The Nature of Metaphor

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Abraham Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Daily Interactions ◽  
Abstract Ideas ◽  
Concrete Domains ◽  
Medical Writings

Metaphors are ubiquitous features of spoken and written language that permit us to experience one thing in terms of another. “Seeing is believing” helps us understand the abstract concept of belief in terms of the concrete sense of sight. Derived from two Greek words that mean “to transfer,” metaphors transfer certain attributes from the source domain, in our example, Seeing to the target domain of Believing. The chapter explores how metaphors have cognitive properties and allow us to learn new things and to express abstract ideas and complex relations. Metaphors are a powerful trope of figurative language and commonly appear in both formal medical writings and the informal daily interactions of doctors, patients, and the public more generally. The chapter describes how metaphors connect abstract and concrete domains and offers an array of examples that helps us decipher how metaphors originate from human experiences and how they evolve. It explores how metaphors frame perceptions and shape reality and their potency in the language of the clinic.

scholarly journals On Application of Metonymy in Advertisements

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yuewu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
The Media ◽  
Abstract Ideas

<em>Metonymy, as a thinking way, on the basis of contiguity, uses one object to replace another object to activate the association for them in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). In other words, metonymy stresses on the mentally transformed process from the source domain to the target domain in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). Idealized cognitive models are those structures which help conceptualizing some certain entities, events and even abstract ideas in his mind in a specific cultural background. There are some main characteristics of idealized cognitive models. The most principal and prime point is that ICMs are idealized and cultural-based. What’s more important, ICMs are embodied because of the interaction between human beings and the outside world. Last but not least, ICMs are a kind of complex gestalt structure due to the compositions of many cognitive models. Later, as the media and Internet have developed dramatically, the merchants want to use a brief way to promote their products so that there appears the advertisement. Gradually, the advertisement gets into our life and then it is a part of our life. The characteristics of advertisement are brief and clear to attract most of the consumers. It is universally known that there is an AIDA principle in advertisements. “A” means attention. “I’ is interesting. “D” shows desire. “A” refers to action. In the end, not only can we draw the conclusions that the application of metonymy in advertisement can help highlight the features of advertisements so that it makes the advertisement more vivid and interesting, but also that the advertisements containing metonymy can give the customers great impressions as well as they can attach to the final destination to help the boss sell more products.</em>

scholarly journals Analogical mapping of ỌKỤKỌ proverbs in Ideke lect

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Virginus Onyebuchi ARUAH ◽  
Jacinta Ukamaka EZE ◽  
Stella Nkeiruka ARUAH-BUCHI ◽  
Augustina Ngozi EZE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Physical Concept ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Analogical Mapping ◽  
Relational Mapping ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Mapping Theory

This study examines how analogical mapping is used to analyse ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect. The objectives of the study are to analyse the attribute and relational mapping of selected ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect. The data of the study are drawn from ọmaba chant of Ụmụdịaka in Nsukka area of Enugu State, through an audio recording of Ụdara Nwa onyishi (Ọmabe) chant and also the study uses introspection since the researchers are indigenous speakers of the Ideke lect. The research desgn used in this study is a qualitative research paradigm. The study was done descriptively and purposive sampling was used to sample the population. The analogical mapping theory is adopted as the framework for this study. The study finds out that ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect has abstract meanings which contradict the physical (source concepts) image. Another finding of the study proves that in Ideke lect, ọkụkọ as used in this study possess different semantic impulse due to the sociolinguistic environment where such proverbs are being used. These different shades of meanings will be gotten by aligning the physical concept to abstract concept(s). During the analysis of ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect, it is evident that source domain is liable to form various new abstract semantic realisations which was not the initial semantic usage of the linguistic expression. From the semantic purview, proverbs are complex cognitive tasks which links source domain to the target domain.

scholarly journals METAPHOR POWER AND SOURCE DOMAIN CONTENT: METAPHOR FUNCTIONAL TYPOLOGY INDEX

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
OLEG I. KALININ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Metaphorical Mapping

This article examines the dependence of the metaphor power in communication and patterns of the metaphorical mapping as well as methods for quantitative analysis of metaphors in the text. Metaphor functional typology index (MfTI) is proposed and tested. This index is based on the division of metaphors into orientational, ontological and structural, which perform descriptive, identification and restructuring functions. The mathematical logic of calculating the index assumes that, based on the final numerical value, one can draw a conclusion about the predominant function played by the system of metaphorical models in the text or discourse, and, as a result, analyze the level of its speech impact. This method was tested in practice to solve two research problems: a descriptive analysis of the whole text’s metaphor power and a comparative analysis of metaphorical models with different source domains and one target domain. We analyzed the metaphorical nature of the texts of the New Year addresses of the political leaders of the Russian Federation, China and Great Britain, the public speeches of V...

Finding source domain triggers

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Lederer
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Structure Abstract ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Occurrence Patterns

Much recent research on figurative language and conceptual metaphor theory derives from corpus examination, and analysts are increasingly focused on the development of quantificational tools to reveal co-occurrence patterns indicative of source and target domain associations. Some mappings between source and target are transparent and appear in collocation patterns in natural language data. However, other metaphors, especially those that structure abstract processes, are more complex because the target domain is lexically divorced from the source. Using economic discourse as a case study, this paper introduces new techniques directed at the quantitative evaluation of metaphorical occurrence when target and source relationships are nonobvious. Constellations of source-domain triggers are identified in the data and shown to disproportionately emerge in topic-specific discourse.

scholarly journals Pictorial (multimodal) metaphor in printed advertising

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Saulė Juzelėnienė ◽  
Skirmantė Šarkauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interaction Theory ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain

