scholarly journals Screening Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Pernambuco, Brazil for Resistance to Temephos, Diflubenzuron, and Cypermethrin and Characterization of Potential Resistance Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula de Araújo ◽  
Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva ◽  
Amanda Maria Cabral ◽  
Antônio Emanuel Holanda Dias Cavalcanti ◽  
Luiz Fernando Freitas Pessoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Dengue Control

Abstract Resistance to chemical insecticides detected in Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the National Dengue Control Program (PNCD) over the last years. In order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the Pernambuco State, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. Furthermore, mechanisms that may be associated with this particular type of resistance were characterized. Bioassays with multiple temephos and diflubenzuron concentrations were performed to detect and quantify resistance. For cypermethrin, diagnostic dose assays were performed. Biochemical tests were carried out to quantify the activity of detoxification enzymes. In addition, a screening of mutations present in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaV) was performed in samples previously submitted to bioassays with cypermethrin. The populations under study were resistant to temephos and showed a positive correlation between insecticide consumption and the resistance ratio (RR) to the compound. For diflubenzuron, the biological activity ratio (BAR) ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 times, when compared to the susceptible strain. All populations showed resistance to cypermethrin. Altered enzymatic profiles of alpha, p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) esterases and glutathione-S-transferases were recorded in most of these samples. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Arcoverde was the only population that presented the mutated form 1016Ile/Ile. These findings show that the situation is critical vis-à-vis the effectiveness of mosquito control using chemical insecticides, since resistance to temephos and cypermethrin is widespread in Ae. aegypti from Pernambuco.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to insecticides and resistance mechanisms in three populations of Aedes aegypti from Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Pinto ◽  
Miriam Palomino ◽  
Leonardo Mendoza-Uribe ◽  
Carmen Sinti ◽  
Kelly A. Liebman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Target Site Resistance

Abstract Background Epidemics of dengue, chikungunya and Zika are a growing threat to areas where Aedes aegypti are present. The efficacy of chemical control of Ae. aegypti is threatened by the increasing frequency of insecticide resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility status as well as the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in three populations of Ae. aegypti in high risk areas of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in Peru. Methods Bioassays were conducted on adult Ae. aegypti to evaluate their susceptibility to insecticides used currently or historically for mosquito control in Peru, including six pyrethroids, three organophosphates and one organochlorine, in populations of Ae. aegypti from the districts of Chosica (Department of Lima), Punchana (Department of Loreto) and Piura (Department of Piura). Resistance mechanisms were determined by biochemical assays to assess activity levels of key detoxification enzyme groups (nonspecific esterases, multi-function oxidases, glutathione S-transferases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase). Real-time PCR assays were used to detect two kdr mutations (V1016I and F1534C) on the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Results Resistance to DDT was detected in all three populations, and resistance to pyrethroids was detected in all populations except the population from Chosica, which still exhibited susceptibility to deltamethrin. Resistance to organophosphates was also detected, with the exception of populations from Punchana and Piura, which still demonstrated susceptibility to malathion. In general, no increase or alteration of activity of any enzyme group was detected. Both 1016I and 1534C alleles were detected in Punchana and Piura, while only the 1534C allele was detected in Chosica. Conclusions The results suggest that resistance to multiple classes of insecticides exist in areas important to Ae. aegypti-borne disease transmission in Peru. The F1534C mutation was present in all 3 populations and the V1016I mutation was present in 2 populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of 1016I and 1534C in Ae. aegypti in Peru. The absence of highly elevated enzymatic activity suggests that target site resistance is a key mechanism underlying insecticide resistance in these populations, although further research is needed to fully understand the role of metabolic resistance mechanisms in these populations.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Effectiveness of Azolla pinnata against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with Its Effects on Larval Morphology and Visualization of Behavioural Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Shaida Husna Zulkrnin ◽  
Nurul Nadiah Rozhan ◽  
Nur Amanina Zulkfili ◽  
Nik Raihan Nik Yusoff ◽  
Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Test Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Aquatic Fern ◽  
Significant Difference

