217 Comparative Effects of Dietary Methionine and Cysteine Supplementation on Redox Status and Intestinal Integrity in Immunologically Challenged-weaned Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 114-114
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Chengbo Yang ◽  
Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Trolox Equivalent ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran

Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary Met and Cys supplementation in immunologically challenged-weaned pigs. Forty weaned piglets (6.51 ± 0.29 kg) were randomly allocated to five treatments and fed the assigned diets for 9 days. The treatments included: (1) sham-challenged control (SCC), (2) challenged control (CC), (3) MET (CC + 0.1% DL-Met supplementation), (4) CYS (CC + 0.1% L-Cys supplementation), and (5) MET+CYS (CC + 0.1% DL-Met and 0.1% L-Cys supplementation). Piglets were intramuscularly injected with either lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 30 μg/kg) or saline solution on day 7. All data were analyzed using single degree of freedom contrasts in the mixed procedure of SAS to test the effect of LPS challenge, Met supplementation, Cys supplementation, and Met × Cys supplementation. The CC group had lower (P < 0.05) villi height and villi surface area and glutathione (GSH) concentration and higher (P < 0.05) flux of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) in the jejunum than SCC group. Dietary Cys supplementation increased (P < 0.05) villi surface area, GSH concentration and reduced GSH: oxidized GSH and decreased (P < 0.05) the flux of FD4 in the jejunum. Dietary Met supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) hepatic GSH content. Pigs in the MET group had greater mRNA abundance of IL-6 and IL-10 (P < 0.05) and lower serum IL-8 concentration than those in the CC group. There were Met × Cys interactions (P < 0.05) in serum IL-4 and IL-8 concentrations and hepatic Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, dietary L-Cys supplementation restored intestinal integrity and GSH concentration that were affected by LPS challenge. Dietary DL-Met supplementation improved hepatic GSH and reduced systemic inflammatory response, but antagonistic interaction with dietary Cys supplementation was observed in inflammatory response and redox status.

scholarly journals Evaluation of curcumin and copper acetate against Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaisa A. Leyva-Diaz ◽  
Daniel Hernandez-Patlan ◽  
Bruno Solis-Cruz ◽  
Bishnu Adhikari ◽  
Young Min Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

Abstract Background: Interest in the use of natural feed additives as an alternative to antimicrobials in the poultry industry has increased in recent years because of the risk of bacterial resistance. One of the most studied groups are polyphenolic compounds, given their advantages over other types of additives and their easy potentiation of effects when complexes are formed with metal ions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of copper acetate (CA), curcumin (CR), and their combination (CA-CR) against Salmonella Typhimurium colonization, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens through a laboratory Salmonella infection model. S. Typhimurium recovery was determined on day 10 post-challenge by isolating Salmonella in homogenates of the right cecal tonsil (12 chickens per group) on Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 (XLT-4) with novobiocin and nalidixic acid. Intestinal integrity was indirectly determined by the fluorometric measurement of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) in serum samples from blood obtained on day 10 post-S. Typhimurium challenge. Finally, microbiota analysis was performed using the content of the left caecal tonsil of 5 chickens per group by sequencing V4 region of 16S rRNA gene.Results: The results showed that in two independent studies, all experimental treatments were able to significantly reduce the S. Typhimurium colonization in cecal tonsils (CT, P< 0.0001) compared to the positive control (PC) group. However, only CA-CR was the most effective treatment in reducing S. Typhimurium counts in both independent studies. Furthermore, the serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in chickens treated with CR was significantly lower when compared to PC (P= 0.0084), which is related to a decrease in intestinal permeability and therefore intestinal integrity. The effect of dietary treatments in reducing Salmonella was further supported by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences using Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) since Salmonella was significantly enriched in PC group (LDA score > 2.0 and P<0.05) compared to the other groups. In addition, Coprobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium were significantly higher in the PC group compared to other treatment groups. On the contrary, Fecalibacterium and Enterococcus in CR, unknown genus of Erysipelotrichaceae at CA-CR, and unknown genus of Lachnospiraceae at CA were significantly more abundant respectively.Conclusions: CR treatment was the most effective treatment to reduce S. Typhimurium intestinal colonization and maintain better intestinal homeostasis which might be achieved through modulation of cecal microbiota.

scholarly journals Evaluation of curcumin and copper acetate against Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaisa A. Leyva-Diaz ◽  
Daniel Hernandez-Patlan ◽  
Bruno Solis-Cruz ◽  
Bishnu Adhikari ◽  
Young Min Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