The theoretical basis of the article is the methodology of pictorial/visual metaphor research presented in Charles Forceville's work Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (2006) and multimodal metaphor research proposed in his book Multimodal Metaphor (2009). Both verbal and non-verbal metaphors are investigated combining interaction theory proposed by Max Black and the principles of conceptual metaphor analysis formulated in cognitive linguistics. In a metaphor, the primary and the secondary subjects are considered equal to the target and the source domains distinguished by cognitive linguists and the result of their interaction (the properties of the secondary subject (source domain) are mapped onto the primary subject (target domain)) is a conceptual metaphor. The target domain in advertising is an item or service being promoted, while the source domain is an object whose properties are attributed to the item or the service being advertised.In the discourse of advertising metaphor is realised by verbal and non-verbal forms of communications: written language, spoken language, image, music, sound, gestures. If the target and source domains in a conceptual metaphor are expressed by means of one of the indicated forms, it is treated as a monomodal metaphor, whereas if they are expressed by more than one of them, it is regarded as a multimodal metaphor. Since in the case of pictorial metaphor one of the components is expressed verbally and the other – by means of an image, it is treated as one of the varieties of multimodal metaphor.In Lithuanian printed advertising, pictorial metaphor is used to express various concepts. In the article the following examples of conceptual metaphors are analysed: JUICE IS SUN, CAR IS ANIMAL, TILE ADHESIVE IS BINDWEED, VODKA IS A NATION/PERSON. The research has revealed that in a metaphor both the source and the target domain can be expressed using pictorial and verbal means and sometimes using both of them. As a result, both verbal and pictorial means are equally important in metaphor as their interaction makes an advertisement more persuasive and effective.

The Concept of Animals in Balinese Proverbs

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
I Wayan Budiarta ◽  
Ni Wayan Kasni
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Characteristic ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Mapping Process

This research is aimed to figure out the syntactic structure of Balinese proverbs, the relation of meaning between the name of the animals and the meaning of the proverbs, and how the meanings are constructed in logical dimension. This research belongs to a qualitative as the data of this research are qualitative data which taken from a book entitled Basita Paribahasa written by Simpen (1993) and a book of Balinese short story written by Sewamara (1977). The analysis shows that the use of concept of animals in Balinese proverbs reveal similar characteristics, whether their form, their nature, and their condition. Moreover, the cognitive processes which happen in resulting the proverb is by conceptualizing the experience which is felt by the body, the nature, and the characteristic which owned by the target with the purpose of describing event or experience by the speech community of Balinese. Analogically, the similarity of characteristic in the form of shape of source domain can be proved visually, while the characteristic of the nature and the condition can be proved through bodily and empirical experiences. Ecolinguistics parameters are used to construct of Balinese proverbs which happen due to cross mapping process. It is caused by the presence of close characteristic or biological characteristic which is owned by the source domain and target domain, especially between Balinese with animal which then are verbally recorded and further patterned in ideological, biological, and sociological dimensions.

Correlation alignment with attention mechanism for unsupervised domain adaptation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Chongguang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Negative Transfer ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Second Order Statistics ◽  
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation

Domain adaptation aims to solve the problems of lacking labels. Most existing works of domain adaptation mainly focus on aligning the feature distributions between the source and target domain. However, in the field of Natural Language Processing, some of the words in different domains convey different sentiment. Thus not all features of the source domain should be transferred, and it would cause negative transfer when aligning the untransferable features. To address this issue, we propose a Correlation Alignment with Attention mechanism for unsupervised Domain Adaptation (CAADA) model. In the model, an attention mechanism is introduced into the transfer process for domain adaptation, which can capture the positively transferable features in source and target domain. Moreover, the CORrelation ALignment (CORAL) loss is utilized to minimize the domain discrepancy by aligning the second-order statistics of the positively transferable features extracted by the attention mechanism. Extensive experiments on the Amazon review dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of CAADA method.

Red-hot faces and burnt hearts

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-516
Author(s):  
Sérgio N. Menete ◽  
Guiying Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
African Languages

Abstract People from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana. Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience: (physiology) embodiment, even though variations may arise due to the differences in cultural embodiment (race, values and geographical localization, etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure of anger is heat metaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.

DAFI

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Hang Li ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Ju Wang ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Xue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Localization ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Time Signals ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Device Free ◽  
Localization Approach

WiFi-based Device-free Passive (DfP) indoor localization systems liberate their users from carrying dedicated sensors or smartphones, and thus provide a non-intrusive and pleasant experience. Although existing fingerprint-based systems achieve sub-meter-level localization accuracy by training location classifiers/regressors on WiFi signal fingerprints, they are usually vulnerable to small variations in an environment. A daily change, e.g., displacement of a chair, may cause a big inconsistency between the recorded fingerprints and the real-time signals, leading to significant localization errors. In this paper, we introduce a Domain Adaptation WiFi (DAFI) localization approach to address the problem. DAFI formulates this fingerprint inconsistency issue as a domain adaptation problem, where the original environment is the source domain and the changed environment is the target domain. Directly applying existing domain adaptation methods to our specific problem is challenging, since it is generally hard to distinguish the variations in the different WiFi domains (i.e., signal changes caused by different environmental variations). DAFI embraces the following techniques to tackle this challenge. 1) DAFI aligns both marginal and conditional distributions of features in different domains. 2) Inside the target domain, DAFI squeezes the marginal distribution of every class to be more concentrated at its center. 3) Between two domains, DAFI conducts fine-grained alignment by forcing every target-domain class to better align with its source-domain counterpart. By doing these, DAFI outperforms the state of the art by up to 14.2% in real-world experiments.

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