Karakteristik Pertumbuhan Melada dan Lada Sambung

Wild pepper of Piper colubrinum Link is used as rootstocks for grafted black pepper (Piper nigrum/Piper colubrinum) because its resistance to fungi that cause root rot disease. Grafted black pepper nurseries and plantations began to be developed by farmers in Lampung. This research aims to study the growth characteristics of wild pepper and grafted black pepper plants. The research was conducted in the field of wild pepper and grafted black pepper owned by farmers in Air Kubang Village, Air Naningan District, Tanggamus, Lampung, using survey method. Plant samples were determined randomly in the fields. The results showed that: (1) Wild pepper plants starts at the age of 1 year form plagiotropic branches with small diameters every 1-2 orthotropic branches, but slowly form orthotropic branches; (2) After the second pruning (of harvesting cuttings) 22% of the plants form orthotropic branches. The yield of pepper cuttings from the first to third harvests increased by 21-25% compared to the previous yield. In the third harvest, the production of cuttings reached 5066 cuttings (2 nodes) per 400 m2 land area or equivalent to 126,650 cuttings per ha of land harvested every 2 months; (3) At the age of 18 months, compared to non-grafted, grafted black pepper showed a greater greeness leaf index, larger stem diameter, larger plagiotropic branch diameter, higher number of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, and 15.6% of grafted black pepper plants were flowering. Key words : Black pepper, cutting, flowering, growth, grafting, Piper colubrinum

Growth and production of conilon coffee under fertilization of nitrogen and molybdenum (Mo)

Nitrogen is the most applied nutrient in Coffea canephora crops, due to the high requirement of the crop and low availability in most soils. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilization can be maximized by applying molybdenum, due to the role of molybdenum in the nitrate’s metabolism. This study was conducted during two coffee production cycles under field conditions. It aimed to evaluate the effects of applying molybdenum on the growth and production of conilon coffee, subjected to different amounts of nitrogen. The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, the first factor being the absence and presence of molybdenum fertilization (4 kg ha-1 year-1) and the second factor, nitrogen doses (300, 500, 700, 900 and 1,100 kg ha-1 year-1) applied in five plots, during fruit development. We evaluated the conilon growth variables in each agricultural year, in addition to the yield of processed coffee and grain yield. The length of plagiotropic branches, number of nodes per side branch, number of rosettes and fruits per productive branch were closely related to the coffee yield and were influenced by the nitrogen fertilization. Increasing doses of nitrogen promoted quadratic increases in coffee yield, with addition of 35.3% and 88.9% for the 2019 and 2020 harvests, respectively, indicating that maximum coffee productivity is genetically defined and affected by environment conditions and management. For the harvest 2020, the application of molybdenum resulted in an increase in the length of the orthotropic stem and plagiotropic branches, in addition to providing increase of 3.7% in the yield of C. canephora. This suggested that there was a reduction in micronutrient availability in the soil, throughout the experimental period, limiting the growth and production of coffee in the second year

Vegetative growth of 28 genotypes of Coffea canephora at 850 meters of altitude

Coffea canephora plants grown at low or elevated temperatures undergo changes in photosynthetic processes, which have a direct impact on vegetative growth. This species shows plants with distinct stress tolerance mechanisms and a great genetic diversity; however, there are no studies concerning the study of altitude on plant growth for these genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth rates of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches from 28 Coffea canephora genotypes, ca. 3 years of age, cultivated at 850 m of altitude. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. Each repetition was compounded by five plants. The period of the experimental evaluation was from 01/23/2013 to 07/07/2013. We selected and identified the orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, which were evaluated bimonthly according to their length (mm), assessing the growth rates. The results were associated with climatic factors that occurred during the experimental period. The genetic material of Coffea canephora evaluated in the study shows genetic diversity to the characteristics growth rate of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, thus, it is possible to select genotypes with potential for cultivation at 850 m of altitude. In general, genotypes of Coffea canephora exhibited variations in growth rates, mainly in response to changes in temperature, with a sharp and constant drop in growth rates between the period from 05/05/2013 to 05/ 23/2013, when the recorded temperatures were always below 13 °C. Genotypes A1, NV2 and NV1 can be pointed as the ones which showed the best vegetative growth results at 850 meters of altitude.

