scholarly journals Physiological Factors of Importance for Load Carriage in Experienced and Inexperienced Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (7-8) ◽  
pp. e1168-e1174
Author(s):  
Manne Godhe ◽  
Torbjörn Helge ◽  
C Mikael Mattsson ◽  
Örjan Ekblom ◽  
Björn Ekblom
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Trunk Muscle ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Fiber Distribution ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Heavy Loads

Abstract Introduction The ability to carry heavy loads is an important and necessary task during numerous outdoor activities and especially in military operations. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with load-carrying ability in men and women with and without extensive load-carrying experience. Materials and Methods The energy expenditure during carrying no load, 20, 35, and 50 kg at 2 walking speeds, 3 and 5 km h−1, was studied in 36 healthy participants, 19 men (30 ± 6 years, 82.5 ± 7.0 kg) and 17 women (29 ± 6 years, 66.1 ± 8.9 kg), experienced (>5 years) in carrying heavy loads (n = 16, 8 women) or with minor or no such experience (n = 20, 9 women). A standard backpack filled with weights to according carry load was used during the walks. Anthropometric data, leg muscle strength, as well as trunk muscle endurance and muscle fiber distribution of the thigh, were also obtained. Extra Load Index (ELI)—the oxygen uptake (VO2) during total load over unloaded walking—was used as a proxy for load-carrying ability at 20, 35, and 50 kg (ELI20, ELI35, and ELI50, respectively). In addition to analyzing factors of importance for the ELI values, we also conducted mediator analyses using sex and long-term carrying experience as causal variables for ELI as the outcome value. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Stockholm, Sweden. Results For the lowest load (20 kg), ELI20, was correlated with body mass but no other factors. Walking with 35 and 50 kg load at 5 km h−1 body mass, body height, leg muscle strength, and absolute VO2max were correlated, while relative VO2max, trunk muscle endurance, and leg muscle fiber distribution were not correlated to ELI35 and ELI50. ELI50 at 5 km h−1 differed between the sexes. This difference was only mediated by the difference in body mass. Neither muscle fiber distribution, leg muscle strength, trunk muscle endurance, and body height nor did absolute or relative VO2max explain the difference. Participants with long-term experience of heavy load carrying had significant lower ELI20 and ELI50 values than those with minor or no experience, but none of the above studied factors could explain this difference. Conclusion The study showed that body mass, without sex differences, and experience of carrying heavy loads are the dominant factors for the ability to carry heavy loads. Even though the effect of experience alludes to the need for extensive carrying training, no causality can be proven. Load carry training intervention studies is suggested for future investigations.

scholarly journals Physiological factors of importance for load carriage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manne Godhe ◽  
Torbjoern Helge ◽  
C. Mikael Mattsson ◽  
Oerjan Ekblom ◽  
Bjoern Ekblom
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Trunk Muscle ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Fibre Distribution ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Heavy Loads

The energy expenditure during carrying no load, 20, 35 and 50 kg at two walking speeds, 3 and 5 km/h, was studied in 36 healthy participants, 19 men (30 ± 6 yrs, 82.5 ± 7.0 kg) and 17 women (29 ± 6 yrs, 66.1 ± 8.9 kg). Anthropometric data, leg muscle strength as well as trunk muscle endurance and muscle fibre distribution of the thigh were also obtained. To load the participant a standard backpack filled with extra weight according to the carrying weight tested was used. Extra Load Index (ELI), the oxygen uptake (VO2) during total load over no-load-exercise, was used as a proxy for load carrying ability. In addition to analyzing factors of importance for the ELI values, we also conducted mediator analyzes using sex and long term carrying experience as causal variables for ELI as the outcome value. For the lowest load (20 kg), ELI20, was correlated with body mass but no other factors. Walking at 5 km/h body mass, body height, leg muscle strength and absolute VO2max were correlated to ELI35 and ELI50, but relative VO2max, trunk muscle endurance and leg muscle fibre distribution were not. Sex as causal factor was evaluated in a mediator analyses with ELI50 as outcome. ELI50 at 5 km/h differed between the sexes. The limit for acceptable body load, 40% of VO2max (according to Astrand, 1967), was nearly reached for women carrying 35 kg (39%) and surpassed at 50 kg at 3 km/h, and for men carrying 50 kg at 5 km/h. This difference was only mediated by difference in body mass. Neither muscle fibre distribution, leg muscle strength, trunk muscle endurance and body height nor did absolute or relative VO2max explain the difference. Participants with long term experience of heavy load carrying had significant lower ELI20 and ELI50 values than those with minor or non-experience, but none of the above studied factors could explain this difference. The study showed that body mass and experience of carrying heavy loads are important factors for the ability to carry heavy loads.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POST-FLIGHT MUSCLE STRENGTH AND VELOCITY DYNAMICS IN COSMONAUTS AS A FUNCTION OF WEIGHT LOADING DURING LONG-TERM SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
E.V. Fomina ◽  
◽  
T.B. Kukoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Training Device ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Weight Loading

