scholarly journals 313 Effects of transport time and rest stop duration on welfare indicators of beef cattle travelling by road

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
Daniela M Melendez ◽  
Sonia Marti ◽  
Desiree Gellatly ◽  
Wiolene Nordi ◽  
Derek Haley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Transport Time ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Resting Period

Abstract Forthcoming revisions to Canadian Transport regulations indicate un-weaned and weaned calves can be transported a maximum of 12 and 36 h, respectively, before an 8 h rest is required. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rest duration after 12 and 36 h of transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8 mo old beef calves. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (258 ± 23.9 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 4 factorial design: 12 and 36 h of transport; and 0 (R0), 4 (R4), 8 (R8), and 12 (R12) h of rest. After the resting period animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin and lactate concentrations prior to, and after the first and the 4 h transport, and 7 h, 2 and 28 d after the 4 h transport. Standing and lying behavior was assessed for 14 d after transport. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, where transport, and time nested within rest period were fixed effects and animal was a random effect. NEFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in 12-R4 than 12-R8 and 12-R12 calves, while 36-R0 calves had greater (P ≤ 0.05) NEFA concentrations than 36-R4, 36-R8 and 36-R12 calves after the 4 h transport. Haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in 36 than 12 h calves. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed for lactate. The day after transport, 36-R8 calves spent more (P < 0.01) time lying than 12-R8 calves. Overall, physiological indicators were greater in calves transported for 36 than 12 h, while no differences were observed between rest stops with the exception of NEFA, where overall concentrations were greater after shorter than longer rest periods.

scholarly journals 5 Effect of rest stop on welfare indicators of conditioned and non-conditioned ranch-direct or auction-market-sourced beef cattle, transported by road

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Daniela M Meléndez ◽  
Sonia Marti ◽  
Timothy Schwinghamer ◽  
Derek B Haley ◽  
Wiolene M Nordi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Auction Market ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
N Source ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8-mo-old conditioned and non-conditioned beef calves, sourced from either a ranch or an auction market. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (245 ± 35.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); source, ranch direct (R) or auction market (A); and rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h. After resting, animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum amyloid-A (SAA) and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations prior to the first loading (L1); after 36 h of transport; prior to and after the additional 4 h of transport, on the day of arrival (0); and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after the 4h transport. Daily standing % and dry matter intake (DMI) were assessed for 3 d after transport. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Fixed effects included conditioning, source, and time (nested in rest), while random effects were animal and pen. At L1, mean concentrations of NEFA, SAA and CK were greater (P < 0.05) for N-R0 than C-R0 and for N-R8 than C-R8. The N and R groups had greater (P < 0.05) standing % than the C and A groups, respectively. On d 0 and 1, the C-R0 and C-R8 groups had greater (P < 0.05) DMI than the N-R0 and N-R8 groups, respectively. Overall, physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare were greater in conditioned than non-conditioned calves, while fewer differences were observed between ranch and auction market calves, as well as rested or unrested calves.

1 Effect of Conditioning, Rest, and Post-rest Transport Duration on Welfare Indicators of Beef Cattle Transported by Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Daniela M Melendez ◽  
Sonia Marti ◽  
Timothy D Schwinghamer ◽  
Derek B Haley ◽  
Karen S Schwartzkopf-Genswein
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of conditioning, rest, and post-rest transport duration on welfare indicators of 6–7 mo old beef calves. Three hundred and twenty-eight weaned calves (237 ± 29.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 nested factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h, and post-rest transport, 4 (T4) or 15 (T15) h. Calves were sampled prior to the first loading (L1), after 20h of transport, prior to and after the additional 4 or 15-h transport, and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after transport ended. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Fixed effects included conditioning, transport and time nested within rest period, while random effects included animal and pen. Greater shrink (P < 0.01) was observed in C than N calves after the initial 20-h transport. The N calves had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than C calves between L1 and d 5, while C had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than N calves between 14 and 28 d. L-lactate concentrations and flight speed were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in C than N calves between L1 and d 5. The R8-T4 calves had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than R8-T15 calves between L1 and d 5. The R0-T4 calves had greater (P = 0.02) L-lactate concentrations than R0-T15 and R8-T4 calves on d 1. The R0 calves had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than R8 calves between 14 and 28 d. Preliminary results show physiological, behavioral, and performance differences across treatments, however, additional indicators are required to accurately assess the effect of conditioning, rest, and post-rest transport durations on calf welfare.