Abstract Background Interest in the use of natural feed additives as an alternative to antimicrobials in the poultry industry has increased in recent years because of the risk of bacterial resistance. One of the most studied groups are polyphenolic compounds, given their advantages over other types of additives and their easy potentiation of effects when complexes are formed with metal ions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of copper acetate (CA), curcumin (CR), and their combination (CA-CR) against Salmonella Typhimurium colonization, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens through a laboratory Salmonella infection model. S. Typhimurium recovery was determined on day 10 post-challenge by isolating Salmonella in homogenates of the right cecal tonsil (12 chickens per group) on Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 (XLT-4) with novobiocin and nalidixic acid. Intestinal integrity was indirectly determined by the fluorometric measurement of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) in serum samples from blood obtained on d 10 post-S. Typhimurium challenge. Finally, microbiota analysis was performed using the content of the left caecal tonsil of 5 chickens per group by sequencing V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Results The results showed that in two independent studies, all experimental treatments were able to significantly reduce the S. Typhimurium colonization in cecal tonsils (CT, P < 0.0001) compared to the positive control (PC) group. However, only CA-CR was the most effective treatment in reducing S. Typhimurium counts in both independent studies. Furthermore, the serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in chickens treated with CR was significantly lower when compared to PC (P = 0.0084), which is related to a decrease in intestinal permeability and therefore intestinal integrity. The effect of dietary treatments in reducing Salmonella was further supported by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences using Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) since Salmonella was significantly enriched in PC group (LDA score > 2.0 and P < 0.05) compared to other groups. In addition, Coprobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium were significantly higher in the PC group compared to other treatment groups. On the contrary, Fecalibacterium and Enterococcus in CR, unknown genus of Erysipelotrichaceae at CA-CR, and unknown genus of Lachnospiraceae at CA were significantly more abundant respectively. Conclusions CR treatment was the most effective treatment to reduce S. Typhimurium intestinal colonization and maintain better intestinal homeostasis which might be achieved through modulation of cecal microbiota.

scholarly journals Evaluation of curcumin and copper acetate against Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaisa A. Leyva-Diaz ◽  
Daniel Hernandez-Patlan ◽  
Bruno Solis-Cruz ◽  
Bishnu Adhikari ◽  
Young Min Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

Abstract Background: Interest in the use of natural feed additives as an alternative to antimicrobials in the poultry industry has increased in recent years because of the risk of bacterial resistance. One of the most studied groups are polyphenolic compounds, given their advantages over other types of additives and their easy potentiation of effects when complexes are formed with metal ions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of copper acetate (CA), curcumin (CR), and their combination (CA-CR) against Salmonella Typhimurium colonization, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens through a laboratory Salmonella infection model. S. Typhimurium recovery was determined on day 10 post-challenge by isolating Salmonella in homogenates of the right cecal tonsil (12 chickens per group) on Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 (XLT-4) with novobiocin and nalidixic acid. Intestinal integrity was indirectly determined by the fluorometric measurement of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) in serum samples from blood obtained on day 10 post-S. Typhimurium challenge. Finally, microbiota analysis was performed using the content of the left caecal tonsil of 5 chickens per group by sequencing V4 region of 16S rRNA gene.Results: The results showed that in two independent studies, all experimental treatments were able to significantly reduce the S. Typhimurium colonization in cecal tonsils (CT, P< 0.0001) compared to the positive control (PC) group. However, only CA-CR was the most effective treatment in reducing S. Typhimurium counts in both independent studies. Furthermore, the serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in chickens treated with CR was significantly lower when compared to PC (P= 0.0084), which is related to a decrease in intestinal permeability and therefore intestinal integrity. The effect of dietary treatments in reducing Salmonella was further supported by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences using Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) since Salmonella was significantly enriched in PC group (LDA score > 2.0 and P<0.05) compared to the other groups. In addition, Coprobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium were significantly higher in the PC group compared to other treatment groups. On the contrary, Fecalibacterium and Enterococcus in CR, unknown genus of Erysipelotrichaceae at CA-CR, and unknown genus of Lachnospiraceae at CA were significantly more abundant respectively.Conclusions: CR treatment was the most effective treatment to reduce S. Typhimurium intestinal colonization and maintain better intestinal homeostasis which might be achieved through modulation of cecal microbiota.

