scholarly journals 13 Opportunities for using low-protein diets for weanling pigs to improve intestinal health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Martin Nyachoti ◽  
Jinyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Diet Formulation

Abstract Dietary manipulation with respect to crude protein (CP) content has been suggested as part of the overall strategy for the nutritional management of weanling pigs to improve intestinal health. This has focused on the use of low CP diets that are appropriately fortified with crystalline amino acids (AA). Use of low CP diets minimizes the amount of undigested dietary protein entering the large intestine and being subjected to bacterial fermentation. This is important because protein fermentation leads to the production of toxic metabolites and encourages the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, thus causing enteric problems such as post-weaning diarrhea. There have been considerable efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of feeding low CP diets to piglets. In addition to impacting the intestinal microbiome and its associated activities, it is clear that feeding a low CP diets interferes with the attachment of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, thus minimizing its ability to cause disease. Another area of interest has been how use low CP diets in combination with other dietary manipulations to further enhance intestinal health in piglets. In this regards, existing evidence suggests that a low CP diet may be used in combination with other dietary interventions, such as probiotics and dietary fiber, to further enhance gut health outcomes in piglets. Also, addressing the potential reduction in piglet performance when feeding low CP diets by looking more into diet formulation to avoid deficiencies of essential AA or even some of non-essential AA, is critical for successful use low CP diets. Based on the available information, a reduction of dietary protein by four percentage units coupled with appropriate AA supplementation can be a useful dietary strategy to improve intestinal health.

scholarly journals Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10392
Author(s):  
Mebratu Melaku ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Hui Han ◽  
Fan Wan ◽  
Bao Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Poultry Nutrition

Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.

scholarly journals Taxonomic and Functional Compositions of the Small Intestinal Microbiome in Neonatal Calves Provide a Framework for Understanding Early Life Gut Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilusha Malmuthuge ◽  
Guanxiang Liang ◽  
Philip J. Griebel ◽  
Le Luo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACTA lack of information on the intestinal microbiome of neonatal calves prevents the use of microbial intervention strategies to improve calf gut health. This study profiled the taxonomic and functional composition of the small intestinal luminal microbiome of neonatal calves using whole-genome sequencing of the metagenome, aiming to understand the dynamics of microbial establishment during early life. Despite highly individualized microbial communities, we identified two distinct taxonomy-based clusters from the collective luminal microbiomes comprising a high level of eitherLactobacillusorBacteroides. Among the clustered microbiomes,Lactobacillus-dominant ileal microbiomes had significantly lower abundances ofBacteroides,Prevotella,Roseburia,Ruminococcus, andVeillonellacompared to theBacteroides-dominated ileal microbiomes. In addition, the upregulated ileal genes of theLactobacillus-dominant calves were related to leukocyte and lymphocyte chemotaxis, the cytokine/chemokine-mediated signaling pathway, and inflammatory responses, while the upregulated ileal genes of theBacteroides-dominant calves were related to cell adhesion, response to stimulus, cell communication and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. The functional profiles of the luminal microbiomes also revealed two distinct clusters consisting of functions related to either high protein metabolism or sulfur metabolism. A lower abundance ofBifidobacteriumand a higher abundance of sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) were observed in the sulfur metabolism-dominant cluster (0.2% ± 0.1%) compared to the protein metabolism-dominant cluster (12.6% ± 5.7%), suggesting an antagonistic relationship between SRB andBifidobacterium, which both compete for cysteine. These distinct taxonomic and functional clusters may provide a framework to further analyze interactions between the intestinal microbiome and the immune function and health of neonatal calves.IMPORTANCEDietary interventions to manipulate neonatal gut microbiota have been proposed to generate long-term impacts on hosts. Currently, our understanding of the early gut microbiome of neonatal calves is limited to 16S rRNA gene amplicon based microbial profiling, which is a barrier to developing dietary interventions to improve calf gut health. The use of a metagenome sequencing-based approach in the present study revealed high individual animal variation in taxonomic and functional abundance of intestinal microbiome and potential impacts of early microbiome on mucosal immune responses during the preweaning period. During this developmental period, age- and diet-related changes in microbial diversity, richness, density, and the abundance of taxa and functions were observed. A correlation-based approach to further explore the individual animal variation revealed potential enterotypes that can be linked to calf gut health, which may pave the way to developing strategies to manipulate the microbiome and improve calf health.

