Broflanilide, a Meta-Diamide Insecticide Seed Treatment for Protection of Wheat and Mortality of Wireworms (Agriotes obscurus) in the Field

Abstract Following the deregistration of lindane, several neonicotinoid insecticides have been registered as seed treatments for controlling wireworms in cereal crops. Unlike lindane, which did both, neonicotinoids provide crop protection but do not reduce wireworm populations. Hence populations of various economic species are growing in key wheat production areas of the United States and Canada, and there is a need for novel seed treatments that match the efficacy of lindane. Herein we evaluated broflanilide, a novel GABA-gated Cl- channel allosteric modulator that differs from the cyclodienes (e.g., lindane) in that it binds to a unique site in the GABA receptor. As such, broflanilide confers a new mode of insecticidal action (Group 30 MOA), and is the first meta-diamide insecticide developed. When evaluated in field trials over 7 yr at various rates, broflanilide at 5.0 g [AI]/100 kg wheat seed was as effective at protecting wheat stand from wireworm (Agriotes obscurus) injury as the current industry standard thiamethoxam at 20–30 g [AI]/100 kg seed. In addition, broflanilide at 5.0 g reduced neonate wireworms (produced from eggs laid in established wheat during the growing season) and resident wireworms (in the field at time of planting) by 73.1 and 81.1%, respectively, which is comparable to that reported for the previous industry standard lindane (75.3 and 57.6%, respectively). These studies show that broflanilide at 5.0 g [AI] will provide consistent wheat stand protection (equal to thiamethoxam at 20–30 g [AI]), and A. obscurus wireworm population reduction (equal to lindane at 59 g [AI]), and will do so at far lower dosages per hectare.

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Crop protection and mortality of Agriotes obscurus wireworms with blended insecticidal wheat seed treatments

Journal of Pest Science ◽

10.1007/s10340-011-0392-z ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 137-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Robert S. Vernon ◽

Willem G. van Herk ◽

Markus Clodius ◽

Chantelle Harding

Keyword(s):

Crop Protection ◽

Wheat Seed ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Agriotes Obscurus

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Expansion of Groundnut ringspot virus Host and Geographic Ranges in Solanaceous Vegetables in Peninsular Florida

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2011-0725-01-br ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 34 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Craig G. Webster ◽

William W. Turechek ◽

H. Charles Mellinger ◽

Galen Frantz ◽

Nancy Roe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

Geographic Ranges ◽

First Report ◽

Geographic Spread ◽

Wide Range ◽

Production Areas ◽

Solanaceous Plants

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of GRSV infecting tomatillo and eggplant, and it is the first report of GRSV infecting pepper in the United States. This first identification of GRSV-infected crop plants in commercial fields in Palm Beach and Manatee Counties demonstrates the continuing geographic spread of the virus into additional vegetable production areas of Florida. This information indicates that a wide range of solanaceous plants is likely to be infected by this emerging viral pathogen in Florida and beyond. Accepted for publication 27 June 2011. Published 25 July 2011.

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Comparison of the Effect of Insecticides on Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) and Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) by Standard Mosquito Research Methods

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa282 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bethany L McGregor ◽

Bryan V Giordano ◽

Alfred E Runkel ◽

Herbert N Nigg ◽

H Lee Nigg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trials ◽

Bombus Impatiens ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Nontarget Effects ◽

Native North American ◽

Significant Mortality

Abstract Mosquito control districts in the United States are limited to two main classes of adulticides, pyrethroids and organophosphates, to control mosquitoes. Two adulticides used to control domestic mosquitoes are Fyfanon EW (malathion, organophosphate) and DeltaGard (deltamethrin, pyrethroid). While the effect of these pesticides on European honeybees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) has been investigated, effects on native pollinators need additional research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute nontarget effects of these pesticides on Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a native North American bumble bee species, and compare these effects to wild and laboratory strains of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Diptera: Culicidae) through field and laboratory assays. Bombus impatiens was found to be resistant to Fyfanon EW (x̅ = 6.7% mortality at 50-µg malathion per bottle) at levels that caused significant mortality to study mosquitoes (86.2 ≥ x̅ ≥ 100% mortality) in laboratory bottle bioassays. Comparatively, B. impatiens demonstrated greater mortality to DeltaGard (93.3%) at 2.5-µg deltamethrin/bottle than any mosquito colony assayed (14.1 ≥ x̅ ≥ 87.0% mortality). Only DeltaGard was tested in field applications. In the field, we observed acute effects of DeltaGard on mosquitoes and B. impatiens at 25- and 75-m distance from a truck-mounted ultra-low volume fogger, although treatment effects were not significant for B. impatiens. Additional wild-caught nontarget mortality to DeltaGard field trials was also evaluated. This study indicated that common mosquito control adulticides do cause nontarget mortality to B. impatiens but that impacts are variable depending on pesticide and further studies are needed.

