PSVII-5 Effect of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation on development of gastrointestinal tract of newborn goats

Abstract We assessed the effect of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation on growth and development of organs and small intestine of newborn goats. A total of 14 pregnant dams were randomly divided into one of the follow dietary treatments: Animals fed at 50% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 100% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (R-M, n = 6), and animals fed at 100% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 50% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (M-R, n = 8). At birth, newborns were slaughtered for collection of corporal components. No differences were observed among treatments for birth weight (P = 0.46). The weight of the complex reticulum-rumen-omasum tended to be heavier (P = 0.057) in the M-R group, when expressed per kg of body weight. The small intestine (P = 0.038) and total intestine (P = 0.038) were heavier in the offspring of the M-R group when expressed in kg of body weight. The M-R newborns had greater length of the small intestine (P = 0.043) and total intestine (P = 0.026). Maternal feed restriction did not influence the intestinal villi height (P = 0.406). However, newborn from R-M group had lower villus height:crypt depth ratio (P = 0.016), due to the tendency of the greater of crypt depth in these animals (P = 0.081). No differences among treatments were observed in mRNA expression of the MGAM and GLP-2R in the jejunum of the offspring (P > 0.12). Newborns of the M-R group tended to present greater mRNA abundance of the SLC5A1 (P = 0.091), SLC2A2 (P = 0.091), and OCLN (P = 0.061). In summary, restriction in the first half of gestation may be more detrimental to the performance and health of offspring throughout life due to increased impairment of intestinal development.

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Catch-up Growth in Intrauterine Growth-restricted Piglets Associated with the Return of Pancreatic and Intestinal Functions via Porcine Glucagon-like peptide-2 Microspheres

10.21203/rs.2.21967/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ke-ke Qi ◽

Jie Wu ◽

Wen-Jun Zhou ◽

Bo Deng ◽

Xiao-ming Men ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Glucose Transporter ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

The Body ◽

Peptide Transporter ◽

Control Group ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide

Abstract Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal morphology and gastrointestinal function. As a gastrointestinal growth factor, the manner by which the porcine glucagon-like peptide-2 (pGLP-2) microsphere administration catches up with the growth of IUGR piglets was investigated. Methods Fourteen newborn IUGR piglets were assigned into the IUGR and pGLP-2 microsphere groups. The piglets in the pGLP-2 microsphere group were intraperitoneally administered with 100 mg of pGLP-2 microspheres on day 1 of birth. Results From days 15 to 26 of trial, the body weight of the IUGR piglets treated with pGLP-2 microspheres was significantly higher than that in the control group. Importantly, the weaning weight in the pGLP-2 group catches up with the body weight of normal birth weight piglets. IUGR piglets treated with pGLP-2 microspheres significantly showed increased pancreas weight, serum insulin content, and activities of digestive enzymes (lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase). Injection of pGLP-2 microspheres returned the intestinal absorptive capacity by significantly increasing the mRNA expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 in the jejunum, glucose transporter type 2 in the duodenum and jejunum, H + -coupled transporter, and peptide transporter 1 in the jejunum and ileum. It also returned the redox balance by increasing the catalase mRNA expression and decreasing the heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression. In addition, this improvement was associated with the significant increase in gut diameter, length, and weight induced by pGLP-2. Conclusions Injection of pGLP-2 microspheres was a suitable therapeutic strategy for compensatory growth in low birth weight IUGR piglet.

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Association of selected polymorphic sites in the IGF1R gene with body weight and conformation of Hereford cattle

Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0504 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

Małgorzata Anna Szewczuk ◽

Hanna Kulig

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Heterozygous Individual ◽

Hereford Cattle ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selected polymorphic sites located in various fragments of the IGF1R gene and the growth and development of Hereford cattle. Variation in the gene was identified using the PCR-RFLP and ACRS-PCR methods. The herd showed no variation at the IGF1R/i4/Mph1103I site (monomorphism), but in the case of IGF1R/e7/TaiI polymorphism, one heterozygous individual was observed, while the others had the CC genotype. In the case of IGF1R/e21/TaqI and IGF1R/ i4/HinfI, significant differences were only noted for birth weight (P ≤ 0.01; (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, in individuals with the rare genotype (TT), the lumbar spine was higher, overall body weight was greater, and calving took place earlier.