76 Growth and Health of Limousin Crossbred Dairy-beef Calves in an Automated Feeding System

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 115-116
Author(s):  
Brad J Heins ◽  
Kirsten Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine growth and health of Limousin crossbred dairy-beef calves fed alternative milk allowances in an automated group feeding system. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center’s, Morris, MN dairy. Forty-eight Limousin-sired crossbred calves were assigned to feeding groups by birth order during two calving seasons from September to December 2019 and March to July 2020. Calves were introduced to the Holm & Laue HL100 Programmable Calf Feeder (Holm & Laue GmbH & Co KG, Westerronfeld, Germany) at 5 d and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. Treatments for calves were 8 L/d (8L) or ad libitum (AL) milk allowance. Calves were weaned from the automated feeder at 56 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Independent variables for analyses were the fixed effects of season of birth, sex of calf (M or F), treatment group and sex of calf nested within season of birth was a random effect. No differences (P > 0.05) were found between 8L or AL groups for birth weight. The AL calves (109.4 kg) had higher (P < 0.01) weaning weight than 8L calves (95.3 kg). Furthermore, the AL calves had higher (P < 0.01) hip height (95.6 cm) and greater (P < 0.01) heart girth (110.2) compared with 8L calves (93.8 cm and 104.8 cm, respectively). The AL calves (1.14 kg/d) had higher average daily gain at weaning compared to 8L calves (0.91 kg/d). Males calves were not different (P = 0.39) for average daily gain compared to female calves (1.07 kg/d versus 0.98 kg/d). Drinking speeds of AL calves were lesser (P < 0.05; 1,222 mL/min) than the 8L calves (1,453 mL/min). The AL calves and 8L calves were not different for hygiene scores or health scores. The results from this study indicate advantages to feeding dairy-beef calves ad libitum whole milk during the pre-weaning period.

scholarly journals A random effects population dynamics model based on proportions-at-age and removal data for estimating total mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1881-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena M. Trenkel ◽  
Mark V. Bravington ◽  
Pascal Lorance
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
Study Parameter

Catch curves are widely used to estimate total mortality for exploited marine populations. The usual population dynamics model assumes constant recruitment across years and constant total mortality. We extend this to include annual recruitment and annual total mortality. Recruitment is treated as an uncorrelated random effect, while total mortality is modelled by a random walk. Data requirements are minimal as only proportions-at-age and total catches are needed. We obtain the effective sample size for aggregated proportion-at-age data based on fitting Dirichlet-multinomial distributions to the raw sampling data. Parameter estimation is carried out by approximate likelihood. We use simulations to study parameter estimability and estimation bias of four model versions, including models treating mortality as fixed effects and misspecified models. All model versions were, in general, estimable, though for certain parameter values or replicate runs they were not. Relative estimation bias of final year total mortalities and depletion rates were lower for the proposed random effects model compared with the fixed effects version for total mortality. The model is demonstrated for the case of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) to the west of the British Isles for the period 1988 to 2011.

Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Charles A Zumbaugh ◽  
Susannah A Gonia ◽  
Kathryn M Payne ◽  
Thomas B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P < 0.01) and DM was greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P < 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P < 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

scholarly journals Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J Sorensen ◽  
James S Drouillard ◽  
Teresa L Douthit ◽  
Qinghong Ran ◽  
Douglas G Marthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split plot design run as a crossover in 2 periods. Whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. Main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and β diversity were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05) whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared to cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared to the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared to cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.

scholarly journals 51 Intranasal oxytocin improves plasma non-esterified fatty acids but not distance walked or cortisol concentrations at weaning

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Kirsten Nickles ◽  
Alejandro E Relling ◽  
Anthony J Parker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Affect Body Weight ◽  
Global Positioning