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Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 and fungicide seed treatments for controlling the root rot complex of field pea

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p02-078 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 519-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. G. Xue

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Field Trials ◽

Field Pea ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Clonostachys Rosea ◽

Pea Root ◽

Pea Root Rot ◽

Better Than

The efficacy of seed treatments with bioagent ACM941 (a strain of Clonostachys rosea), its formulated products GB116 and ACM941-Pro, and common fungicides for the control of pea root rot complex were examined in six field trials in western Canada from 1996 to 2000. The effects on seedling emergence, root rot severity, and yield varied among years. In trials 1 and 2 (1996–1997), none of the treatments significantly reduced root rot severity or increased yield. ACM941 + Thiram 75WP was the most effective treatment, increasing emergence by 17.4% and was significantly better than that of the untreated controls. In trials 3 and 4 (1997–1998), Apron FL alone and ACM941 + Apron FL were significantly better than the untreated control, increasing emergence by 6.2 and 7.7%, and yield by 10.8 and 11.5%, respectively. In trials 5 and 6 (1999–2000), AC M 941 and GB116 were equally the most effective treatments, increasing emergence by 11.5 and 12.2%, and yield by 8.2 and 6.3%, respectively. These effects were significantly greater than that of the untreated control, but not significantly different from those of Apron FL or Vitaflo-280. ACM941-Pro was developed and tested in 2000 only, and it increased emergence by 17.1% and reduced root rot severity by 29.6%. Key words: Bioagent, Clonostachys rosea, field pea, Pisum sativum, pea root rot complex (PRRC), seed treatment, fungicide

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Integrated Control of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot of Sugar Beet with Fungicides and Antagonistic Bacteria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.718 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 718-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Sebastian Kiewnick ◽

Barry J. Jacobsen ◽

Andrea Braun-Kiewnick ◽

Joyce L. A. Eckhoff ◽

Jerry W. Bergman

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Root Rot ◽

Integrated Control ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trials ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Crown And Root Rot

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2, is one of the most damaging sugar beet diseases worldwide and causes significant economic losses in more than 25% of the sugar beet production area in the United States. We report on field trials in the years 1996 to 1999 testing both experimental fungicides and antagonistic Bacillus sp. for their potential to reduce disease severity and increase sugar yield in trials inoculated with R. solani AG 2-2. Fungicides were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting or as band sprays directed at the crown at the four-leaf stage, or four- plus eight-leaf stage, while bacteria were applied at the four-leaf stage only. The fungicides azoxystrobin and tebuconazole reduced crown and root rot disease by 50 to 90% over 3 years when used at rates of 76 to 304 g a.i./ha and 250 g a.i./ha, respectively. The disease index at harvest was reduced and the root and sugar yield increased with azoxystrobin compared with tebuconazole. The combination of azoxystrobin applied at 76 g a.i./ha and the Bacillus isolate MSU-127 resulted in best disease reduction and greatest root and sucrose yield increase.

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Field assessment of partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight in Pisum subspecies accessions

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps2011-152 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 289-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. L. Conner ◽

B. D. Gossen ◽

S. F. Hwang ◽

K. F. Chang ◽

K. B. McRae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partial Resistance ◽

Field Trials ◽

Field Pea ◽

Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

High Severity ◽

Field Assessment ◽

Ascochyta Pinodes ◽

The Mean ◽

Production Areas

Conner, R. L., Gossen, B. D., Hwang, S. F., Chang, K. F., McRae, K. B. and Penner, W. C. 2012. Field assessment of partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight in Pisum subspecies accessions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 289–296. Mycosphaerella blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr., the teleomorph of Ascochyta pinodes Jones, is an important foliar disease of field pea in the major production areas of the world. Partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight has been reported in some field pea cultivars, but, at best, they are only moderately susceptible. A 3-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the mycosphaerella blight reactions of 28 accessions from a number of subspecies of Pisum sativum L. and one accession of P. fulvum Sibth. A few of the accessions carried mutations for the genes af, tl, and st that affect the morphology of the leaflets, stipules and tendrils. Reactions to mycosphaerella blight were characterized based on the mean of the severity ratings taken on the two final assessment dates before the crop matured and also on the change in mycosphaerella blight severity between these two dates. In many of the accessions, severity ratings were similar to that of the moderately susceptible check cultivar, CDC Peko, while a few had high severity ratings similar to those of the susceptible check cultivars. The accession PI 512079, which has small stipules, branched petioles with many leaflets but no tendrils, had the lowest ratings for mycosphaerella blight severity. Four other accessions exhibited the smallest change in mycosphaerella blight severity at the end of the growing season. Differences in leaf morphology likely influenced the change in disease severity, since all the semi-leafless and leafless accessions had smaller changes in mycosphaerella blight severity than the susceptible check cultivars. In a detached leaf assay with two isolates of Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr., the smallest lesions formed on PI 512079, but otherwise the results failed to show a relationship with the observed severity values in the field trials.