scholarly journals 367 Combinational use of sodium butyrate and phytogenics on intestinal health of nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
S Bloomer ◽  
Y C Cheng ◽  
H M Yakout ◽  
S W Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Enterocyte Proliferation ◽  
Tnf Α

Abstract The effects of encapsulated sodium butyrate (SB), phytogenics (PH), or a combination were studied on intestinal health of nursery pigs. Phytogenics were blends of dry herbs and essential oil components. Forty-eight weaned pigs (21-d-old; 6.9 ± 0.6 kg BW) were individually housed, blocked by initial BW and sex, allotted to 4 dietary treatments (n = 12) in a RCBD, and fed for 33-d (P1: 0–7; P2: 7–19; and P3: 19–33). Treatments were arranged by 2 factors: SB (P1: 0.2% and P2: 0.1%) and PH (P3: 0.033%). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements and pigs were fed ad libitum. For each phase, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were measured. Fecal scores were assessed during d 3–19 and d 26–33. Blood samples were drawn in P2 and P3 to measure tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Four pigs at P2 and 8 pigs in P3 from each treatment were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue, jejunal mucosa, and ileal digesta to measure gut histology, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Fixed effects were treatments and random effects were blocks. In P2 and P1-2, SB decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI whereas no effect on ADG and G:F. In P2, SB tended to decrease (P = 0.063) villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) whereas increased (P < 0.05) enterocyte proliferation in P3. In P3 and overall, PH increased (P < 0.05) G:F. No changes were found in TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, IgG, and protein carbonyl. Conclusively, SB and a combinational use of SB and PH showed minimal effects on growth performance and gut health when added to the diets of nursery pigs. However, PH supplementation increased feed efficiency of nursery pigs during 19–33 d post-weaning.

scholarly journals Wheat bran fermented by mixed fungal strains improves the digestibility of crude fiber and may benefit the gut health without impacting the growth performance in weaned pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2962-2971
Author(s):  
Yuheng Luo ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Cong Lan ◽  
Jingyi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Fungal Strains

This study was conducted to compare the effect of raw (WB) or mixed fungi-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets.

scholarly journals A summary of feed additives, intestinal health and intestinal alkaline phosphatase in piglet nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 281-294
Author(s):  
Jansller Genova ◽  
Antonio Melo ◽  
Paulo Rupolo ◽  
Silvana Carvalho ◽  
Leandro Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase

Weaning is considered the “critical window” in the piglet’s life because it is associated with several stress factors, such as loss of contact with the mother and original litter, solid diet, environmental and structural changes, and the establishment of a new hierarchy. During this abrupt period, several events such as reduced feed intake, high morbidity, susceptibility to enteric infections and post-weaning diarrhoea are observed. The nutritional landscape of the piglet gut is modified, which can compromise the maturity of the gastrointestinal system, the stable intestinal microbiome and the active immunity developed as an indicator of intestinal health. However, with increased awareness of feed safety issues and the development of drug-resistant bacteria, the interest in producing pigs without the use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) is increasing, since long-term use and therapeutic doses of AGP can contribute to the reduction of bacterial diversity and increase of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, the most widely researched alternatives include the use of feed additives, feeding strategies, nutraceuticals/functional foods and available handling that can reduce the risk of IBD beyond basic nutritional functions. Studies have reported intestinal alkaline phosphatase as a new nutritional therapy associated with intestinal health which may be a “key additive” in the AGP replacement. In this review article, the purpose is to show some current aspects of feed additive research, addressing a concept of the “intestinal health” from different points of view and properties of alkaline phosphatase.

