226 Impact of corn silage level on finishing cattle nutrient digestion, ph characteristics, and feeding behavior

Abstract When used as a roughage source in a finishing diet, corn silage can have different effects on digestion compared to hay because of the presence of additional corn grain. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of corn silage inclusion level on cattle digestion and feeding behavior. In a digestion study, 3 ruminally cannulated steers (430 kg ± 0.20 kg) were utilized in a generalized randomized block design with 8 periods. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of corn silage included at 0, 7.5 and 15% of the diet DM and a control treatment with 15% alfalfa. Results showed DMD, OMD, NDF digestibility, and ADF digestibility were greatest for cattle fed CS0 followed by CS7.5, CS15, and Alf (P < 0.01). Average ruminal pH was least for CS0, CS7.5 was intermediate, followed by Alf and CS15 with the greatest pH (P < 0.01). Total VFA production was greatest in cattle fed CS0 followed by CS7.5 and Alf with CS15 having the least. Acetate to propionate ratio was least for cattle fed CS0, intermediate for CS7.5 and CS15 and greatest for Alf. Cattle ate the same number of meals which were similar in size as a % of total DMI (P ≥ 0.60). However, cattle fed Alf and CS0 spent more time eating compared to cattle fed CS7.5 and CS15 (P = 10). The rate of intake (kg/hr) was greatest for CS15 (9.55) and decrease linearly for CS7.5 (9.44), Alf (8.12) and least for CS0 (7.68; P = 0.04). These data suggest that cattle, typically at high risk for reduced performance, are susceptible to negative effects of high grain diets, like acidosis, when fed no or low inclusion of roughage. Feeding silage at 15% was similar to feeding alfalfa at 7.5%.

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PSXII-30 The combination of essential oils and exogenous amylases reduces fecal starch of feedlot finishing cattle fed different roughage sources

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.850 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 429-429

Author(s):

Laura B Toseti ◽

Rodrigo Goulard ◽

Vinícius Gouvêa ◽

Tiago S Acedo ◽

Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Block Design ◽

Feed Additives ◽

High Concentration ◽

Finishing Cattle ◽

Starch Concentration ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Gate System ◽

Period Data ◽

Corn Grain

Abstract Eighty-eight feedlot finishing Nellore bulls (358 ± 38.5 kg BW) were used in a randomized block design (initial BW) with a 2×2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of two feed additives (MON - Sodium Monensin, 26 mg/kg DM vs. Crina®RumistarTM - combination of blend of essential oils - 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase - 560 mg/ kg DM; DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil S.A.) and two roughage sources (CS - corn silage vs. SB - sugarcane bagasse) on fecal starch. Animals were adapted to the high grain diets, starting with 20% of physically effective NDF of each roughage source, and gradually decreased to 10% after 20-d. Final diets contained 19.5% CS or 12% SB, corn grain (70.7 and 78.2% for CS and SB diets, respectively), 5.5% soybean meal, 4% mineral and vitamin mixture and 0.3% urea, on DM basis. Feed intake was daily recorded individually during 104 days using individual pens or Calan-gate system. To determine fecal starch concentration, feces from each animal were sampled on days 0, 58 and 85-d of the feeding period. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS considering roughage source, feed additives and interaction as fixed and block as random effects. No interaction between feed additives and roughage sources was observed. Animals fed CS had 20% higher DMI (P < 0.0001) than those fed SB, but roughage sources not affected (P = 0.15) fecal starch concentration. Diets containing different additives did not affect DMI (P = 0.17); however, animals fed Crina®RumistarTM had 21% lower fecal starch concentration (15.9 vs. 21.1 %DM; P = 0.01) than animals fed MON, respectively. Therefore, supplementation with Crina®RumistarTM is an effective substitute of monensin in finishing cattle fed high concentration diets regardless of roughage source, improving the use of starch by the animals and reducing its excretion, reflecting on a lower environmental impact.

