Neurobiology

Depression ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Sonia Israel ◽  
David Benrimoh ◽  
Sylvanne Daniels ◽  
Gustavo Turecki
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Diagnostic Markers ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Etiological Heterogeneity

This chapter explores the evidence of disturbances in various neurobiological pathways in depression. No unifying pathophysiological mechanism has yet been discovered. Depression is more than simply a deficiency in a single neurotransmitter or pathway, as neurobiological correlates of depression have been identified in diverse studies. This chapter reviews depression-related changes in neurotransmitter systems, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, and functional genomics including epigenetics, and how these might contribute to the depressive phenotype. The diverse neurobiological findings of depression reflect the nature of its symptomatology, and likely etiological heterogeneity. Current evidence suggests that depression is not a single condition, but rather multiple overlapping phenotypes with converging and diverging underlying pathophysiological processes. New treatments may be identified with a better understanding of depression neurobiology. Such advances could also lead to the development of prognostic and diagnostic markers, which would allow for more personalized treatment and resource allocation.

scholarly journals Functional genomics and proteomics of the cellular osmotic stress response in `non-model' organisms

2007 ◽  
Vol 210 (9) ◽  
pp. 1593-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kultz ◽  
D. Fiol ◽  
N. Valkova ◽  
S. Gomez-Jimenez ◽  
S. Y. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Genomics And Proteomics ◽  
Osmotic Stress Response

scholarly journals Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Treating Joint Injury and Osteoarthritis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Li ◽  
Elham Hosseini-Beheshti ◽  
Georges Grau ◽  
Hala Zreiqat ◽  
Christopher Little
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Joint Injury ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Almost All ◽  
New Treatments

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles secreted by almost all cell types to facilitate intercellular communication. Stem cell-derived EVs theoretically have the same biological functions as stem cells, but offer the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and removal of issues such as low cell survival and unpredictable long-term behaviour associated with direct cell transplantation. They have been an area of intense interest in regenerative medicine, due to the potential to harness their anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects to induce healing in a wide variety of tissues. However, the potential of using stem cell-derived EVs for treating joint injury and osteoarthritis has not yet been extensively explored. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, with or without prior joint injury, is not well understood, and there is a longstanding unmet clinical need to develop new treatments that provide a therapeutic effect in preventing or stopping joint degeneration, rather than merely relieving the symptoms of the disease. This review summarises the current evidence relating to stem cell-derived EVs in joint injury and osteoarthritis, providing a concise discussion of their characteristics, advantages, therapeutic effects, limitations and outlook in this exciting new area.

scholarly journals Clinical Functional Genomics

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4627
Author(s):  
Seren Carpenter ◽  
R. Steven Conlan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Clinical Genomics ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Functional Genome

Functional genomics is the study of how the genome and its products, including RNA and proteins, function and interact to affect different biological processes. The field of functional genomics includes transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics, as these all relate to controlling the genome leading to expression of particular phenotypes. By studying whole genomes—clinical genomics, transcriptomes and epigenomes—functional genomics allows the exploration of the diverse relationship between genotype and phenotype, not only for humans as a species but also in individuals, allowing an understanding and evaluation of how the functional genome ‘contributes’ to different diseases. Functional variation in disease can help us better understand that disease, although it is currently limited in terms of ethnic diversity, and will ultimately give way to more personalized treatment plans.

Abnormalities in neuroendocrine stress response in psychosis: the role of endocannabinoids

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Appiah-Kusi ◽  
E. Leyden ◽  
S. Parmar ◽  
V. Mondelli ◽  
P. McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Stress Response System ◽  
Precise Role

The aim of this article is to summarize current evidence regarding alterations in the neuroendocrine stress response system and endocannabinoid system and their relationship in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Exposure to stress is linked to the development of a number of psychiatric disorders including psychosis. However, the precise role of stress in the development of psychosis and the possible mechanisms that might underlie this are not well understood. Recently the cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia has emerged as a potential line of enquiry. Endocannabinoid levels are increased in patients with psychosis compared with healthy volunteers; furthermore, they increase in response to stress, which suggests another potential mechanism for how stress might be a causal factor in the development of psychosis. However, research regarding the links between stress and the endocannabinoid system is in its infancy. Evidence summarized here points to an alteration in the baseline tone and reactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis as well as in various components of the endocannabinoid system in patients with psychosis. Moreover, the precise nature of the inter-relationship between these two systems is unclear in man, especially their biological relevance in the context of psychosis. Future studies need to simultaneously investigate HPA axis and endocannabinoid alterations both at baseline and following experimental perturbation in healthy individuals and those with psychosis to understand how they interact with each other in health and disease and obtain mechanistic insight as to their relevance to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Mood: A Focus on Emotion Recognition and Reactivity, Reward Processing, and Stress Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin A. Lewis ◽  
Ann-Christin S. Kimmig ◽  
Rachel G. Zsido ◽  
Alexander Jank ◽  
Birgit Derntl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Purpose of Review We review recent research investigating the relationship of hormonal contraceptives and mood with a focus on relevant underlying mechanisms, such as emotion recognition and reactivity, reward processing, and stress response. Recent Findings Adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) on mood seem most consistent in women with a history of depressive symptoms and/or previous negative experience with HC-intake. Current evidence supports a negativity bias in emotion recognition and reactivity in HC-users, although inconsistent to some extent. Some data, however, do indicate a trend towards a blunted reward response and a potential dysregulation of the stress response in some HC-users. Summary HC-effects on psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying mood are likely context-dependent. We provide suggestions on how to address some of the contributing factors to this variability in future studies, such as HC-dose, timing, administration-mode, and individual risk. A better understanding of how and when HCs affect mood is critical to provide adequate contraceptive choices to women worldwide.