Dengue is vector-borne diseases with 390 million infections per year extending over 120 countries of the world. Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a primary vector for dengue viral infections for humans. Current focus on application of natural product against mosquito vectors has been the main priority for research due to its eco-safety. The extensive use of chemical insecticides has led to severe health problems, environmental pollution, toxic hazards to human and nontarget species, and development of insecticide resistance on mosquitoes. Azolla pinnata is an aquatic fern and predominantly used as feed in poultry industry and as fertilizer in agricultural field for enhancing the fertility of rice paddy soil. The present study was conducted to explore the larvicidal efficacy of A. pinnata using fresh and powdered form against late third-stage larvae (6 days, 5 mm in larvae body length) of Ae. aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The larvicidal bioassays were performed using World Health Organization standard larval susceptibility test method for different concentration for powdered and fresh A. pinnata. Powdered A. pinnata concentration used during larvicidal bioassay ranges from 500ppm to 2000ppm; meanwhile, fresh A. pinnata ranges from 500ppm to 9,000,000 ppm. The highest mortality was at 1853 ppm for powdered A. pinnata compared with fresh A. pinnata at 2,521,535 ppm, while the LC50 for both powdered and fresh A. pinnata recorded at 1262 ppm and 1853 ppm, respectively. Finally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference on Ae. aegypti larval mortality (F=30.439, df=1, p≤0.001) and concentration (F=20.002, df=1, p≤0.001) compared to powdered and fresh A. pinnata at 24-hour bioassay test. In conclusion, the powdered A. pinnata serves as a good larvicidal agent against Ae. aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and this study provided information on the lethal concentration that may have potential for a more eco-friendly Aedes mosquito control program.

scholarly journals Expression of human glutathione S-transferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers resistance to the anticancer drugs adriamycin and chlorambucil

1990 ◽  
Vol 268 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Black ◽  
J D Beggs ◽  
J D Hayes ◽  
A Bartoszek ◽  
M Muramatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Adaptation and resistance to chemicals in the environment is a critical part of the evolutionary process. As a result, a wide variety of defence systems that protect cells against chemical insult have evolved. Such chemical resistance mechanisms appear to play a central role in determining the sensitivity of human tumours to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. The glutathione S-transferases (GST) are important detoxification enzymes whose over-expression has been associated with drug-resistance. In order to evaluate this possibility we have expressed the human Alpha-class and Pi-class GST cDNAs that encode GST B1B1 and GST pi in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of GST B1B1 or GST pi resulted in a marked reduction in the cytotoxic effects of chlorambucil, a bifunctional alkylating agent, and an anthracycline, adriamycin. These data provide direct evidence that the over-expression of GST in cells can confer resistance to anticancer drugs.

scholarly journals Resistensi Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Kelompok Organopospat dan Sintetik Piretroid di Provinsi Sumatera Utara dan Provinsi Jambi

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Sunaryo Sunaryo ◽  
Dyah Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Officer ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
F1 Generation

Vector control using insecticide is a major effort to control Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. The excessive use of insecticides leads to insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. This study aimed to determine the resistance status of Aedes aegypti in North Sumatra and Jambi Province to malathion, deltametrin, cypermethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and alpha cypermethrin. A cross sectional study was conducted during 2015, the research location covers North Sumatera area (Tebing Tinggi, Deli Serdang, and Pematang Siantar) and Jambi (Muaro Jambi, Jambi, and Batang Hari). Susceptibility test using WHO kits was applied on F1 generation and interview with Local Public Health Officer was carried out to obtain information about the usage of insecticide in both provinces. Resistance to malathion, cypermethrin, and lambda cyhaltorhin was observed in Ae. aegypti populations from all study area. Tolerant status to deltamethrin only found in Aedes aegypti from Deli Serdang, whilst the other strains were resistant. Ae. aegypti population from all study area were tolerant to alpha cypermethrin. Malathion and cypermethrin were the only insecticide ever used in both provinces. We conclude that alpha cypermethrin was effective to combat Ae. aegypti and can be used as an alternative insecticide for dengue control program in Northern Sumatera and Jambi Province. 

scholarly journals Age- and sex-related ABC transporter expression in pyrethroid-susceptible and –resistant Aedes aegypti

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Rault ◽  
Ellis J. Johnson ◽  
Scott T. O’Neal ◽  
Rui Chen ◽  
Sarah E. McComic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractResistance mechanisms to synthetic insecticides often include point mutations and increased expression of genes encoding detoxification enzymes. Since pyrethroids are the main adulticides used against Aedes aegypti, which vectors pathogens such as Zika virus, understanding resistance to this insecticide class is of significant relevance. We focused on adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the pyrethroid-resistant Puerto Rico (PR) strain of Ae. aegypti. We investigated the expression patterns of six ABC transporters previously characterized as differentially expressed in insecticide-challenged mosquitoes, or increased mRNA expression in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti, by comparing PR to the Rockefeller (Rock) susceptible strain. No constitutive differential expression between strains was detected, but expression differences for these genes was influenced by sex and age, suggesting that their role is independent from resistance in PR. Instead, ABC transporters may be induced after insecticide exposure. Challenging mosquitoes with deltamethrin, with or without ABC transporter modulators, showed that Rock and PR responded differently, but a contribution of ABC transporters to deltamethrin toxicity is suspected. Moreover, the effect of dexamethasone, which enhanced the inhibition of nerve firing by deltamethrin, was observed using a Drosophila central nervous system preparation, showing synergy of these two compounds through the potential inhibition of ABC transporters.