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MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FORAGE CACTUS VARIETIES

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252015v28n326rc ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 230-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PHILIPE LIMA DE AMORIM ◽

JANAINA AZEVEDO MARTUSCELLO ◽

JOSÉ TEODORICO DE ARAÚJO FILHO ◽

DANIEL DE NORONHA FIGUEIREDO VIEIRA DA CUNHA ◽

LIANA JANK

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Area Index ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT: Cultivars of the genus Nopalea are known in Brazil for being tolerant to cochineal carmine attacks, thus making the cultivation of this genus a promising alternative for mitigating the negative effects of this insect on the production of biomass. With the objectives of characterizing morphologically spineless forage cactus varieties and identify morphological characteristics that may be the focus in spineless forage cactus breeding programs, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 11 treatments and four replications. The variety Alagoas showed the highest values of weight, area and volume of cladodes. The varieties Negro Michoacan F7 and V7, Tamazunchale V12 showed the highest values of the cladode area index, the total volume of cladodes and total fresh mass production. The varieties Negro Michoacan V7 and F7 presented the highest water use efficiency and dry mass yield. Cladode volume showed the highest correlation coefficients with the fresh weight of cladodes. Aiming the release of varieties for biomass production, varieties Negro Michoacan F7, V7 and Tamazunchale V12 may substitute the Miúda variety. The number and cladode area index may be used as criteria for selection of superior varieties in breeding programs.

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Cycle pruning programmed on the grain yield of arabica coffee

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-7054201943014419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Diego Corona Baitelle ◽

Abraão Carlos Verdin Filho ◽

Sílvio de Jesus Freitas ◽

Guilherme Bessa Miranda ◽

Henrique Duarte Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Arabica Coffee ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Canopy Area ◽

Plagiotropic Branches ◽

Productive Development

ABSTRACT The cycle pruning programmed is a reinvigoration technique widely employed in Conilon coffee. This strategy may also be adopted for Arabica coffee to increase its crop longevity and yield. In this scenario, the present study proposes to examine the influence of the cycle pruning programmed on the vegetative and productive development of Arabica coffee. The experiment was developed in the field as a randomized-block design with four replicates. Treatments were tested in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four stem densities (4000, 8000, 12000 or 16000 stems ha-1) and two management strategies for the removal of plagiotropic branches (annual or biennial removal of branches which had reached 70% or more of their production capacity). For some variables, the treatments were organized as a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in which the last factor corresponded to two regions of data collection in the plant (upper or lower). For all factorial arrangements, an additional treatment (control) was employed corresponding to traditional pruning (recepa). Annual or biennial removal of plagiotropic branches which had attained 70% or more of their production capacity can be adopted with no losses to crop yield. The cycle pruning programmed improves the distribution of branches, increases canopy area and prevents the occurrence of the “naked neck” phenomenon, observed in control treatment. Additionally, it provides better agronomic and productive performance; therefore, it can be used as a substitute for recepa.

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Respons Pertumbuhan dan Rendemen Minyak Klon Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) terhadap Aplikasi Berbagai Dosis Urea (Growth Response And Yield Of Patchouli Clones (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) On Dose Urea Various Applications)

Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan ◽

10.25181/jaip.v8i2.1376 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109-119

Author(s):

Retno Ayu Diah Pangestu ◽

M. Tahir ◽

Fatahillah Fatahillah

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Best Response ◽

Pogostemon Cablin ◽

Wet Weight ◽

The Right

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is a plant that produces essential oils and important foreign exchange earner for Indonesia. Using superior clonesÂ with the right fertilizer application will increase the yield of patchouli oil. The research aims to obtain patchouli plants that have the best response of urea fertilization application and optimum dosage of urea for patchouli plant growth. The study was conducted at the Politeknik Negeri lampungâ€™s teaching farm in December 2018 until May 2019. The experiment was conducted using a factorial randomized block design (RBD), consisting of two treatment factors, namely the type of urea clone. The first factor is the type of clone consisting of 2 levels, namely NPL 9 clone and Lhokseumawe clone. The second factor is the treatment of urea doses consisting of 4 levels, namely control, 250 kg.ha-1, 300 kg.ha-1, and 350 kg.ha-1. Variables observed included plantâ€™s height, bough, diameter, number of leaves, stalk angle, chlorophyll content, wet weight of plant, wind dry weight of plant, and yield. The results of research showedÂ NPL 9 clone had a superior appearance and 350 kg.ha-1 of urea doseÂ was the optimal dose compared to other doses and could increase patchouli yield 2,3% compared to the control treatment.

