Schistosomiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1540-1551
Author(s):  
David Dunne ◽  
Birgitte Vennervald
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
South America ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Drug Of Choice

Schistosomiasis is caused by trematode worms Schistosoma spp., whose life cycle requires a definitive vertebrate host and an intermediate freshwater snail host. Transmission to humans occurs through exposure to fresh water containing infectious larvae, which can penetrate intact skin before developing into blood-dwelling adult worms. The disease is patchily distributed in parts of South America, Africa, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia, with about 200 million people infected and 20 million suffering severe consequences of infection. Most infected people living in endemic areas have few (if any) overt symptoms, but clinical manifestations (when present) depend on the stage of infection. Praziquantel is the drug of choice, with corticosteroids added in cases of Katayama fever. Acute schistosomiasis responds well, but chronic disease less so, but rapid re-exposure and reinfection are common (particularly in young children) unless control measures are implemented at the community level.

Schistosomiasis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1202-1212
Author(s):  
D.W. Dunne ◽  
B.J. Vennervald
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Intact Skin

Schistosomiasis is caused by trematode worms Schistosoma spp., whose life cycle requires a definitive vertebrate host and an intermediate freshwater snail host. Transmission to humans occurs through exposure to fresh water containing infectious larvae, which can penetrate intact skin before developing into blood-dwelling adult worms. The disease is patchily distributed in parts of South America, Africa, the Middle East, China, and South East Asia, with about 200 million people infected and 20 million suffering severe consequences of infection....

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Anil Gupta ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
Saumya Srivastava ◽  
Prem Shankar ◽  
Sarman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Current State

AbstractLeishmaniasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies (Phlebotomus species) and affects all ages and both genders. Nearly half of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases occur in children. The clinical manifestations of pediatric leishmaniasis may be different from the adults associated with host-related factors. In this review, only the visceral form is covered. Confirmation of diagnosis is made by the parasitological, immunological, or by molecular methods. Sodium antimony gluconate (stibogluconate) has been the drug of choice for more than 60 years. However, in last three decades, its efficacy against leishmaniasis has gone significantly down especially in the Indian subcontinent where most cases of VL are seen. Therefore, other drugs, such as pentamidine-isothionate, paromomycin, amphotericin B, and miltefosine, are being used as alternative drugs for VL treatment. In the absence of an effective vaccine for VL, control measures are based on the prevention of disease transmission via vector control and community awareness. The present review focuses on the current state of the leishmaniasis, its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention with emphasis on pediatric leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Coen M. Adema ◽  
LaDeana W. Hillier ◽  
Catherine S. Jones ◽  
Eric S. Loker ◽  
Matty Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Health Problem

Abstract Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global health problem by 2025, there is now renewed emphasis on snail control. Here, we characterize the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, a lophotrochozoan protostome, and provide timely and important information on snail biology. We describe aspects of phero-perception, stress responses, immune function and regulation of gene expression that support the persistence of B. glabrata in the field and may define this species as a suitable snail host for S. mansoni. We identify several potential targets for developing novel control measures aimed at reducing snail-mediated transmission of schistosomiasis.

scholarly journals Transplantation of schistosome sporocysts between host snails: A video guide

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Mouahid ◽  
Anne Rognon ◽  
Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto ◽  
Patrick Driguez ◽  
Kathy Geyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Video Instruction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Technical Basis

Schistosomiasis is an important parasitic disease, touching roughly 200 million people worldwide. The causative agents are different Schistosoma species. Schistosomes have a complex life cycle, with a freshwater snail as intermediate host. After infection, sporocysts develop inside the snail host and give rise to human dwelling larvae. We present here a detailed step-by-step video instruction in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese that shows how these sporocysts can be manipulated and transferred from one snail to another. This procedure provides a technical basis for different types of ex vivo modifications, such as those used in functional genomics studies.

Clonorchiasis: an update

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Rim
Keyword(s):  
Clonorchis Sinensis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Pancreatic Ducts ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Southern Korea ◽  
Endemic Areas

AbstractClonorchis sinensis,the Chinese or oriental liver fluke, is an important human parasite and is widely distributed in southern Korea, China (including Taiwan), Japan, northern Vietnam and the far eastern part of Russia. Clonorchiasis occurs in all parts of the world where there are Asian immigrants from endemic areas. The human and animal reservoir hosts (dogs, pigs, cats and rats) acquire the infection from the ingestion of raw fish containing infectious metacercariae. The first intermediate snail hosts are mainly species ofParafossarulusandBithynia. Numerous species of freshwater fish serve as the second intermediate hosts ofC. sinensis. Extensive studies of clonorchiasis during several decades in Japan, Korea, China and other countries have shown much progress in proving its morphological features including ultrastructure, biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and chemotherapy. The present review deals with mainly current results obtained on the epidemiological, pathological and clinical aspects, as well as control measures in endemic areas. As for the complications of clonorchiasis, formation of calculi in the intrahepatic biliary passages is one of the most characteristic pathological features. It is sometimes accompanied by suppurative cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholangiohepatitis and ultimately can cause cholangiocarcinoma. Experimental results on the relationship to the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma are presented. Clinical diagnosis by radiological findings including cholangiography, sonography and computerized tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging for biliary or pancreatic ducts are outlined. Current studies on immunology and molecular biology ofC. sinensiswere introduced. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for clonorchiasis. The most effective regimen is 25 mg kg−1three times daily (total dose, 75 mg kg−1) administered orally at 5- to 6-h intervals over a single day. Prevention and control measures are also discussed.