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Ileal and hindgut fermentation in the growing pig fed a human-type diet

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520001385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 124 (6) ◽

pp. 567-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anna M. E. Hoogeveen ◽

Paul J. Moughan ◽

Edward S. de Haas ◽

Paul Blatchford ◽

Warren C. McNabb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Human Type ◽

Growing Pig ◽

Microbial Inocula

AbstractDietary fibre fermentation in humans and monogastric animals is considered to occur in the hindgut, but it may also occur in the lower small intestine. This study aimed to compare ileal and hindgut fermentation in the growing pig fed a human-type diet using a combined in vivo/in vitro methodology. Five pigs (23 (sd 1·6) kg body weight) were fed a human-type diet. On day 15, pigs were euthanised. Digesta from terminal jejunum and terminal ileum were collected as substrates for fermentation. Ileal and caecal digesta were collected for preparing microbial inocula. Terminal jejunal digesta were fermented in vitro with a pooled ileal digesta inoculum for 2 h, whereas terminal ileal digesta were fermented in vitro with a pooled caecal digesta inoculum for 24 h. The ileal organic matter fermentability (28 %) was not different from hindgut fermentation (35 %). However, the organic matter fermented was 66 % greater for ileal fermentation than hindgut fermentation (P = 0·04). Total numbers of bacteria in ileal and caecal digesta did not differ (P = 0·09). Differences (P < 0·05) were observed in the taxonomic composition. For instance, ileal digesta contained 32-fold greater number of the genus Enterococcus, whereas caecal digesta had a 227-fold greater number of the genus Ruminococcus. Acetate synthesis and iso-valerate synthesis were greater (P < 0·05) for ileal fermentation than hindgut fermentation, but propionate, butyrate and valerate synthesis was lower. SCFA were absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract location where they were synthesised. In conclusion, a quantitatively important degree of fermentation occurs in the ileum of the growing pig fed a human-type diet.

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Some biological aspects of partial starvation. The effect of weight loss and regrowth on body compsition in sheep

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19740105 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 515-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. H. Burton ◽

M. Anderson ◽

J. T. Reid

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Whole Body ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Dietary Treatments

1. A study of the effects of four dietary treatments on body-weight and the water, protein, fat and energy content of the empty bodies of forty-three Suffolk ewes is reported. The treatments were as follows: T1, ad lib. food intake from a full-body-weight (FBW) of 40 kg to 71 kg; T2, partial fasting with a resulting weight loss from 71 kg to 50 kg FBW; T3, realimentation and regrowth from 50 kg to 71 kg FBW; T4, a slight food restriction producing a reduced growth rate from 40 kg to 50 kg FBW followed by ad lib. food intake from 50 kg to 71 kg FBW. On all treatments sheep were slaughtered in groups of three at 7 kg intervals between 50 kg and 71 kg FBW.2. The whole body, with the exception of several body organs and glands, wool and the contents of the gastrointestinal tract, was minced and analysed for water, protein, fat and energy. Adipose tissue samples were removed at slaughter from subcutaneous and internal fat depots for histological examination. Regression analysis was used in comparing treatment effects on body composition.3. No significant differences were observed between the results of T1 and T4. In consequence these results were pooled and are referred to as T1. At 40 kg FBW the empty (ingesta-free) bodies of the lambs contained approximately 52% water, 14 % protein and 29% fat. Through normal growth to 71 kg FBW on T1 these values had changed to 40, 11.5 and 45 %, respectively. Following weight loss to 50 kg FBW on T2 the water, protein and fat contents of the empty bodies were 47, 13.5 and 35 %, respectively. Regrowth on T3 to 71 kg FBW resulted in little change in these components, the respective values being 46, 13 and 36 %. The sheep which had undergone weight loss and regrowth retained significantly more water and less energy than normally grown controls and tended to deposit less fat and more protein.4. Gastrointestinal tract contents accounted for 11 % of FBW at 71 kg in T3 animals. In T1, the value was 7.1 % at a similar FBW. Thus there was an average increase of over 56 % in contents in the realimented animals.5. Mean adipocyte diameter at 50 kg FBW on T1 was 134 ± 3 μm. At 71 kg FBW the mean diameter had increased to 152 ± 9 μm. Weight reduction (T2) and regrowth (T3) resulted in mean diameters of 122 ± 4 μm and 143 ± 4 μm at 50 kg and 71 kg FBW, respectively.

