scholarly journals Current approaches to measure nitric oxide in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (17) ◽  
pp. 4333-4343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhaypratap Vishwakarma ◽  
Aakanksha Wany ◽  
Sonika Pandey ◽  
Mallesham Bulle ◽  
Aprajita Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Intermediates ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Important Signalling Molecule

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is now established as an important signalling molecule in plants where it influences growth, development, and responses to stress. Despite extensive research, the most appropriate methods to measure and localize these signalling radicals are debated and still need investigation. Many confounding factors such as the presence of other reactive intermediates, scavenging enzymes, and compartmentation influence how accurately each can be measured. Further, these signalling radicals have short half-lives ranging from seconds to minutes based on the cellular redox condition. Hence, it is necessary to use sensitive and specific methods in order to understand the contribution of each signalling molecule to various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on NO measurement in plant samples, via various methods. We also discuss advantages, limitations, and wider applications of each method.

scholarly journals Mammalian Krüppel-Like Factors in Health and Diseases

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth B. McConnell ◽  
Vincent W. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
External Stress ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

The Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of transcription factors regulates diverse biological processes that include proliferation, differentiation, growth, development, survival, and responses to external stress. Seventeen mammalian KLFs have been identified, and numerous studies have been published that describe their basic biology and contribution to human diseases. KLF proteins have received much attention because of their involvement in the development and homeostasis of numerous organ systems. KLFs are critical regulators of physiological systems that include the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, hematological, and immune systems and are involved in disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, KLFs play an important role in reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and maintaining the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells. As research on KLF proteins progresses, additional KLF functions and associations with disease are likely to be discovered. Here, we review the current knowledge of KLF proteins and describe common attributes of their biochemical and physiological functions and their pathophysiological roles.

Carbon monoxide may be an important molecule in migraine and other headaches

Cephalalgia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (14) ◽  
pp. 1169-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Arngrim ◽  
Henrik W Schytz ◽  
Mette K Hauge ◽  
Messoud Ashina ◽  
Jes Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Nociceptive Processing ◽  
First Time ◽  
Arterial Tone

Introduction Carbon monoxide was previously considered to just be a toxic gas. A wealth of recent information has, however, shown that it is also an important endogenously produced signalling molecule involved in multiple biological processes. Endogenously produced carbon monoxide may thus play an important role in nociceptive processing and in regulation of cerebral arterial tone. Discussion Carbon monoxide-induced headache shares many characteristics with migraine and other headaches. The mechanisms whereby carbon monoxide causes headache may include hypoxia, nitric oxide signalling and activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathways. Here, we review the literature about carbon monoxide-induced headache and its possible mechanisms. Conclusion We suggest, for the first time, that carbon monoxide may play an important role in the mechanisms of migraine and other headaches.

scholarly journals The nitric oxide response in plant-associated endosymbiotic bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1880-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Cabrera ◽  
Cristina Sánchez ◽  
Andrew J. Gates ◽  
Eulogio J. Bedmar ◽  
Socorro Mesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Rhizobial Species ◽  
Legume Symbiosis

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule which becomes very toxic due to its ability to react with multiple cellular targets in biological systems. Bacterial cells protect against NO through the expression of enzymes that detoxify this molecule by oxidizing it to nitrate or reducing it to nitrous oxide or ammonia. These enzymes are haemoglobins, c-type nitric oxide reductase, flavorubredoxins and the cytochrome c respiratory nitrite reductase. Expression of the genes encoding these enzymes is controlled by NO-sensitive regulatory proteins. The production of NO in rhizobia–legume symbiosis has been demonstrated recently. In functioning nodules, NO acts as a potent inhibitor of nitrogenase enzymes. These observations have led to the question of how rhizobia overcome the toxicity of NO. Several studies on the NO response have been undertaken in two non-dentrifying rhizobial species, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium etli, and in a denitrifying species, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In the present mini-review, current knowledge of the NO response in those legume-associated endosymbiotic bacteria is summarized.

Nitric Oxide in Life and Death of Neutrophils

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5764-5780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana I. Galkina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Golenkina ◽  
Galina M. Viryasova ◽  
Yulia M. Romanova ◽  
Galina F. Sud’ina
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Neutrophil Apoptosis ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Cell Death Mechanisms ◽  
Prostacyclin Synthase

Background: Nitric Oxide (NO) is a key signalling molecule that has an important role in inflammation. It can be secreted by endothelial cells, neutrophils, and other cells, and once in circulation, NO plays important roles in regulating various neutrophil cellular activities and fate. Objective: To describe neutrophil cellular responses influenced by NO and its concomitant compound peroxynitrite and signalling mechanisms for neutrophil apoptosis. Methods: Literature was reviewed to assess the effects of NO on neutrophils. Results: NO plays an important role in various neutrophil cellular activities and interaction with other cells. The characteristic cellular activities of neutrophils are adhesion and phagocytosis. NO plays a protective role in neutrophil-endothelial interaction by preventing neutrophil adhesion and endothelial cell damage by activated neutrophils. NO suppresses neutrophil phagocytic activity but stimulates longdistance contact interactions through tubulovesicular extensions or cytonemes. Neutrophils are the main source of superoxide, but NO flow results in the formation of peroxynitrite, a compound with high biological activity. Peroxynitrite is involved in the regulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis and inhibits endothelial prostacyclin synthase. NO and peroxynitrite modulate cellular 5-lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene synthesis. Long-term exposure of neutrophils to NO results in the activation of cell death mechanisms and neutrophil apoptosis. Conclusion: Nitric oxide and the NO/superoxide interplay fine-tune mechanisms regulating life and death in neutrophils.

