–years, respectively. Extrapyramidal and movement disorders, other degenerative diseases of the nervous system, and episodic and paroxysmal disorders were the three leading causes of mortality and YLL of selected neurological disorders. The CMR, ASMRW, and rate of YLL for deaths from selected neurological disorders showed significantly increasing trends in males, females, and the total population during 1995–2018 (all P < 0.001). The contribution rates of increased values of CMR related to demographic factors were more evident than non-demographic factors.Conclusion: The mortality rate and rate of YLL for death from selected neurological disorders increased significantly during 1995–2018 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The demographic factors, particularly aging, might be related to an increase in the mortality of neurological disorders. More effective prevention strategies are needed to prevent the aging-related death and burden from neurological disorders in the future.

Mortality Rates and Trends in Massachusetts Before 1860

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris A. Vinovskis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Different Sources

The study of mortality rates and trends in the United States before 1860 has been rather unsystematic to date. Most scholars have been content to estimate the mortality rate at some point in time and only a few serious efforts have been made to ascertain the long-term trends in mortality. Particularly lacking are efforts to relate estimates of mortality in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to those of the nineteenth century. In addition, the few studies that have attempted to discuss long-term trends in American mortality have been forced to rely on estimates of mortality gathered from different sources and based on different techniques of analysis. Unfortunately, almost no efforts have been made to estimate possible biases introduced when comparing mortality data from different types of records.

scholarly journals A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones

2011 ◽  
Vol 164 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Asscheman ◽  
Erik J Giltay ◽  
Jos A J Megens ◽  
W (Pim) de Ronde ◽  
Michael A A van Trotsenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Mortality Data

ObjectiveAdverse effects of long-term cross-sex hormone administration to transsexuals are not well documented. We assessed mortality rates in transsexual subjects receiving long-term cross-sex hormones.DesignA cohort study with a median follow-up of 18.5 years at a university gender clinic.MethodsMortality data and the standardized mortality rate were compared with the general population in 966 male-to-female (MtF) and 365 female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals, who started cross-sex hormones before July 1, 1997. Follow-up was at least 1 year. MtF transsexuals received treatment with different high-dose estrogen regimens and cyproterone acetate 100 mg/day. FtM transsexuals received parenteral/oral testosterone esters or testosterone gel. After surgical sex reassignment, hormonal treatment was continued with lower doses.ResultsIn the MtF group, total mortality was 51% higher than in the general population, mainly from increased mortality rates due to suicide, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cardiovascular disease, drug abuse, and unknown cause. No increase was observed in total cancer mortality, but lung and hematological cancer mortality rates were elevated. Current, but not past ethinyl estradiol use was associated with an independent threefold increased risk of cardiovascular death. In FtM transsexuals, total mortality and cause-specific mortality were not significantly different from those of the general population.ConclusionsThe increased mortality in hormone-treated MtF transsexuals was mainly due to non-hormone-related causes, but ethinyl estradiol may increase the risk of cardiovascular death.In the FtM transsexuals, use of testosterone in doses used for hypogonadal men seemed safe.

scholarly journals Using reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) to evaluate if trawl gear modifications reduce the unobserved mortality of Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio)

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1308-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carwyn F. Hammond ◽  
Loveday L. Conquest ◽  
Craig S. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
Tanner Crab ◽  
Impairment Score ◽  
Delayed Mortality ◽  
Chionoecetes Bairdi ◽  
Mortality Predictors

Abstract Hammond, C. F., Conquest, L. L., and Rose, C. S. 2013. Using reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) to evaluate if trawl gear modifications reduce the unobserved mortality of Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . Management of Bering Sea crab and groundfish fisheries must account for the delayed (and hence unobserved) mortality of crab that encounter bottom trawls, but are not captured. A new approach to predicting the delayed mortality of crab uses a reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) model to establish a relationship between mortality and reflex impairments. A 2007 pilot study of 649 crab established RAMP curves for both Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio). Additional data (1775 crab) collected in 2008 allowed us to update the existing RAMP curves to more fully examine the effect of injury scores on the RAMP models and to determine the best method for estimating overall mortality. Results confirmed that the additional measurements did not significantly alter the original relationship between mortality and reflex impairment score. Additionally, the RAMP curves were used to predict unobserved mortality from observed reflex impairment scores of Chionoecetes spp. captured after encounters with different parts of bottom trawl gear (footrope and sweep) and alternative types of footrope and sweep. In addition to estimating mortality rates caused by each gear part, we tested whether the alternative footrope and sweep designs reduced the unobserved mortality rates of crab. Results showed that the alternative footrope (58 cm disk footrope) reduced mortality from 11.4 to 7.2% for Tanner crab and from 9.7 to 5.0% for snow crab. The alternative (off-bottom) sweep reduced mortality from 4.1 to 1.0% for Tanner crab and from 4.9 to 0.0% for snow crab. Thus, the use of the reflex impairment score through the RAMP model is a cost effective way to estimate delayed mortality and to assess the effect of gear types on delayed mortality for management purposes.

scholarly journals An assessment of post-release mortality for a commonly discarded deep-sea isopod (Bathynomus giganteus) using reflex impairment

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 2356-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Talwar ◽  
Edward J. Brooks ◽  
R. Dean Grubbs
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Video Monitoring ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Mortality Model ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
Surface Time ◽  
Delayed Mortality ◽  
Mortality Predictors ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Abstract Estimates of post-release mortality (PRM) rates for discarded bycatch are largely unknown across marine fisheries and represent a substantial source of uncertainty when estimating total fishery mortality. One way to predict PRM is through the use of reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP), whereby the presence or absence of target reflexes and known post-release fate are used to create a delayed mortality model. We employed reflex impairment assessments in concert with post-capture caging and video monitoring to predict 5-d PRM rates for the deep-sea giant isopod Bathynomus giganteus, a common bycatch species in numerous deepwater fisheries worldwide, and also considered the factors contributing to mortality. Mortality rates 5 d post-capture ranged from 50 to 100% and both RAMP scores and time at the surface were significant predictors of mortality, although our conclusions regarding the effect of surface time are limited. In-cage video documented little movement within the 24-h monitoring period following capture, and it appeared that surviving individuals often fed within the holding period after cage deployment. Our results suggest that PRM in B. giganteus is common and that this unaccounted source of mortality should be quantified for other deep-sea crustaceans captured as bycatch.

Microstructural characterization of a rapidly solidified Al-Fe-V-Si alloy for elevated temperature applications

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
R. E. Franck ◽  
J. A. Hawk ◽  
G. J. Shiflet
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Microstructural Stability ◽  
Elevated Temperature Strength ◽  
Temperature Applications

Rapid solidification processing (RSP) is one method of producing high strength aluminum alloys for elevated temperature applications. Allied-Signal, Inc. has produced an Al-12.4 Fe-1.2 V-2.3 Si (composition in wt pct) alloy which possesses good microstructural stability up to 425°C. This alloy contains a high volume fraction (37 v/o) of fine nearly spherical, α-Al12(Fe, V)3Si dispersoids. The improved elevated temperature strength and stability of this alloy is due to the slower dispersoid coarsening rate of the silicide particles. Additionally, the high v/o of second phase particles should inhibit recrystallization and grain growth, and thus reduce any loss in strength due to long term, high temperature annealing.The focus of this research is to investigate microstructural changes induced by long term, high temperature static annealing heat-treatments. Annealing treatments for up to 1000 hours were carried out on this alloy at 500°C, 550°C and 600°C. Particle coarsening and/or recrystallization and grain growth would be accelerated in these temperature regimes.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

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