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Managing Bees for Delivering Biological Control Agents and Improved Pollination in Berry and Fruit Cultivation

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v4n3p89 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 89 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Heikki M. T. Hokkanen ◽

Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen ◽

Marja-Leena Lahdenpera

Keyword(s):

Crop Protection ◽

Field Tests ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Field Studies ◽

Field Trials ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Dissemination Activity ◽

Grey Mold ◽

Commercial Farms ◽

Disease Pressure

Targeted precision biocontrol and improved pollination were studied Europe-wide in the EU ERA-NET CORE ORGANIC 2 project BICOPOLL (Biocontrol and Pollination). A case study was conducted on the management of strawberry grey mold Botrytis cinerea, with the biocontrol fungus, Gliocladium catenulatum, vectored by honey bees or bumble bees. A joint field trial carried out in five countries targeted strawberry cultivations in open field, and included four treatments: untreated control, chemical fungicide, entomovectored biocontrol, and chemical and biocontrol combined. In organic fields, no pesticide treatments were included. The proportion of moldy berries, and/or the marketable yield of healthy berries were recorded from each treatment, along with other parameters of local interest. A pilot study was started in Finland in 2006, and, by 2012, large commercial farms were using entomovectoring. In 2012, field trials were started in Estonia and in Italy, and in 2013-14, these experiments were expanded to Slovenia and Turkey. In total, 26 field tests were conducted using entomovectoring and Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop® Mix) on strawberry, with five additional trials on raspberry. Efficacy results have been excellent throughout the field studies. The results show crop protection equalling or exceeding that provided by a full chemical fungicide program, under all weather conditions, and over a wide geographical range (from Finland to Turkey). Under heavy disease pressure, entomovectoring provided on average a 47% disease reduction, which was the same as multiple fungicide sprays. Under light disease pressure, biocontrol decreased grey mold by an average of 66%, which was greater than fungicide sprays. The concept has proven to be effective on strawberries, raspberries, pears, apples, blueberries, cherries, and grapes. A conservative estimate for Finland is that over 500 ha of strawberry cultivation currently use the technique (≈15% of the strawberry growing area). To make full use of the entomovectoring technique, organic berry and fruit growers are encouraged to (i) keep bees, or to hire the service from local beekeepers for entomovectoring; and (ii) manage vegetation within and around the target crop to support the activity of bees and other pollinators, which can help to disseminate the beneficial microbial populations within the crop. Beekeepers are encouraged to (i) market pollination and biocontrol services to fruit and berry growers, and (ii) ensure that all operations are effective in mananging bees and their microbe dissemination activity. Biocontrol product manufacturers are encouraged to further develop products and their formulations specifically for entomovectoring, because current formulations are suboptimal as they are initially optimized for other uses (e.g., mixing into the soil).

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First Report of Colletotrichum capsici Causing Postharvest Anthracnose on Papaya in South Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-8-1065b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (8) ◽

pp. 1065-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. L. B. Tarnowski ◽

R. C. Ploetz

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

South Florida ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Water Control ◽

Single Spore ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Sterile Needle ◽