Nitric oxide signalling in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Jedelská ◽  
Lenka Luhová ◽  
Marek Petřivalský
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
No Production ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Oriented Growth ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment and biotic interactions. It has become evident that NO is produced and used as signalling and defence cues by both partners in multiple forms of plant interactions with their microbial counterparts, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic modes. This review summarizes current knowledge on NO role in plant-pathogen interactions, focused on biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi and oomycetes. Actual advances and gaps in the identification of NO sources and fate in plant and pathogen cells are discussed. We review the decisive role of time- and site-specific NO production in germination, oriented growth and active penetration of filamentous pathogens to the host tissues, as well in pathogen recognition, and defence activation in plants. Distinct functions of NO are highlighted on diverse interactions of host plants with fungal and oomycete pathogens of different lifestyles, where NO in interplay with reactive oxygen species govern successful plant colonization, cell death and resistance establishment.

scholarly journals Exploring the Intracrine Functions of VEGF-A

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Sophie Wiszniak ◽  
Quenten Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Important Signalling Molecule ◽  
Vegf Signalling

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a highly conserved secreted signalling protein best known for its roles in vascular development and angiogenesis. Many non-endothelial roles for VEGF are now established, with the discovery that VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 are expressed in many non-vascular cell-types, as well as various cancers. In addition to secreted VEGF binding to its receptors in the extracellular space at the cell membrane (i.e., in a paracrine or autocrine mode), intracellularly localised VEGF is emerging as an important signalling molecule regulating cell growth, survival, and metabolism. This intracellular mode of signalling has been termed “intracrine”, and refers to the direct action of a signalling molecule within the cell without being secreted. In this review, we describe examples of intracrine VEGF signalling in regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival, both in normal cell homeostasis and development, as well as in cancer. We further discuss emerging evidence for the molecular mechanisms underpinning VEGF intracrine function, as well as the implications this intracellular mode of VEGF signalling may have for use and design of anti-VEGF cancer therapeutics.

Effects of homocysteine on endothelial nitric oxide production

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (4) ◽  
pp. F671-F678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Haoli Jin ◽  
Zachary Ebin ◽  
Sergey Brodsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
No Production ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide ◽  
Peroxynitrite Scavengers

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy) is an independent and graded cardiovascular risk factor. HHCy is prevalent in patients with chronic renal failure, contributing to the increased mortality rate. Controversy exists as to the effects of HHCy on nitric oxide (NO) production: it has been shown that HHCy both increases and suppresses it. We addressed this problem by using amperometric electrochemical NO detection with a porphyrinic microelectrode to study responses of endothelial cells incubated with homocysteine (Hcy) to the stimulation with bradykinin, calcium ionophore, or l-arginine. Twenty-four-hour preincubation with Hcy (10, 20, and 50 μM) resulted in a gradual decline in responsiveness of endothelial cells to the above stimuli. Hcy did not affect the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but it stimulated formation of superoxide anions, as judged by fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein, and peroxynitrite, as detected by using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of proteins modified by tyrosine nitration. Hcy did not directly affect the ability of recombinant eNOS to generate NO, but oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in eNOS reduced its NO-generating activity. Addition of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate restored NO responses to all agonists tested but affected neither the expression of the enzyme nor formation of nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. In addition, a scavenger of peroxynitrite or a cell-permeant superoxide dismutase mimetic reversed the Hcy-induced suppression of NO production by endothelial cells. In conclusion, electrochemical detection of NO release from cultured endothelial cells demonstrated that concentrations of Hcy >20 μM produce a significant indirect suppression of eNOS activity without any discernible effects on its expression. Folates, superoxide ions, and peroxynitrite scavengers restore the NO-generating activity to eNOS, collectively suggesting that cellular redox state plays an important role in HCy-suppressed NO-generating function of this enzyme.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Lines for Biological Soil Decompaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Godoy ◽  
Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi ◽  
Fernando Almeida Moreira ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Soil decompaction is generally achieved through mechanical cultivation practices; however biological processes can significantly add to this process through root growth, development, and later senescence. This study was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil and had the purpose of selecting, among forty one pure pigeon pea lines, the most efficient genotypes that promote soil decompaction by roots penetrating compacted soil layers. Utilizing artificially compacted 30 mm high soil blocks, in a series of experiments, these lines were compared to the cultivar Fava Larga taken as a standard. Three lines were preliminarily selected out of the initial group, and afterwards, in more detailed screenings by monitoring soil resistance to penetration and also evaluating the behavior of Tanzania grass plants seeded after pigeon pea, two of them, g5-94 and g8-95, were selected as possessing the most fit root system to penetrate compacted soil layers.

scholarly journals Dangerous Duplicity: The Dual Functions of Casein Kinase 1in Parasite Biology and Host Subversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najma Rachidi ◽  
Uwe Knippschild ◽  
Gerald F. Späth
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions

Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in many biological processes and highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoan to humans. Even though pathogens exploit host CK1 signaling pathways to survive, the role of CK1 in infectious diseases and host/pathogen interaction is less well characterized compared to other diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the current knowledge on CK1 in protozoan parasites highlighting their essential role for parasite survival and their importance for host-pathogen interactions. We also discuss how the dual requirement of CK1 family members for parasite biological processes and host subversion could be exploited to identify novel antimicrobial interventions.

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