260 Growth Performance and Gut Integrity of Nursery Pigs Fed Diet with butyric Acid and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 109-110
Author(s):  
Jinsu Hong ◽  
Hee Seong Kim ◽  
Rob Patterson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
Yeast Product

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of butyric acid (BA) and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast product (EYP) on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs (initial body weight = 6.60 kg) were housed in 24 pens (4 pigs/pen) and fed 3 diets in a randomized complete block design. The diets were corn-soybean meal-based without or with 0.05% BA or 0.1% EYP. The diets were fed in 2 phases; Phase 1: d 0 to 7 and Phase 2: d 7 to 20. Growth performance and fecal score were determined by phase. One pig from in each pen was selected for measuring organ weights, gut permeability, and electrophysiological parameters of jejunum mounted in Ussing chambers. The selected pigs were sacrificed at a rate of 6 pigs (balanced for diets) per day from d 10 to 17. Dietary BA increased (P &lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio for d 7 to 20 by 5.8% and for entire study period by 15.8%. Fecal scores were unaffected by dietary BA or EYP. Dietary EYP increased (P &lt; 0.05) weight of cecum as a proportion of live body weight by 36.4%. Dietary BA decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the flow of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from mucosal to serosal side of jejunum by 31.7%, implying that dietary BA reduced jejunal permeability. Jejunal short circuit current was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by dietary BA or EYP. However, jejunal trans-epithelial electrical resistance was unaffected by dietary BA or EYP. In conclusion, dietary BA improved feed efficiency and reduced jejunal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, implying that it can improve the gut health of weaned pigs through reduced jejunal permeability to toxins. Dietary EYP increased caecum weight, implying that it can improve hindgut fermentation in weaned pigs.

scholarly journals Fish Oil Enhances Intestinal Integrity and Inhibits TLR4 and NOD2 Signaling Pathways in Weaned Pigs after LPS Challenge

2012 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
pp. 2017-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulan Liu ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
Jack Odle ◽  
Xi Lin ◽  
Sheila K. Jacobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Lps Challenge

scholarly journals L-Tryptophan Enhances Intestinal Integrity in Diquat-Challenged Piglets Associated with Improvement of Redox Status and Mitochondrial Function

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Liu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Honglin Yan ◽  
Hongfu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Integrity

Tryptophan (Trp) supplementation has been shown to improve growth performance and enhance intestinal integrity in piglets. However, the effects of dietary Trp supplementation on the intestinal barrier function in piglets exposed to oxidative stress remain unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary Trp supplementation can attenuate intestinal injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction of piglets caused by diquat injection. Thirty-two piglets at 25 days of age were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) the non-challenged control; (2) diquat-challenged control; (3) 0.15% Trp-supplemented diet + diquat; (4) 0.30% Trp supplemented diet + diquat. On day seven, the piglets were injected intraperitoneally with sterilized saline or diquat (10 mg/kg body weight). The experiment lasted 21 days. Dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp improved growth performance of diquat-challenged piglets from day 7 to 21. Diquat induced an increased intestinal permeability, impaired antioxidant capacity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp ameliorated these negative effects induced by diquat challenge that showed decreasing permeability of 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, increasing antioxidant indexes, and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. Results indicated that dietary supplementation with 0.15% Trp enhanced intestinal integrity, restored the redox status, and improved the mitochondrial function of piglets challenged with diquat.

scholarly journals Effect of exercise-induced dehydration on circulatory markers of oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent P. Georgescu ◽  
Tacito P. de Souza Junior ◽  
Christian Behrens ◽  
Marcelo P. Barros ◽  
Carlos Alves Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Reducing Ability ◽  
Trolox Equivalent ◽  
Antioxidant Concentration ◽  
Exercise Induced

Dehydration is a common event associated with exercise. However, few studies have examined the effects of dehydration on plasma redox status in humans. Eighty-two athletes were recruited and baseline anthropometrics and blood samples were obtained. Athletes then engaged in a dehydration protocol, training until 3% of preweight body mass was lost. Athletes returned to the lab and had postdehydration blood collected. Athletes then consumed an isotonic drink until pre-exercise body weight was reestablished. Blood was then recollected (1 h post full rehydration (PFR)). Samples were centrifuged and the plasma snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Lipid and protein oxidative stress was determined by measuring F2-isoprostanes and protein carbonyls (PC), respectively. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Plasma osmolality was determined using an osmometer. Statistical analysis utilized a 1-way ANOVA with posthoc testing. Values are reported as mean ± SD. Plasma osmolality was significantly elevated immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) but decreased to baseline at PFR. Plasma TEAC increased immediately postdehydration and at PFR (p ≤ 0.001). FRAP increased immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased to below baseline at PFR (p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, F2-isoprostanes declined significantly from baseline to immediately postdehydration and then significantly rose at PFR (p ≤ 0.001), whereas PC declined at PFR (p ≤ 0.01). This study indicates that dehydration and exercise cause a significant increase in plasma osmolality and antioxidant potential immediately postexercise. We propose dehydration significantly elevates antioxidant concentration which suppresses F2-isoprostanes and PC.