Herpes-viral infection: epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Yu E Dobrokhotova ◽  
E I Borovkova
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Genital Herpes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Suppressive Therapy ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Diagnosis Therapy

Genital herpes is a common disease diagnosed in 90% of people and is characterized by a recurring lifelong course. Clinical manifestations are diverse and manifest in 20% of infected people. The gold standard for diagnosis is the detection of virus culture and polymerase chain reaction in real time. Conducting oral antiviral therapy significantly reduces the duration, severity of the disease and the risk of infection of the sexual partner. At the initial episode of genital herpes it is necessary to carry out system antiviral therapy with its earliest start. The effectiveness of the use of acyclovir, valaciclovir and famciclovir is comparable, but only with valaciclovir the efficacy of two-fold daily dosing is proved. For patients with 6 or more episodes of exacerbations per year, suppressive therapy is indicated, the drug of choice is valaciclovir. With a relapse rate of less than 6 per year, it is sufficient to conduct episodic antiviral therapy. Clinical trials have demonstrated comparable efficacy of acyclovir, famciclovir and valaciclovir. The three-day course of valaciclovir (500 mg 2 times a day) is most suitable in view of the high bioavailability and rapid relief of viremia.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection: General Characteristics and Specific in Dental Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 208-215
Author(s):  
Aneta Nikola MIjoska ◽  
Marijan Denkovski ◽  
Efka Zabokova-Bilbilovska
Keyword(s):  
Medical Staff ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Tract Infections

The transmission of the coronavirus and possible routes of infection are still unclear. The most common routes of infection in humans are direct transmission through respiratory droplets and salivа when coughing or sneezing and indirect transmission through contaminated surfaces. Most of the infected people after the incubation period have clinical manifestations with mild or moderate respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Physician of dental medicine performs aerosol procedures which transmit the virus directly from healthy people. Oral fluids, blood, conjunctiva, nasal, and oral mucosa are also a source of infection, so they are highly exposed to the virus, much more than other medical staff and therefore it is crucial to establish appropriate protocols and prevention strategies. Under conditions of a declared global pandemic, dentists are advised to stop their work of all cases that are not urgent. If the dental office is one of those that provide the necessary and urgent medical attention, it is necessary to strictly implement control measures to prevent infection. The basic protocols for the operation of the dental offices have been published by the Dental Chamber of Macedonia and they are recommendations regarding the procedures for the maintenance of the hygiene of the medical staff and the working space. Recent experience has shown that dental health-care services are often neglected and inadequately treated in epidemics. Dental workers are particularly exposed to RTIs due to their specific field and mode of operation, so the current experience will prepare them for future challenges.  

Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Betty Ruth Jones ◽  
Steve Chi-Tang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection of stage 4 (severely symptomatic stage) in the practice of a health professional

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
A. Nikitina ◽  
A. Rusanova ◽  
A. Zhilenkova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Future Practice

HIV infection is a significant problem in the modern world, because there are more and more infected people every year. This article will consider: the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of this disease in different countries. Based on these data, the following conclusions will be made to help doctors in their future practice correctly approach the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease.

scholarly journals Current diagnostic tools and management modalities of Nocardia keratitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Soleimani ◽  
Ahmad Masoumi ◽  
Sadegh Khodavaisy ◽  
Mostafa Heidari ◽  
Ali A. Haydar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Trauma Surgery ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Contact Lens Wear ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Lens Wear

AbstractNocardia species are an uncommon but important cause of keratitis. The purpose of this review is to discus previous published papers relation to the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of Nocardia keratitis. Nocardia asteroides is the most frequently reported from Nocardia keratitis. Pain, photophobia, blepharospasm and lid swelling are mainly clinical manifestations. Usual risk factors for Nocardia keratitis are trauma, surgery, corticosteroids, and contact lens wear. Several antibiotics were used for treatment of Nocardia infection but according to studies, topical amikacin is the drug of choice for Nocardia keratitis. Topical steroid should not prescribe in these patients. In conclusion, although Nocardia keratitis is rare, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent any scar formation and preserve a good visual acuity.

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