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Patterns of Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites, in the Context of a Dengue Control Program in Tartagal (Salta Province, Argentina)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e0004621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Espinosa ◽  
Diego Weinberg ◽  
Camilo H. Rotela ◽  
Francisco Polop ◽  
Marcelo Abril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Dengue Control

scholarly journals Survei Entomologi, Kerentanan Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat, dan Identifikasi Gen VGSC di Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman, Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Novyan Lusiyana ◽  
Siti Fitiah ◽  
Andrias Atmaja Putri ◽  
Muthia Tsabita Rahmi ◽  
Dian Maknalia Ilham
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Enzyme Detection

Control and prevention effort of dengue haemorhagic fever relies on the application of insecticidesto control vector mosquito. In Indonesia, application of organophosphate insecticide (temephos andmalathion), and pyrethroid is a key part of the dengue control strategy. This study aimed to determine theentomological survey, susceptibility of Aedes aegypti against organophosphate insecticide and identificationof VGSC gene in Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman Yogyakarta. This study is an observational with a cross sectionaldesign. The entomology survey procedure used a single larvae technique, biological susceptibility test of Ae.aegypti against organophosphate insecticides using WHO (temephos), CDC (malathion), biochemistry andVGSC genes detection using PCR method. Results of this study showed that bath tub was potential breedingplace for Ae. aegypti. Susceptibility status of temephos was still tolerant (95.4%), while malathion showsresistance (13.75%). Bioassay and biochemical test shows potential resistant to insecticides due to elevatedactivity of esterase non specific enzyme. Detection of the VGSC gene shows positive for both genes (V1016G;S989P) and F1534C. Furthermore, regularly assessment of insecticide resistance status will hopefully assistthe local public health authorities to assign policy for managing mosquito control such as by rotation ofdifferent routinely used insecticide to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.

scholarly journals ENTOMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN DENGUE VECTOR AEDES AEGYPTI LARVAE FROM BENGKULU CITY, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Dessy Triana ◽  
Fitaloca N Siregar ◽  
Eka Purnama Wulan Tri Utami ◽  
Tatik Suteky ◽  
Swandito Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Who 1999 Criteria ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Breeding Place

In Bengkulu, as in other areas of Indonesia, dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases. The primary strategy to control dengue is by reducing the vector population using insecticides. However, applications of insecticides becomes a contributing factor in the development of vector resistance. As there is no effective dengue drug or safe vaccine available, vector control remains the most effective intervention to reduce incidence and prevent transmission and outbreak. This study aimed to determine the entomological parameters and resistance status to temephos of Aedes aegypti larvae from Lingkar Barat village and Jalan Gedang village (dengue endemic areas). This study used cross-sectional and experimental with post-control only design. The sampling refers to the guidelines for dengue entomology surveys according to WHO 1999 criteria. Aedes aegypti eggs were collected by ovitraps and reared to larvae stage. Susceptibility test of larvae to the temephos was estimated using standard WHO. Mortality of larvae Ae. aegypti after 24 hours with multiple concentration of temephos indicative of highly resistant.  Entomological parameters for house index (HI), container index (CI) and container pupa index (CPI) in Jalan Gedang village and Lingkar Barat village were estimated: 7%, 12% for HI and 1.97%, 3.43% for CI, and 5%, 2% for CPI, respectively. The proportion of controllable sites is higher than disposable sites, it has a high risk as breeding places for mosquitoes indicates a high potential risk as breeding place and transmission of dengue. Awareness sanitation in the home and surrounding environment must be possessed by each individual community in order to prevent and overcome the incidence of dengue. These data should be of value in formulating dengue control programs.

scholarly journals Characterization of Enzymatic profiles of Aedes aegypti strains from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
Renan Flávio de França Nunes ◽  
Marcos Antonio de Souza ◽  
Jéssica Costa de Oliveira ◽  
Richardeson Fagner de Oliveira Grangeiro ◽  
Maria Jocileide de Medeiros Marinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
The City

Abstract This study was conducted in four strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to evaluate the enzymatic activity profiles in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, and correlate them with biochemical mechanisms of resistance to insecticides. Mosquitos were used to quantify the following detoxification enzymes: Mixed-Function Oxidase (MFO), PNPA-esterase (PNPA-EST), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The profiles were compared statistically with profiles from the Rockefeller strain, through the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). The 99 percentile of the values of enzyme activity from the reference strain was calculated for each enzyme, and the percentage of individuals above the 99 percentile was quantified. The enzyme activities were classified as “Unchanged” (< 15%), “Identified change” (> 15% and < 50%), and “Substantially changed” (> 50%). The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the MFO and AChE profiles, which are fundamental in the determination of profiles of resistance to insecticides. Three populations were classified as “Substantially changed” for MFO. The altered enzymatic activity showed that the changes could have an important role in exposing resistance to insecticides.

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