scholarly journals A Microencapsulated Mixture of Eugenol and Garlic Tincture Supplementation Mitigates the Effect of Necrotic Enteritis on Intestinal Integrity and Increases Goblet Cells in Broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Alip Kumar ◽  
Sarbast K. Kheravii ◽  
Catherine Ionescu ◽  
Alexandra Blanchard ◽  
Reza Barekatain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Half Dose ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran

This study was conducted to examine the effects of a plant extract mixture, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture (PE), on intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 d-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens housing 20 birds per pen. Six treatments were applied: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus antimicrobial (AM); FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d14. On d 16, the CC group had increased serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), reduced villus surface area, goblet cell number, upregulated CLDN1, JAM2 genes and reduced microbial diversity compared to the UC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced FITC-d, increased goblet cell number and Bifidobacterium compared to the CC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced CLDN5 expression in male birds, and Bacteroides spp. in female birds than CC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that PE supplementation mitigates the effect of NE by improving the intestinal health of birds.

scholarly journals Uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate promotes proinflammatory macrophage activation by regulation of β-catenin and YAP pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Jing Yan ◽  
Minjia Wang ◽  
Jing Lv ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Indoxyl Sulfate ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
M1 Macrophage

AbstractEvidence has been shown that indoxyl sulfate (IS) could impair kidney and cardiac functions. Moreover, macrophage polarization played important roles in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. IS acts as a nephron-vascular toxin, whereas its effect on macrophage polarization during inflammation is still not fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of IS on macrophage polarization during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. THP-1 monocytes were incubated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) to differentiate into macrophages, and then incubated with LPS and IS for 24 h. ELISA was used to detect the levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β in THP-1-derived macrophages. Western blot assay was used to detect the levels of arginase1 and iNOS in THP-1-derived macrophages. Percentages of HLA-DR-positive cells (M1 macrophages) and CD206-positive cells (M2 macrophages) were detected by flow cytometry. IS markedly increased the production of the pro-inflammatory factors TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β in LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. In addition, IS induced M1 macrophage polarization in response to LPS, as evidenced by the increased expression of iNOS and the increased proportion of HLA-DR+ macrophages. Moreover, IS downregulated the level of β-catenin, and upregulated the level of YAP in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Activating β-catenin signaling or inhibiting YAP signaling suppressed the IS-induced inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated macrophages by inhibiting M1 polarization. IS induced M1 macrophage polarization in LPS-stimulated macrophages via inhibiting β-catenin and activating YAP signaling. In addition, this study provided evidences that activation of β-catenin or inhibition of YAP could alleviate IS-induced inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated macrophages. This finding may contribute to the understanding of immune dysfunction observed in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals PSV-8 Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA): what is the best delivery method to newly weaned pigs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Hailey Wooten ◽  
Hwanhee Kim ◽  
Amanda Rakhshandeh ◽  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract We previously found that i.m. injection of GRA, similar to in-feed antibiotics, improves measures of intestinal integrity, nutrient digestibility, and overall growth performance in nursery pigs. In addition, we have demonstrated that the mitigating effects of GRA on the stress of weaning is predominantly done by subsiding the inflammatory response that often accompanies early weaning. The objective of the current study was to explore the most practical methods for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs. One-hundred and sixty-seven PIC pigs were weaned at 25 ±1.0 days of age (BW 7 ±1.2 kg), and assigned to fourteen treatments (3-4 pigs /pen; 3 pens/treatment). Seven treatments were tested within two sexes (gilts vs. barrows). The treatments were: 1) i.m. injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW at -1 and 3 d post-weaning), 2) two levels of in-water GRA (0.8 and 1.6 ppm), 3) in-feed GRA (2.5 and 5.0 ppm), 4) in-feed antibiotic (ANT, 100 ppm tylosin), and 5) control. Dexamethasone was used as GRA. Pigs had free access to in-feed or in-water GRA or ANT during the 1st-week post-weaning. Parameters of growth performance were measured weekly until the end of the nursery phase. A completely randomized design and repeated measurement ANOVA (PROC MIXED) in SAS were used for statistical analyses. In-water, in-feed, and i.m. GRA treatments resulted in growth performance outcomes comparable to that of in-feed ANT. Relative to CON pigs, both ANT and GRA improved ADG and G: F during the nursery phase (P &lt; 0.05). Among the delivery methods tested, 2.5 ppm of in-feed GRA resulted in superior ADG (GRA vs. CON; 0.29 vs. 0.20 kg/d) and G: F (0.63 vs. 0.40 ± 0.05), compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.02). Collectively, these results suggested that in-feed treatment is the best method for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs.

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