PSIX-11 Bacterial clinical mastitis associated with abortion in dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 266-266
Author(s):  
Olga Artemyeva ◽  
Daria A Nikanova ◽  
Evgenia Kolodina ◽  
Varvara Romanova ◽  
Natalia A Zinovieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
The State ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Embryonic Period ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Abstract Within the period from 20.04.2020 to 15.02.2021 the state of 2087 pregnant cows was studied to identify the connection between abortions and the occurrence of mastitis. During the study period 97 cases of clinical mastitis and 149 cases of abortion were identified. Abortions were observed in 42 out of 97 cows with registered clinical mastitis. It was found that cows that had a clinical form of mastitis during the first 45 days of pregnancy (in the embryonic period of development) subsequently had the maximum number of abortions - 27 heads or 64.28% of abortions of cows with mastitis. Among cows that had mastitis in the period of 46–150 days of pregnancy 13 cases of abortion were revealed (30.9% of abortions of cows with mastitis). Among cows that had mastitis during pregnancy for more than 150 days 2 cases of abortion were detected (4.7% of abortions of cows with mastitis). On the basis of bacteriological analysis, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from milk of 15 aborted cows with the diagnosis of clinical mastitis. To identify species the conventional biochemical methods were applied together with the API 20 E, API Staph, API 20 Strep test (bioMerieux SA, France). In total, 18 species of pathogens were identified, including Ps. aeruginosa (n = 5), E. coli (n = 4), S. aureus (n = 1), S. saprophyticus (n = 8). Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus were isolated both from the organs of the reproductive system and from the milk of the cows who had had abortions after suffering from mastitis, whereas no relationship was found between the microflora of the reproductive system and the udder of the cows whose abortions are not associated with mastitis. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No.20-16-00106

scholarly journals Detection of bacterial species from clinical mastitis in dairy cows at Nilphamari district and their antibiogram studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Titon Mia ◽  
Md Khaled Hossain ◽  
Nazmi Ara Rumi ◽  
Md Shajedur Rahman ◽  
Md Shahin Mahmud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The present study was conducted on the rural dairy cows to detect the bacterial species from clinical mastitis in dairy cows with their antibiogram studies during the period from January 2015 to June 2015. For this purpose two upazilla were selected under the Nilphamari district. On the basis of morphology, staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics, the isolated organisms were classified as, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, and Bacillus spp. .For this study, a total of 48 samples were collected from affected mastitis cows. Out of 48 milk samples, 17 were positive for Staphylococcus spp. (35.42%), 9 were positive for Streptococcus spp. (18.75%), 7 were positive for E. coli (14.58%), 5 were positive for Bacillus spp.(10.41%),5 were positive for mixed organisms (10.41%) and 5 were unidentified organisms (10.41%). Antibiogram studies revealed that all of the isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to gentamicin and were resistant to streptomycin. Gentamicin was sensitive to all of the isolates of Streptococcus spp. and was resistant to streptomycin. The isolates of Bacillus spp. were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and Bacillus spp. was resistant to streptomycin. All of the isolates of E. coli were sensitive to ciprofloxacin the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin. Over all sensitivity revealed that ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin were most efficacious. Thus, it may be recommended that ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin in optimum doses would resolve most cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2016, 2(4): 656-663

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Agents Causing Clinical Mastitis in Cattle in Mymensingh and Their Antibiogram Profile

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Md Tanvir Rahman ◽  
Md Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Microbial Etiology ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Mastitis is a serious problem for the dairy cattle in many countries of the world including Bangladesh. Among the microbial etiology bacteria plays a major role in the onset of the clinical form of the disease. Many of these bacteria are resistant to one or more antibiotics thus make the mastitis cases difficult to cure. In the present study Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and E. coli were identified as the dominant bacterial species causing clinical mastitis in cattle in Mymensingh. Antibiogram study revealed chloramphenicol and erythromycin as the most effective antibiotic for the treatment of mastitis in these animals except those caused by Bacillus spp. and E. coli, respectively. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 19-21DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17258

scholarly journals Prevalence of bovine mastitis pathogens and antibioresistance of Escherichia coli isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
A. ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) ◽  
P. TSAKOS (Π. ΤΣΑΚΟΣ) ◽  
K. ANATOLIOTIS (Κ. ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΩΤΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Nine hundred and fifty two milk samples from clinical bovine mastitis cases, originated from 269 farms in Northern Greece, were tested. Escherichia coli was isolated in 49.3% of samples. Furthermore, Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp or a combination of the above bacteria were isolated. The bacteriological result from 4.3% of samples was negative. No correlation between clinical mastitis cases and seasonal variation was observed. Resistance of E. coli isolates to tetracycline was 82-96%, to enrofloxacin 10-30%, to gentamicin 58-80%, to cephalosporins 47-75%, to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprime 46-81%, to ampicillin 71-92% and to neomycin 83-97%. The highest resistance rate and the appearance of multi-resistant isolates of E. coli (6%), to 8 antibacterials, were recorded during the last year of the survey.