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Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources

Genes & Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12263-021-00694-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stella Romanet ◽

Jörg R. Aschenbach ◽

Robert Pieper ◽

Jürgen Zentek ◽

John K. Htoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Oral Mucosa ◽

Protein Translation ◽

Primary Role ◽

Intestinal Segments ◽

Small Intestinal

Abstract Background Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Methods A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. Results Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). Conclusion A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.

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Effect of sow prolificacy and nutrition on preand postnatal growth of progeny – a review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2013-0060 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 3-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Anna Rekiel ◽

Justyna Więcek ◽

Martyna Batorska ◽

Józef Kulisiewicz

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Maternal Environment ◽

Nutritional Treatment

Abstract Weakened growth and development of embryos as well as of fetuses or their organs (IUGR) show a relationship with increasing sow fertility. When aiming to increase birth weight in piglets and reduce within-litter variation in piglet body weight, efforts should be made to maintain a favourable maternal environment (uterus-placenta-embryo). Intrauterine undernutrition can be limited through the hormonal and/or nutritional treatment of pregnant sows. This has an effect on prenatal myogenesis, resulting in better development of skeletal muscles, higher birth weight of piglets, and progression in postnatal growth rate.

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Effects of iron, Vitamin A and the interaction between the two nutrients on intestinal development and cell differentiation in piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab258 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Zhou ◽

Yan Qin ◽

Xia Xiong ◽

Zhaobin Wang ◽

Min Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Surface Area ◽

Ferrous Sulfate ◽

Endocrine Cells ◽

Relative Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Intestinal Development

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of iron, vitamin A (VA) and their interaction on intestinal development and differentiation of cells in suckling piglets. Therefore, 32 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire 0-day-old newborn boars with similar body weights were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 1 pig in each replicate. All the piglets were breastfed. In addition, the piglets were given normal saline (CON group) or ferrous sulfate (OAFe group) or VA (VA group) or ferrous sulfate and VA (OAFe + VA group) on the 2 nd, 7 th, 12 th and 17 th day, respectively. The piglets were then slaughtered on the 21 st day, and intestinal samples were collected. The results showed that: (1) iron (P < 0.001) significantly increased the length, weight, relative weight, and the length to weight ratio of the small intestine. On the other hand, VA had a significant effect on the weight to length ratio (P = 0.015) and relative weight (P < 0.001) of the small intestine; (2) with regard to intestinal morphology, supplementation with iron (P <0.05) had obvious effects on the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus width (VW), and surface area. Additionally, both VA and interaction of VA and iron increased the VH (P < 0.05) and surface area (P = 0.001). The results also showed that iron (P < 0.01) increased the number of crypt goblet cells, Ki67 positive cells, and endocrine cells. Moreover, both VA and the interaction between VA and iron increased the number of endocrine cells in the villi (P = 0.05); (3) With regard to the mRNA expression levels of stem cell differentiation marker genes, iron (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of trophinin 2 (Trop2), leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 positive (Lgr5+), male specific lethal 1(Msl1), BMI 1 proto-oncogene, polycomb ring finger (Bmi1), achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 (Ascl2). On the other hand, VA increased the expression of Ascl2 (P = 0.001) although the interaction of VA and iron (P < 0.05) had an effect on the expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and Bmi1. In addition, VA decreased the gene or mRNA expression of aconitase 1 (Aco1; P < 0.001), transferrin receptor (TFRC; P = 0.001), and solute carrier family 11 member 2 (DMT1; P = 0.003) in the Iron Reactive Element/Iron Regulatory Protein (IRE/IRP) signaling pathway although iron and the interaction of VA and iron had no effect on the genes’ expression. The results therefore showed that VA, iron, and their interaction can promote intestinal development and epithelial cell differentiation in piglets.