Growth and Productivity of Irrigated Coffee Trees (Coffea arabica) in Ceres-Goiás

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and productivity of cultivars and progenies of arabica coffee under irrigation by driping in Ceres-Goiás. It was conducted in the experimental area of the Goiano Federal Institute-Ceres Campus. A total of 35 treatments were randomized blocks with four replications, from January 2017 to August 2018. At 30 and 36 months after planting, the diameter of the orthotropic branch, canopy diameter, plant height, number of nodes in the plagiotropic branch 1, length of the plagiotropic branch 1, number of nodes in the plagiotropic branch 2, length of the plagiotropic branch 2, length of the plagiotropic branches 1 and 2, number of nodes of the plagiotropic branches 1 and 2 and productivity were evaluated in 2018. The linear simple correlations were estimated in all evaluated characteristics. There was a difference in growth and yield of the evaluated genotypes. There is a positive correlation among the vegetative characters and the productivity. Catucaí Amarelo 2SL presented higher growth than the other evaluated genotypes. The genotypes Catiguá MG 1, Acauã Novo, Acauã 2 and 8, Catucaí Amarelo 24/137, Catucaí Amarelo 2SL, Asa Branca, Paraíso H419-10-6-2-10-1, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15, Acauã, Sarchimor MG 8840, IPR 98, Araponga MG 1 and Obatã Vermelho IAC 1669-20 were the ones that had the highest productivity.

Black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), as a potential threat to the coffee production

In robusta coffee, Coffea canephora, the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) causes considerable damage. Although this has been reported in many crops for years in Brazil, recently, the injury caused by X. compactus in coffee has been ignored. This present study aimed to report the current status of X. compactus in Brazil, and to investigate its attack frequency in different robusta coffee genotypes. In this study, we reported the occurrence of X. compactus in robusta coffee plants in the state of Rondônia for the first time. We also evaluated the occurrence of this pest in different robusta coffee genotypes in the state of Espírito Santo. In all plants, the plagiotropic branches were attacked; however, the genotypes G2, G6, G8, G20, G48, G50, G51 and G52 showed a high number of attacked plagiotropic branches, whereas the genotypes G24 and G41 showed a low attack frequency. Thus, these can be promising candidates for pest resistance studies. Moreover, it was reported that Almeidea rubra, Alseis floribunda, Plinia grandifolia and Casearia Sylvestris can serve as hosts of X. compactus. Thus, our findings suggest that X. compactus is a threat to coffee production, and that future studies are necessary to find appropriate tools for its management.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF CARBOHYDRATE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN THE COFFEE CANOPY

The spatial variability of the total chlorophyll content and carotenoids content, starch and soluble sugars of coffee canopy were mapped throughout the day. Therefore, evaluations were carried out in a ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ coffee plant with 1.7 meters height. A vertical gradient (from the apex to the base of the plant canopy) and a horizontal gradient (plagiotropic branches) were established to analyze different positions of the canopy. Thus, in the vertical direction, four heights were analyzed in the plant: top, upper, middle and lower regions. In the horizontal gradient, the plagiotropic branches were divided into three parts: basal, median and apical. Collection of leaf samples was performed on the east and west sides of the canopy, at 9 a.m., totaling 24 collection points at each time. Higher content of photosynthetic pigments and concentration of sugars were observed in the western face and in the inner parts of the coffee tree. The content of chloroplast pigments and sugars of an individual coffee leaf diverge considerably from other leaves, which requires caution when scaling estimates at the global canopy level. The analysis of some punctual leaves does not serve to discriminate the overall dynamics of a canopy.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF COFFEE TREE PHYSIOLOGY

The ecophysiological parameters of coffee canopy were mapped throughout the day. Therefore, evaluations were carried out in ‘Catuaí Vermelho’<em> Coffea arabica</em> L., measuring 1.7 meters. A vertical gradient (from the apex to the base of the plant canopy) and a horizontal gradient (plagiotropic branches) were established to analyze different positions of the canopy. Thus, in the vertical direction, four heights were analyzed in the plant: top, upper, middle and lower regions. In the horizontal gradient, the plagiotropic branches were divided into three parts: basal, median and apical. Collection was performed on the east and west sides of the canopy, at four times of the day: 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, and 3 p.m., totaling 24 collection points at each time. Gas exchange, photosynthetically active radiation and leaf temperature were evaluated in each of the 24 points of the coffee canopy. The gas exchange characteristics of an individual coffee leaf diverge considerably from other leaves, which require caution when scaling estimates of leaf photosynthesis at the global canopy level. The analysis of some punctual leaves does not serve to discriminate the overall dynamics of a canopy.