scholarly journals STUDY ON BOVINE SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS ON FARM CONDITION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ANTIBIOGRAM OF THE CAUSATIVE BACTERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Hasan ◽  
M. R. Islam ◽  
N. S. Runa ◽  
M, N. Hasan ◽  
A. H. M. M. Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) and antibiogram of the causative bacteria in dairy cows at the Sylhet govt. Dairy Farm (SGDF) and Local Farms of Sylhet (LFS) during the period of July2014 to June2015. These farms were selected to assess the predominant types of bacteria involved in causing sub-clinical mastitis and to know the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity spectrum of these bacterial isolates against the commonly used antibiotics and to study the economic effects due to SCM. Use of California Mastitis Test (CMT) for the detection of sub-clinical mastitis showed 42out of 100 samples were test positive, among which +(Trace) 22.0%, ++(Distinct) 12.0%, +++(Strong) 3.0%, ±(Doubtful) 5.0%.  Bacteriological examination of milk samples of 100 milch cows (400 quarters) revealed that 42 cows (42.0%) had suffering from SCM with different bacterial infection with 95% confidence limit was 32.1574-51.8426. Among 42 positive samples31 (31.0%) cows had mono-bacterial infection and 11 (11.0%) cows had mixed bacterial infections. Statistical analysis of the result of single and mixed bacterial infections in the milk of apparently healthy milch cows revealed that the single infection was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than mixed bacterial infection. Of the 31 mono-bacterial isolates, of which 23 (23.0%) isolates were Staphylococci, 3 (3.0%) isolates were Escherichia coli, 5 (5.0%) isolated Streptococcus spp. The 11 cows had mixed infection, of which 5 had Staphylococcus spp. + Streptococcus spp., 3 had E. coli + Staphylococcus spp., and 3 had Streptococcus spp. + E. coli. Of 42 positive cases of SCM Staphylococcus spp. isolated from 23 samples. Among these 23 positive samples 13 obtained from SGDF (37.14%) and 10 obtained from LFS (15.38%). Escherichia coli isolated from 3 samples. Among these 3 positive samples 3 obtained from LFS (4.62%). Streptococcus spp. isolated from 5 samples. Among these 5 positive samples 1 obtained from SGDF (2.86%) and 4 obtained from LFS (6.15%). Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the best drug for treating sub-clinical mastitis.

scholarly journals Are Severe Mastitis Cases in Dairy Cows Associated with Bacteremia?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Julia Brennecke ◽  
Ulrike Falkenberg ◽  
Nicole Wente ◽  
Volker Krömker
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Limulus Test

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in dairy cows with severe mastitis. Milk samples were collected from affected udder quarters, and corresponding blood samples were collected from dairy cows with severe mastitis at the time of diagnosis before any therapeutic measures were undertaken. The cultural detection of pathogens in blood classified a bacteremia. Further diagnostic tests were performed to provide evidence of bacteremia. This was realized by PCR with regard to S. aureus, E. coli and S. uberis and the Limulus test. Detection of culturable pathogens in the blood of cows with severe clinical mastitis was rare and occurred in only one of 70 (1.4%) cases. Overall, bacterial growth was detected in 53 of 70 (75.7%) milk samples. S. uberis (22/70), E. coli (12/70) and S. aureus (4/70) were the most frequently isolated pathogens from milk of cows with severe mastitis. PCR was performed in 38 of 70 (54.3%) blood samples. PCR was positive in eight of 38 cases. S. uberis was found most frequently in six blood samples (8.6%). E. coli was found on PCR in one blood sample (1.4%). S. aureus was identified in one blood sample (1.4%). When Coliforms were detected in the quarter milk sample, a Limulus test was performed in the corresponding blood sample. In three of 15 cases, the Limulus test was positive (4.3% of samples). Further studies are needed to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in cows with severe mastitis in a higher population size.