Research And Education ◽

Production Areas ◽

The University

Postharvest anthracnose of papaya, Carica papaya, is an important disease in most production areas worldwide (2). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes two types of anthracnose symptoms on papaya: (i) circular, sunken lesions with pink sporulation; and (ii) sharply defined, reddish brown and sunken lesions, described as ‘chocolate spot’ (2). Colletorichum spp. were isolated from lesions of the first type on papaya fruit from the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead in December 2007 and from fruit imported from Belize in March 2008 (4). Single-spore isolates were identified using colony morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mating type (MAT1-2) sequences. Two taxa were identified in both locations: (i) C. gloeosporioides (MAT1-2; GenBank Nos. GQ925065 and GQ925066) with white-to-gray, fluffy colonies with orange sporulation and straight and cylindrical conidia; and (ii) C. capsici (ITS; GenBank Nos. GU045511 to GU045514) with sparse, fluffy, white colonies with setose acervuli and falcate conidia. In addition, in Florida, a Glomerella sp. (ITS; GenBank Nos. GU045518 and GU045520 to GU045522) was recovered with darkly pigmented colonies that produced fertile perithecia after 7 to 10 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA). In each of three experiments, mature fruit (cv. Caribbean Red) were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with a 15-μl drop of 0.3% water agar that contained 105 conidia ml–1 of representative isolates of each taxon. The diameters of developing lesions were measured after 7 days of incubation in the dark at 25°C, and the presence of inoculated isolates was confirmed by their recovery from lesion margins on PDA. In all experiments, C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides produced lesions that were significantly larger than those that were caused by the water control and Glomerella sp. (respectively, approximately 12, 17, 0, and <1 mm in diameter). C. gloeosporioides produced sunken lesions with dark gray centers and pink/gray sporulation, which match those previously described for anthracnose on papaya (2). In contrast, C. capsici produced dark lesions due to copious setae of this pathogen; they resembled C. capsici-induced lesions on papaya that were reported previously from the Yucatan Peninsula (3). C. capsici has also been reported to cause papaya anthracnose in Asia (4), but to our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported to cause this disease in Florida. Since it was also recovered from fruit that were imported from Belize, it probably causes anthracnose of papaya in that country as well. Another falcate-spored species, C. falcatum, was recovered from rotted papaya fruit in Texas (1). The Glomerella sp. was recovered previously from other hosts as an endophyte and causes anthracnose lesions on passionfruit (4). However, its role as a pathogen on papaya is uncertain since it was not pathogenic in the current work; the isolates that were recovered from papaya lesions may have colonized lesions that were caused by C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides. References: (1) Anonymous. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Handb. No. 165. Washington, D.C., 1960. (2) D. M. Persley and R. C. Ploetz. Page 373 in: Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. R. C. Ploetz, ed. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2003. (3) R. Tapia-Tussell et al. Mol Biotechnol 40:293, 2008. (4) T. L. Tarnowski. Ph.D. diss. University Florida, Gainesville, 2009.

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Alternatives to Atrazine for Weed Management in Processing Sweet Corn

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-16-00001.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 531-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zubeyde Filiz Arslan ◽

Martin M. Williams ◽

Roger Becker ◽

Vincent A. Fritz ◽

R. Ed Peachey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Production Systems ◽

Field Trials ◽

Management Systems ◽

Weed Species ◽

Application Timing ◽

Production Areas

Atrazine has been the most widely used herbicide in North American processing sweet corn for decades; however, increased restrictions in recent years have reduced or eliminated atrazine use in certain production areas. The objective of this study was to identify the best stakeholder-derived weed management alternatives to atrazine in processing sweet corn. In field trials throughout the major production areas of processing sweet corn, including three states over 4 yr, 12 atrazine-free weed management treatments were compared to three standard atrazine-containing treatments and a weed-free check. Treatments varied with respect to herbicide mode of action, herbicide application timing, and interrow cultivation. All treatments included a PRE application of dimethenamid. No single weed species occurred across all sites; however, weeds observed in two or more sites included common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, morningglory species, velvetleaf, and wild-proso millet. Standard treatments containing both atrazine and mesotrione POST provided the most efficacious weed control among treatments and resulted in crop yields comparable to the weed-free check, thus demonstrating the value of atrazine in sweet corn production systems. Timely interrow cultivation in atrazine-free treatments did not consistently improve weed control. Only two atrazine-free treatments consistently resulted in weed control and crop yield comparable to standard treatments with atrazine POST: treatments with tembotrione POST either with or without interrow cultivation. Additional atrazine-free treatments with topramezone applied POST worked well in Oregon where small-seeded weed species were prevalent. This work demonstrates that certain atrazine-free weed management systems, based on input from the sweet corn growers and processors who would adopt this technology, are comparable in performance to standard atrazine-containing weed management systems.

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WELCOMING REMARKS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.44.5.791 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 791-792

Author(s):

Merritt Low

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

American Academy ◽

One Health ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trials ◽

Accident Prevention ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Job Safety ◽

Developing Area ◽

Made In

The American Academy of Pediatrics has long been interested in the control of Childhood Injuries; its first formal committee was the Committee on Accident Prevention. The pediatrician is a primary accident preventer and should indeed have a big stake and commitment here. He is basically a "consumer," yet he must be convinced of the product he uses and in turn passes on. Though he has the humility of an amateur, he is allied with the expert and begs for his help. He sees the great strides made by industry, even in the newly developing area of "off-the-job" safety, and the advances made in the therapeutic but not the prophylactic responsibilities of accident prevention as he surveys the situation. Yet, is he truly convinced? If so, he could do more. We exhort ourselves to immunize our children with a safety vaccine, but is this just borrowed jargon? What are the ingredients of the vaccine? Are they dead or alive? Where are the field trials? Where are the proving figures of effectiveness? A hard look shows us that this number one health problem is not being solved. (I scarcely need remind this group of the statistics and facts: 15,000 children under 15, including 5,000 pre-school children, die of accidents in the United States each year; 15 million children go to doctors for care of accidents in a year; all accidents cost the country over 15 billion dollars a year). In our primary reliance on the tool of "education," we fall victims to the fact-of-life fallacy-if we provide facts we automatically get results.

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