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INOCULATION OF DIAZOTROPHIC BACTERIA AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN TOPDRESSING IN IRRIGATED CORN

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252016v29n210rc ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 338-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

VANESSA ZIRONDI LONGHINI ◽

WÉSLEY CARLOS ROSSINI DE SOUZA ◽

MARCELO ANDREOTTI ◽

NATALIA DE ÁVILA SOARES ◽

NÍDIA RAQUEL COSTA

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Production Costs ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Diazotrophic Bacteria ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Lower Production ◽

Corn Grain

ABSTRACT: Corn is a nitrogen-intensive crop, and the use of management practices such as inoculation of the seed with diazotrophic bacteria, which can maximize crop productivity and reduce the need of nitrogen fertilizers, may result in lower production costs. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation of corn seed with Azospirillum brasilense and controlled addition of nitrogen to topdressing on the nutrition, production components, and productivity of crop grain. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replications in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of inoculation or not of corn seed with A. brasilense (at 100 mL per 25 kg of seed) and five nitrogen (N) levels in topdressing (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha-1 from urea [45% N]) were applied when the corn was in the phenological growth stage V6. Foliar macronutrients, foliar chlorophyll index (FCI), production components, and yield of corn grain were valuated. Inoculation of corn seeds with A. brasilense increased plant height and grain yield. Fertilization in topdressing, with N levels up to 120 kg ha-1, linearly increased the foliar nutrients and productivity of corn cultivated in the spring/summer in the low-altitude Cerrado region of Brazil.

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Does the nitrogen application associated with Azospirillum brasilense inoculation influence corn nutrition and yield?

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n1p53-59 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 53-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elton M. de Souza ◽

Fernando S. Galindo ◽

Marcelo C. M. Teixeira Filho ◽

Paulo R. T. da Silva ◽

Arthur C. dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Azospirillum Brasilense ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Block Design ◽

Brazilian Cerrado ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

No Till ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Set Up ◽

Corn Grain

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect between inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen application, thus enabling a higher efficiency of nitrogen fertilization, as evaluated by nutritional value, components production, and grain yield of irrigated corn. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria, MS, Brazil, under a no-till system, on an Oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four replications, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four patterns of nitrogen application [application of 30 kg ha-1 of N at sowing and 150 kg ha-1 as cover (30 + 150); 30 kg ha-1 of N at sowing, split into two applications of 75 kg ha-1 as cover (30 + 75 + 75); 180 kg ha-1 of N at sowing (180); and 150 kg ha-1 of N at sowing and 30 kg ha-1 as cover (150 + 30)]; with and without inoculation of the seeds with A. brasilense. The application of 30 kg ha-1 of N at sowing and a single application of 150 kg ha-1 or two applications of 75 kg ha-1 in topdressing, inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense provided better nutrition and development, with a positive reflection on irrigated corn grain yield in the Brazilian Cerrado.

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Physiological Characteristics of Trees Recommended for the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Herbicides

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.M. AGUIAR ◽

J.B. SANTOS ◽

E.A. FERREIRA ◽

C.M. CABRAL ◽

I.M. PEREIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Tree Species ◽

Production Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

High Volume ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Lower Variation

ABSTRACT: Herbicides are inputs with a high volume of use in agricultural production systems for weed management; however, the environmental contamination they cause is a reality. The objective of this research was to evaluate the tolerance of tree species used for the phytoremediation of herbicides in the soil, to atrazine, clomazone and 2,4-D, through the evaluation of photosynthetic indices. Thus, a randomized block design experiment was conducted with four replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement, where the first factor represented the herbicides atrazine, clomazone and 2,4-D and the control treatment without herbicide (water). The second factor consisted in the use of pre-selected tree species for the phytoremediation of soils with residues of the products [Eremanthus crotonoides DC. (candeia), - Richeria grandis Vahl (richeria), Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) Marchand, (breu-branco) Kielmeyera latrophyton Saddi, Kew Bull, (pau-santo) Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (guanandi)]. The herbicides were applied through dishes placed under the culture containers of the plants, when they presented eight months of development. After 15 days from the herbicide application, the visual intoxication, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), CO2 concentration in the substomatal chamber (Ci), and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated. The herbicides affected differently the physiological characteristics of the tree species; atrazine was the most harmful product. Individuals under the effect of 2,4-D and clomazone presented lower variation for their physiological characteristics, compared to the respective control treatments. Breu-branco, despite showing low visual intoxication provided by the herbicides, was the most affected species by the products. On the other hand, candeia was the most tolerant species to the action of the herbicides.