191 Impact of dietary protein and dried citrus pulp contents on gut morphology of weanling pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
V. V. Almeida ◽  
A. J. C. NuÒez ◽  
P. V. A. Alvarenga ◽  
F. R. Castelini ◽  
Y. V. Silva-Guillen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Citrus Pulp

scholarly journals Influence of dietary protein on Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension: a potential role for gut microbiota

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. R907-R914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine M. Abais-Battad ◽  
David L. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

High blood pressure affects 1.39 billion adults across the globe and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Hypertension is a multifaceted disease with known genetic and environmental factors contributing to its progression. Our studies utilizing the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat have demonstrated the remarkable influence of dietary protein and maternal environment on the development of hypertension and renal damage in response to high salt. There is growing interest in the relationship between the microbiome and hypertension, with gut dysbiosis being correlated to a number of pathologies. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the interplay among dietary protein, the gut microbiota, and hypertension. These studies may provide insight into the effects we have observed between diet and hypertension in Dahl SS rats and, we hope, lead to new perspectives where potential dietary interventions or microbiota manipulations could serve as plausible therapies for hypertension.

scholarly journals Effect of fosfomycin,Cynara scolymusextract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Martínez ◽  
Susana N. Diéguez ◽  
María B. Fernández Paggi ◽  
María B. Riccio ◽  
Denisa S. Pérez Gaudio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Enhanced Production

AbstractIntestinal health of weaning piglets was studied after oral treatments with fosfomycin (FOS),Cynara scolymusextract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combinations. Piglets were divided in groups and received different treatments during 15 days, namely DON (1mg/kg of feed), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg b.w.), CSE (300 g/ton of feed) and all possible combinations including a control group that received clean balanced diet. At day 15, three piglets from each group were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate pH, bacteriology (enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria), volatile fatty acids concentration (VFAs), disaccharidases activity (lactase, sucrase and maltase), histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and adherence of bacteria to intestinal mucus. Animals receiving FOS and CSE treatments exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. This was revealed by a lower enterobacteria population together with a lower E/L, an enhanced production of butyric acid, an increased enzymatic activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Interactions between both treatments resulted in similar beneficial effects as their individual administration. On the contrary, DON produced detrimental effects on intestinal health as a decrease was observed on volatile fatty acids production, enzymatic activity and goblet cells count in animals receiving diets containing sub- toxic concentrations of this mycotoxin. The knowledge of the intestinal effects of these compounds contributes to understand the physiological and pathological gut changes and their potential productive consequences.

scholarly journals Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (2) ◽  
pp. G159-G170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe S. Gilbert ◽  
Noortje Ijssennagger ◽  
Arie K. Kies ◽  
Saskia W. C. van Mil
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Epithelial Damage ◽  
Production Animals ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The amount of dietary protein is associated with intestinal disease in different vertebrate species. In humans, this is exemplified by the association between high-protein intake and fermentation metabolite concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In production animals, dietary protein intake is associated with postweaning diarrhea in piglets and with the occurrence of wet litter in poultry. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary protein contributes to intestinal problems remain largely unknown. Fermentation of undigested protein in the hindgut results in formation of fermentation products including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenolic and indolic compounds, biogenic amines, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these metabolites may cause intestinal disease. Studies addressing how different metabolites induce epithelial damage rely mainly on cell culture studies and occasionally on mice or rat models. Often, contrasting results were reported. The direct relevance of such studies for human, pig, and poultry gut health is therefore questionable and does not suffice for the development of interventions to improve gut health. We discuss a roadmap to improve our understanding of gut metabolites and microbial species associated with intestinal health in humans and production animals and to determine whether these metabolite/bacterial networks cause epithelial damage. The outcomes of these studies will dictate proof-of-principle studies to eliminate specific metabolites and or bacterial strains and will provide the basis for interventions aiming to improve gut health.

Protein Digestion in Weanling Pigs: Effect of Dietary Protein Source

1989 ◽  
Vol 119 (8) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Asche ◽  
Austin J. Lewis ◽  
Ernest R. Peo,
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Dietary Protein Source
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