Abstract Beef calves express behaviors such as walking and vocalizing to a greater extend during weaning. These behaviors increase production costs due to compromised calf growth, health, and welfare. Oxytocin treatment reduces anxious behaviors and attenuates the HPA axis, thus the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of oxytocin on calf growth, cortisol, and distance walked at weaning. A total of 20 Angus x Simmental heifer calves were randomly allotted to each treatment group (n = 10), intranasal oxytocin or saline (OXT, CON). All calves were administered the respective intranasal treatment at weaning (day 0), and then placed in the same pasture. Calves were weighed and blood sampled on days 0, 1, 7, and 14. Blood samples were used to quantify non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate, and cortisol. Each heifer was fitted with a global positioning system collar that recorded calf location every 10 seconds for 16 h on days 0, 7, and 14. To further evaluate calf behavior, observations were made on days 0, 7, and 14 using instantaneous scan sampling from 0730 to 0830, 1200 to 1300, and 1700 to 1800 h. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with repeated measures model (SAS 9.4). Providing calves with intranasal oxytocin on the day of weaning did not have an effect on the distance walked, observed behavior, body weight, β-hydroxybutyrate, or cortisol concentrations, however, there was a day effect (P < 0.05) for these variables. Intranasal oxytocin treatment did affect NEFA concentrations, as calves in the CON group had greater NEFA concentrations on day 1 compared with calves in the OXT group (P < 0.05). These data imply that intranasal oxytocin could have the capacity to decrease mobilization of NEFA, but this change was not enough to affect body weight 14 days after weaning.

Corporate Ownership Structure and Its Effect on Capital Structure: Evidence from BSE Listed Manufacturing Companies in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 227797522096830
Author(s):  
Palaniappan Gurusamy
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Hausman Test ◽  
Lm Test ◽  
Corporate Ownership Structure ◽  
The Capital Structure

The study aims to examine the relationship between corporate ownership structure and capital structure of BSE listed manufacturing firms in India. The study has included the sample of 357 companies which covers 16 major sectors during the period of 2006–2015. Considering the dynamic panel nature of the data relating to the capital structure and the ownership structure variables. The analysis undertakes a novel approach of examining the determinants both single equation and reduced equation models. In order to determine the most appropriate model, based on the F test, the Breusch Pagan LM test and finally the Hausman Test is conducted. The Hausman test result has been estimated by the fixed effect model is better than the other two models such as pooled OLS and random effect estimation. Based on the fixed effects results, size, risk and profitability have a highly significant relationship with leverage. Meanwhile, the growth opportunities and tangibility represent insignificant values. The study found that the explanatory variables of the promoters’ ownership and the institutional ownership have a negative impact on leverage, while the corporate ownership has a positive influence on the capital structure decision. The individual or public ownership has a negative and significantly related to the capital structure, whereas the effect of the foreign ownership inversely related to the firm’s leverage.

scholarly journals 251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Calvin Gibbons ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P < 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P < 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

scholarly journals Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth under warm farrowing room temperatures on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Piglets experience a decline in body temperature immediately after birth, and both drying and warming piglets at birth reduces this. However, these interventions may have less effective at higher farrowing room temperatures. This study was carried out at a commercial facility to compare the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on postnatal rectal temperature (RT) under relatively warm farrowing room temperatures (26.6 ± 2.09°C). Forty-five sows/litters were used in a completely randomized design to compare three Intervention Treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Warming (piglets placed in a plastic box under a heat lamp for 30 min); Drying+Warming (piglets dried with desiccant and warmed as above). Temperatures in the warming boxes over the study period averaged 37.7 ± 2.75°C. At birth, piglets were weighed; RT temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after birth from a subsample of one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with litter as the experimental unit; and piglet a subsample of litter. The model for analysis of piglet rectal temperature included fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), the interaction, and the random effect of sow. Compared to the Control, piglet RT were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Warming treatment between 10 and 60 min, and higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment between 10 and 120 min after birth. Rectal temperatures were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming than the Warming treatment between 20 and 120 min. Responses to drying and/or warming were greater for low birth weight piglets (< 1.0 kg) than heavier littermates, but were generally less than observed in previous experiments with similar treatments carried out under cooler temperatures. Piglet immunocrit values were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment compared to the other treatments, which were similar (P > 0.05). Immunocrit values tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for light (< 1.0 kg) compared to heavier birth weight piglets. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing piglet RT decline after birth than warming alone, though the effect was less than observed in previous studies carried out under cooler farrowing room temperatures.

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