scholarly journals Conservative Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis: A Practical Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
R. Valente ◽  
A. Waldthaler ◽  
C. M. Scandavini ◽  
M. Vujasinovic ◽  
M. Del Chiaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Progressive Damage ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

Background: Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, inflammatory condition of the pancreas that leads to the progressive damage and loss of function of pancreatic parenchyma and to the development of possible locoregional and systemic medical complications. Materials and methods: In this review, we tried to summarize the current evidence on non-surgical treatment trying to suggest a practical approach to the management of chronic pancreatitis. Results: Besides the unclear pathophysiological mechanism and a poorly unknown epidemiology, chronic pancreatitis is a complex syndrome that displays different possible challenges for physicians. Despite being traditionally considered as a benign disease, chronic pancreatitis encompasses 10-year mortality rates which are superior to the ones reported for some of the most common cancers. Conclusions: Chronic pancreatitis encompasses the management of multiple and complex medical co-morbidities that needs to be understood and addressed in a multidisciplinary specialist context.

Towards a personalized treatment in depression: endocannabinoids, inflammation and stress response

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna E Zajkowska ◽  
Amir Englund ◽  
Patricia A Zunszain
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Personalized Treatment

784 Management of Paediatric Epistaxis: An Appraisal of Cautery Versus Topical Antiseptics in The Prevention of Rebleeding Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Sagua ◽  
S Fishpool
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recurrent Epistaxis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Minimal Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Treatments

Abstract Introduction Epistaxis is a common acute presentation in childhood that with recurrence often causes great distress for both parent and child alike. For recurrent epistaxis it is common practice in the UK to trial either a topical antiseptic (Naseptin) or silver nitrate cautery. A literature review was conducted to assess which treatment confers greater protection against rebleeding events. Method The literature review was performed via a search on Medline via Ovid. As both cautery and topical antiseptics are not new treatments, an age limit was not set to allow older research to be included and provide perspective. Results In all but one study included, there was no statistically significant difference between the use of Naseptin versus cautery in the reduction of rebleeding events. A higher incidence of complications such as septal perforation and pain were reported in patients who underwent cautery, whilst no adverse side effects were reported with Naseptin. Conclusions The current evidence base relies mostly on short term outcomes, with most patients not being followed up for more than 2 months. If further longitudinal studies provide evidence to support there being a minimal difference in treatment outcomes, using topical antiseptics before considering cautery would be better clinical practice in paediatric patients.

Imaging for Predicting Hemorrhagic Transformation of Acute Ischemic Stroke—A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 084653712110183
Author(s):  
Sudharsana Rao Ande ◽  
Jonathan Grynspan ◽  
Richard I. Aviv ◽  
Jai Jai Shiva Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Hemorrhagic Transformation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
New Treatments

Hemorrhagic transformation is caused by extravasation of blood products from vessels after acute ischemic stroke. It is an undesirable and potentially devastating complication, which occurs in 10%-40% of clinical cases. Hemorrhagic transformation is classified into four subtypes based on European cooperative acute stroke study II. Predicting hemorrhagic complications at presentation can be useful life saving/altering decisions for the patient. Also, understanding the mechanisms of hemorrhagic transformation can lead to new treatments and intervention measures. We highlighted various imaging techniques that have been used to predict hemorrhagic transformation. Specifically, we looked at the usefulness of perfusion and permeability imaging for hemorrhagic transformation. Use of imaging to predict hemorrhagic transformation could change patient management that may lead to the prevention of hemorrhagic transformation before it occurs. We concluded that the current evidence is not strong enough to rely on these imaging parameters for predicting hemorrhagic transformation and more studies are required.

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