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Effects of 3,4-dimethylphyrazole phosphate-added nitrogen fertilizers on crop growth and N2O emissions in Southern Italy

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/362/2013-pse ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 517-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L. Vitale ◽

L. Ottaiano ◽

F. Polimeno ◽

G. Maglione ◽

U. Amato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Italy ◽

Pore Space ◽

Block Design ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Soil N ◽

Randomized Block Design

The effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylphyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on N-fertilized crop growth and soil N2O emissions were studied at two experimental sites in Southern Italy, characterised by a Mediterranean climate and different soil texture. The experiments were a randomized block design of two treatments: crop fertilized with NH4NO3 (considered the control treatment) or amended with DMPP plus NH4NO3 (considered the DMPP treatment). ANOVA was performed to assess differences between treatments and fertilization periods whereas simple and multiple linear regressions were performed in order to assess the effect of the soil-related in-dependent variables on soil gases emissions. Growth of potato plants fertilized with DMPP-added nitrogen was enhanced compared to control plants, whereas no benefit on maize plants grown during summer was observed. N2O emissions measured from soil to potato after the first fertilization with DMPP-added nitrogen was reduced during winter, but was higher than control after the second fertilizer application in spring, leading to comparable N2O emission factors (EF1) between treatments. In maize N2O emissions and EF1 were lower for DMPP compared to control treatment. The effectiveness of reduction in soil N2O emission was influenced by soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) in both experimental sites. However, the overall effect of WFPS was contrasting as N2O emissions were decreased in potato and enhanced in maize.

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Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2803

Author(s):

Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽

Anderson Corassa ◽

Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽

Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽

Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Proportional Relationship ◽

Inclusion Level

Glycerin is a by-product from the biodiesel chain whose energy value can be beneficial to pig diets. In this study, eight barrows were distributed individually into metabolic cages in a completely randomized block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% glycerin from soybean oil and subjected to the methods of total feces and urine collection and chromic oxide marker. We determined the digestibility coefficients (DC); the dietary levels of digestible dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), an neutral detergent fiber (NDF); digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and these last two variables corrected for the nitrogen content (DEn and MEn). Digestible OM values increased linearly with glycerin inclusion in the diets. The digestible CP of the diets showed an inversely proportional relationship with glycerin inclusion levels. Digestible MM decreased linearly when determined by the total collection method and quadratically when determined by the marker method. There was a linear increase in the digestible and metabolizable coefficients of energy, DE, DEn, ME and MEn of the diets as the glycerin inclusion level was increased. Inclusion of up to 15% glycerin obtained from soybean oil production increased the digestible fractions of organic matter and energy of the diets.

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Plant development, gas exchanges and pigments of Mesosphaerum suaveolens submitted to osmoconditioning and saline stress

Acta Botanica Croatica ◽

10.37427/botcro-2021-005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Romário Andrade Figueiredo ◽

Jackson Silva Nóbrega ◽

Reynaldo Teodoro de Fátima ◽

Toshik Iarley da Silva ◽

Rodrigo Garcia da Silva Nascimento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Chlorophyll Pigments ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Dry Biomass

Salinity is one of the main plant abiotic stresses which affects the establishment and development crops. Hence, the search for technologies that minimize the damage caused by salinity is essential. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and osmotic conditioning of seeds on the biomass, gas exchanges and chlorophyll pigments in Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. The statistical design adopted was a randomized block design, combined according to the Central Composite Design, referring to electrical conductivities of irrigation water and osmotic potentials, with minimum (- α) and maximum (α) values of 0.5 and 10.0 dS m-1 and 0.0 and -1.0 MPa, respectively, totaling nine combinations. The characteristics of dry biomass, gas exchange and chlorophyll indices were evaluated at 45 days after irrigation with saline water started. The salinity of irrigation water severely affected the dry biomass and the gas exchanges of M. suaveolens. Irrigation water of electrical conductivity above 3.2 dS m-1 caused reductions in chlorophyll a, b and total contents in M. suaveolens plants. Seed osmoconditioning did not attenuate the negative effects of saline stress on M. suaveolens plants.

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