scholarly journals Microbial Aetiology, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Pathogen-Specific Risk Factors for Udder Pathogens from Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2113
Author(s):  
Anna Duse ◽  
Karin Persson-Waller ◽  
Karl Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Trueperella Pyogenes ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Mastitis is one of the most important infectious diseases and one of the diseases that causes the greatest use of antibiotics in dairy cows. Therefore, updated information on the bacteria that cause mastitis and their antibiotic susceptibility properties is important. Here, for the first time in over 10 years, we updated the bacterial findings in clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy cows together with their antibiotic resistance patterns and risk factors for each bacterial species. During the period 2013–2018, samples from clinical mastitis were collected, together with information on the cows and herds of origin. The samples were cultured, and a total of 664 recovered bacterial isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most common pathogen and accounted for 27.8% of diagnoses, followed by Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) (15.8%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (15.1%), Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) (11.4%), Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) (7.7%), non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) (2.8%), Klebsiella spp. (2.7%), Enterococcus spp. (1.3%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) (1.2%). Various other bacteria accounted for 2.6%. Staphylococci were, in general, susceptible to most antibiotics, but 2.6% of S. aureus and 30.4% of NAS were resistant to penicillin. No methicillin-resistant staphylococci were found. All S. agalactiae were susceptible to penicillin. Bimodal and trimodal MIC distributions for penicillin in S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis, respectively, indicate acquired reduced susceptibility in some isolates. The mostly unimodal MIC distributions of T. pyogenes indicate that acquired resistance does usually not occur in this species. Among E. coli, 14.7% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, most often ampicillin (8.7%), streptomycin (7.8%), or sulphamethoxazole (6.9%). Klebsiella spp. had low resistance to tetracycline (9.1%) but is considered intrinsically resistant to ampicillin. Pathogen-specific risk factors were investigated using multivariable models. Staphylococcus aureus, S. dysgalactiae, and T. pyogenes were more common, while E. coli was less common in quarters with more than one pathogen. S. aureus and T. pyogenes were mostly seen in early lactation, while E. coli was more common in peak to mid lactation and S. dysgalactiae in early to peak lactation. Trueperella pyogenes and Klebsiella spp. were associated with a previous case of clinical mastitis in the current lactation. Staphylococcus aureus was associated with tie stalls and T. pyogenes with loose housing. All pathogens except E. coli and S. dysgalactiae had a seasonal distribution. In conclusion, the aetiological agents for clinical bovine mastitis have remained relatively stable over the last 10–15 years, S. aureus, S. dysgalactiae, E. coli and S. uberis being the most important. Resistance to penicillin among Gram-positive agents was low, and in general, antibiotic resistance to other compounds was low among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative agents.

scholarly journals Bacteria variety causing clinical mastitis in Holstein-Friesian cows in Pelagonia region, North Macedonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
S. Stojanovski ◽  
G. Cilev ◽  
B. Trajanoska
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Macconkey Agar ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract. The main aim of this study are the bacteria that most often cause clinical mastitis (CM) and their impact on milk reduction in Holstein-Friesian cows in the Pelagonia – North Macedonia region. 36 milk samples were taken from Holstein-Friesian breed of cows with confirmed clinical mastitis by a veterinarian. The samples were taken for the period from January 2019 to December 2020 from 20 different smallholder farms situated in the monitored region. Two sterile tubes with 10 ml of milk in each of them were taken from the affected part of the udder of the cow. A total of 86 tubes with milk from 36 mastitis cows were taken. From each sample 300 µl drips were placed in petri dishes with different selective nutrient media: Mannitol Salt Agar, MacConkey Agar, Endo Agar and Edwards nutrient medium. The petri dishes were incubated at 35±2°C for 24-48 hours in Mannitol Salt Agar, at 30-35°C for 18 to 72 hours in MacConkey Agar, at 35±2°C for 18 to 24 hours in Endo Agar and at 35-37°C for 24-48 hours in Edwards nutrient medium. Morphology of colonies and cells were examined with a microscope. A total of 119 strains were obtained and the following physiological and biochemical studies were performed to determine the new isolates: oxidase reaction, catalysis activity, indol test, hydrolysis of the hyporate, acetoin formation (acetylmethylcarbinol, Voges-Proscauer reaction) and Methyl-Roth test (MR- test). The results obtained revealed that the most common bacterial species causing clinical mastitis in Holstein-Friesian cows in 2019 and 2020 were six species of bacteria, where E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. are dominant.

scholarly journals Assessment of lipid peroxidation in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis

10.5219/1052 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
František Zigo ◽  
Juraj Elečko ◽  
Milan Vasiľ ◽  
Zuzana Farkašová ◽  
Martina Zigová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Oxidative Products ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Relationship Of

Mastitis is still one of the major causes of economic losses in dairy sector. The routine application of bacteriologic examination of milk samples is often insufficient and for this reason, alternative parameters are used to identify trends in the development of the udder health. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of oxidative product levels, using malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker on occurrence of mastitis and its causing pathogens. Dairy herd of 223 Slovak spotted cattle were tested for etiology and occurrence of mastitis based on assessment of clinical signs, abnormal udder secretions, Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) with subsequent collecting of milk samples for bacteriological examination. From 892 quarter milk samples were selected for MDA detection 51 subclinical (SM) and 26 clinical mastitis (CM) quarters with positive CMT score and positive bacteriological examination of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. as well 40 healthy quarters. Results showed that among the current pathogens of the mammary gland belong CNS, S. aureus, S. sanguinis, S. uberis and E. coli, which were the most frequently isolated from SM and CM. The highest MDA level was observed from clinical cases of mastitis however, increased MDA levels were detectable from subclinical cases. Bacterial isolates from subclinical quarter milk samples are different levels of MDA. In this study, we found that quarter milk samples infected with S. uberis were higher compared to other pathogens. In conclusion, differences in both severity of mastitis and mastitic pathogens were associated with differences of oxidative products in infected udders.