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Penggunaan Prebiotik Oligosakarida Ekstrak Tepung Buah Rumbia (Metroxylon sago Rottb.) dalam Ransum terhadap Performan Ayam Pedaging

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v9i2.624 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Muhammad Daud ◽

Wiranda G Piliang ◽

Komang G Wiryawan ◽

Agus Setiyono

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Basal Ration

Effect of prebiotic oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit (Metroxylon sago Rottb.) in the ration on broiler performanceABSTRACT. Prebiotic oligosaccharides are thought to provide beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals by stimulating growth of selected members of the intestinal microflora. Prebiotic oligosaccharides are defined as nondigestible food ingredients that provide beneficial effects to the host by stimulating the growth of selected microbial members of the gastrointestinal tract. Among the colonic bacteria capable of metabolizing prebiotic oligosaccharides and whose growth is stimulated are species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Prebiotic oligosaccharides can be produced in transgli-cosylation reactions catalyzed by glycosidases. Glycosidases from different biological sources have specific ability to catalyze the formation of oligosaccharides with particular chain lengths (usually DP 7) and predominant glycosidic linkages. Oligosaccharide used this research was purified rumbia fruit extract as prebiotic for feed additive in the ration on broiler. The objectives of this research were to study the performance of broiler given of prebiotic oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit (metroxylon sago Rottb.) in the ration. Two hundred day-old chicks of broiler were divided into three dietary treatments and four replications. Ration used was consisted of: R1 = basal ration (control), R2 = basal ration + 0,4% oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit, and R3 = basal ration + 0,4% frukto-oligosaccharide (FOS). The variables observed were: feed consumption, body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality, and production index. The result showed that the performances of the broiler supplemented prebiotic oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit (R2) was significantly (P 0.05) differences between of feed consumption, body weight, and mortality. It is concluded that of prebiotic oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit were able to decrease the mortality and feed consumption at six week of age.

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Effects of Feeding Diets Containing Lactose, Agar, Cellulose, Raw Potato Starch or Arabinose on the Dry Weights of Cleaned Gastrointestinal Tract Organs in the Rat

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.188.3.550 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 188 (3) ◽

pp. 550-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jessie E. Fischer

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Potato Starch ◽

Control Diet ◽

Wood Cellulose ◽

Fecal Pellets ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Stomach Weight ◽

Feeding Diets

Purified diets containing 25% lactose, agar, wood cellulose or raw potato starch, or 10% arabinose were compared with a control diet containing cornstarch as the only carbohydrate for effects upon dry weights of cleaned gastrointestinal organs in rats. Many effects of diets upon absolute organ weights and upon organ weights relative to body weight were found. When the lactose diet was fed for 1 week from weaning, the relative small intestine weight and the absolute and relative weights of both the cecum and the colon plus rectum were increased over the controls. When all of the diets were fed for 4–5 weeks, organ weights were increased by diets as follows: relative stomach weight by agar and cellulose, absolute and relative small intestine weights by lactose, relative small intestine weight by arabinose, absolute and relative cecum weights by all experimental diets except cellulose, and absolute and relative colon plus rectum weights by all five experimental diets. Thus, stomach growth is affected by diet little or not at all, while intestine growth is differently affected in its different regions by various diets. Increases in dry weights or numbers of fecal pellets were not at all related to increases in small intestine or cecum weight, and were not well related to increases in colon plus rectum weight. Using these facts and knowledge of certain properties of the various substances, certain ideas as to modes of action of diets in producing the observed changes were excluded.

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Growth and development of young game pheasants (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>)

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-54-83-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 83-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Kokoszyński ◽

Z. Bernacki ◽

A. Cisowska

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Lower Proportion ◽

Phasianus Colchicus ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Commercial Feed ◽

Body Weights ◽

Ad Libitum

Abstract. Fifty game pheasants were kept to 8 weeks in confinement housing and later maintained outdoors in a partially roofed aviary. Pheasants received commercial feed mixtures ad libitum. Body weight and dimensions were determined every 4 weeks. Ten pheasants were selected for slaughter at the end of 18 and 20 weeks each. After slaughter, their heads, shanks, feathers, blood, inedible viscera and major internal organs were weighed and digestive tract separated and measured. The carcasses were dissected. Higher body weights and daily gains were found in males than in females on all test days during rearing to 20 weeks of age. Compared to females, males had significantly longer keel from 4 weeks, longer lower thighs and shanks from 8 weeks, and longer trunk with and without neck and greater chest circumference from 12 weeks of age. Older pheasants had a significantly lower proportion of feathers and blood, and higher content of inedible viscera, with significantly relatively shorter (cm 100 g b.w.−1) small intestine, caecum and rectum in males than in females. With advancing age, there was a decrease in the proportion of gizzard (significant) and liver, and in males a significant increase in the proportion of testicles.

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