Path Analysis of Vegetative Characteristics in Conilon Coffee Production Consortiated with Green Fertilizers in Tropical Climate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between morphoagronomic characters and coffee productivity and their direct and indirect effects under the influence of different types of green fertilizers. The experiment was carried out in the field followed by the sampling method in a pre-established coffee plantation, installed in soil with a slope of 11% in the Southern Region of the State of Espírito Santo. The intercropping of coffee with green fertilizers studied were pigeon pea, jack bean, velvet bean, and wild Mexican sunflower, as well as a control treatment without green fertilizers. The experimental unit consisted of a coffee plant, clonal variety "Incaper 8142" Conilon Vitoria, with a spacing of 2.30 x 2.60 meters, with a crop age of seven years, using the border of at least one coffee plant between experimental units. Eight morphoagronomic characteristics were measured, having as main dependent variable the productivity (in kg per plant) obtained in the harvest of 2015, and as primary explanatory characteristics: plant height, orthotropic branch diameter, plagiotropic branch diameter, number of leaves, number of nodes, number of orthotropic branches, number of plagiotropic branches and number of productive nodes. To increase productivity, coffee plants with the highest number of orthotropic branches and number of plagiotropic branches should be selected. The characteristics of greater direct contribution were a number of nodes and the number of productive nodes.

SHADING EFFECT ON COFFEE TREE IN FORMATION STAGE

<p>According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming is expected with temperature rise and changes in the rainfall in tropical regions, including soil warming, which may lead losses to perennial plants. This phenomenon causes researchers to search through science alternatives in order to minimize these impacts. The objective in this research was to evaluate the cultivation of different plants in a intercropping for the coffee tree shading and its influence on the seedlings establishment, development, coffee growth and the maintenance of lower soil temperatures. The experiment was carried out at the Santa Felicidade Site, Campestre - municipality - South of MG , located at 21 ° 43’ 12 “South and 46 ° 14’ 46” West at an altitude of 1.106 meters. The cultivar used was the Catuai IAC 144, was intercropped with the following species: maize (Zea mays L.), guandu (Cajanus cajan L.), crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis L.), mucuna (Stizolobium aterrimun) and control without any intercrop, totaling five treatments. The plants sowing for shading was performed using a manual planter and the planting was done in 4 plots per treatment, totaling 20 experimental units in a randomized block design with 14 coffee plants per plot. The 10 central plants were analyzed. At the end of the experiment, the following characteristics were evaluated: seedlings establishment, growth in height, average length of plagiotropic branches, number of internodes in plagiotropic branches, coffee canopy and soil temperature. The data were statistically interpreted by means of variance analysis. The means were grouped by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability using the statistical software SISVAR®. According to the results obtained the shading plants in intercropped with the coffee tree managed in the post-planting and first-year phases contributed to a better coffee tree development, observed mainly in the treatments using the Crotalaria and Guandu species.</p>

TEKNIK PEMANGKASAN TANAMAN KOPI (Coffea sp)

Production of smallholder coffee crops is not maximal because the crop maintenance factors are mostly in terms of proper pruning techniques. Through this article, it is hoped that the information and field experience of coffee cropping techniques needed by smallholder coffee farmers will need to increase the production of coffee produced by the good quality of the coffee produced. The purpose of trimming coffee crops is to improve the shape of the tree, improve quality and production, and facilitate maintenance and harvesting. The writing method of this paper was compiled by examining various literature and field assessments of coffee crop trimming techniques to improve the quality of coffee production. As a result of the study in this paper: Trimming forms for coffee crops so that strong crops and crops are balanced in forming Plagiotropic branches, both primary and secondary branches. It should be noted is how to treat the coffee crop itself to support the success of cultivation. Maintenance pruning activities are basically aimed at maintaining the continuity of the plant skeleton obtained from pruning the form by removing unproductive branches. Keywords: coffee, maintenance, form of pruning.