Bovine intra-mammary challenge with Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp. Dysgalactiae to explore the effect on the response of Complement activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Maye ◽  
James Flynn ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Gerald F. Fitzgerald ◽  
Philip M. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Complement Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

Recently published work as described by the authors highlighted the extent of Complement activity in bovine milk. Localised mastitis infection occurring in the mammary glands of dairy cows is readily detectable by the levels of somatic cells in milk. Thus, it is opportune to monitor Complement activity in milks in association with the animal's innate immune response to mammary infection. Preliminary screening of milk samples taken randomly showed that milk with a high somatic cell count (SCC) reduced growth of the Complement-sensitive strain E. coli O111 to a greater extent (P < 0·05) than when the marker microorganism was grown in milk heated for the purpose of inactivating Complement. A follow-up study set out to determine the effect on Complement activity when a sub-clinical mastitis infection was induced in the mammary gland of four lactating dairy cows. The effect of Str. dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae inoculation into selected individual udder quarters of the mammary glands of each animal was followed by monitoring of SCC levels in the milks from the segregated udder samples during subsequent milking. At 72 and 96 h post inoculation (PI), the SCCs for the challenged quarter were increased compared to normal values. At the same time, the bactericidal sequestration assay identified increased E. coli O111 inhibition that can be directly linked to greater Complement activity in those quarter milks affected by induced inflammation. Thus, it can be identified that the high SCC milks were more effective in limiting E. coli O111 growth. Milks from the unchallenged quarters in all four cows were significantly less effective at reducing growth of the assay strain (P < 0·05).An ELISA assay targeting specific activation components of the Complement pathways confirmed that greater bacterial inhibition observed during the bactericidal sequestration assay was attributable to higher Complement activity in the milk samples from the affected quarters, i.e., with higher SCC. The induced infection was confirmed as self-limiting in three of the affected animals and their SCC returned to normal levels within 14 d PI, while the fourth cow required brief antibiotic intervention.

scholarly journals Clinical Mastitis Incidence in Dairy Cows Housed on Recycled Manure Solids Bedding: A Canadian Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Fréchette ◽  
Gilles Fecteau ◽  
Caroline Côté ◽  
Simon Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Comparative Group ◽  
National Mastitis Council

Bedding can affect mammary health of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical mastitis incidence in cows housed on recycled manure solids bedding and, more specifically, to determine which pathogens were involved. We followed 26 recycled manure solids farms and 60 straw-bedded farms as a comparative group during 1 year (2018–2019). For each episode of clinical mastitis, defined as a visual alteration of the milk, with or without local or systemic signs of infection, producers sampled aseptically the affected quarter, provided some details about the animal, and sent the sample to the research team at the Université de Montréal. We received and analyzed 1,144 milk samples. The samples were cultured according to the National Mastitis Council guidelines and the different colony phenotypes were subsequently identified with mass spectrometry. In 54.6% of CM cases, a single phenotype of bacteria was cultured (pure culture), while two different phenotypes were found in 16.8% of the samples (mixed culture), and no growth was observed in 14.4% of the samples. Samples with three or more phenotypes were considered contaminated and were not included in the pathogen-specific analyses (14.3% of the submitted samples). The most frequently identified bacterial species in pure and mixed culture in farms using recycled manure solids were Streptococcus uberis (16.0%), Escherichia coli (13.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (6.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%). In straw farms, the most frequent species were S. aureus (16.6%), S. uberis (11.0%), E. coli (9.1%), S. dysgalactiae (8.0%), and K. pneumoniae (1.1%). The incidence of clinical mastitis (all cases together) was not higher in recycled manure solids farms (14.0 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 8.3–23.7) compared with straw-bedded farms (16.3 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 9.0–29.6). However, K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis episodes were 7.0 (95% CI: 2.0–24.6) times more frequent in recycled manure solids farms than in straw farms. Adjusted least square means estimates were 1.6 K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.8–3.4) in recycled manure solids farms vs. 0.2 cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.1–0.6) in straw-bedded farms. Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical mastitis is in general severe. Producers interested in this bedding alternative need to be aware of this risk.

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