Testing of 25 cosmonauts showed that the amount of resistance training weight loading in long-term space mission influences dynamics of the leg-muscle strength and velocity recovery. On Earth, the loads equal from 70 to 130 % of the body mass is sufficient for keeping up endurance and maximum strength moments of shin and thigh muscles. In the group of cosmonauts who had not used the strength training device or chosen loads less than 30 % of the body mass the leg-muscle maximum strength and thigh endurance were decreased substantially on day 4 of return and all the more by day 15 back on Earth.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN KOMPONEN FISIK PREDOMINAN (KOMPONEN FISIK DASAR) PELATIH SSO REAL MADRID FIK UNY

MEDIKORA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Fatkurahman Arjuna
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Multistage Test ◽  
Physical Components ◽  
Push Up

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran komponen fisik predominan (komponen fisik dasar) pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC FIK UNY 2016.  Adapun komponen fisik predominan (komponen fisik dasar) yang diukur meliputi kekuatan, daya tahan otot, speed, kelincahan, kelentukan, power dan daya tahan dasar (kardiovaskuler). Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian survai, dengan teknik tes. Subjek penelitian ini adalah pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC FIK UNY tahun 2016 sebanyak 11 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk kekuatan otot punggung dan tungkai dalah leg and back dynamometer. Daya tahan otot perut diukur dengan tes sit up, daya tahan otot lengan dan bahu dengan tes push up, daya tahan otot tungkai dengan tes squat jump. Speed dengan tes lari 30 meter. Kelincahan dengan tes beam side step. Kelentukan dengan alat flexometer. Power otot tungkai dengan tes vertical jumps. Daya tahan umum (kardiovascular) dengan multistage test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC FIK UNY 2016 secara umum memiliki kekuatan otot punggung yang baik sekali dengan rata-rata 138,7 kg. Pengukuran kekuatan otot tungkai menunjukkan rata-rata 170,9 kg yang artinya mayoritas pelatih memiliki kekuatan otot tungkai yang cukup dan kurang. Pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC secara umum memiliki daya tahan otot perut yang kurang dengan rata-rata sit up 45,5 kali dan daya tahan otot lengan dan bahu yang baik dan cukup dengan rata-rata push up 20,9 kali. Sedangkan daya tahan otot tungkai secara umum masuk kategori kurang dengan rata-rata squat jump 16,4 kali. Pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC memiliki speed yang kurang dengan rata-rata 4,826 detik. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan seluruh pelatih memiliki kelincahan yang kurang dengan rata-rata 27,4 detik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh pelatih memiliki kelentukan yang sempurna dengan rata-rata 37,9 cm. Hasil pengukuran power menunjukkan rata-rata vertical jump 45,8 cm, yang artinya pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC memiliki power yang cukup. Sementara hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatih SSO Real Madrid FC secara umum memiliki tingkat daya tahan umum (kardiovaskuler) yang kurang dengan rata-rata 33,67 ml.kg/menit. DESCRIPTION OF PREDOMINANT PHYSICAL COMPONENTS (BASIC PHYSICAL COMPONENTS) REAL MADRID SSO TRAINER AbstractThis study aims to determine the description of predominant physical components (basic physical components) SSO coach of Real Madrid FC FIK UNY 2016. The predominant physical components (basic physical components) measured include strength, muscular endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, power and power basic (cardiovascular) resistance. The design used in this study was survey research, with test techniques. The subjects of this study were 11 SSO Real Madrid FC FIK UNY trainers. The instrument used for back and leg muscle strength is leg and back dynamometer. Abdominal muscle endurance was measured by sit-up tests, arm and shoulder muscular endurance by push-up tests, leg endurance by squat jump tests. Speed with a 30 meter test run. Agility with beam side step tests. Make use of the flexometer. Leg muscle power with a vertical jump test. General endurance (cardiovascular) with a multistage test. The results showed that the 2016 Real Madrid FC FIK UNY SSO coach in general had excellent back muscle strength with an average of 138.7 kg. Measurement of leg muscle strength shows an average of 170.9 kg, which means the majority of trainers have sufficient and less leg muscle strength. SSO coaches Real Madrid FC in general have less abdominal endurance with an average sit-up of 45.5 times and good endurance of arm and shoulder muscles and enough with an average push-up of 20.9 times. While leg muscle endurance is generally in the category of less with an average squat jump of 16.4 times. SSO coaches Real Madrid FC have less speed with an average of 4.826 seconds. The measurement results show that all trainers have less agility with an average of 27.4 seconds. The results showed that all trainers had perfect flexibility with an average of 37.9 cm. Power measurement results show an average vertical jump of 45.8 cm, which means SSO Real Madrid FC coaches have enough power. While the results of the study show that SSO coaches Real Madrid FC in general have a general level of endurance (cardiovascular) which is less with an average of 33.67 ml.kg/min.

Effects of a 12-wk resistance exercise program on skeletal muscle strength in children with burn injuries

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1168-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar E. Suman ◽  
Ricarda J. Spies ◽  
Mario M. Celis ◽  
Ronald P. Mlcak ◽  
David N. Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Leg Muscle

The posttraumatic response to burn injury leads to marked and prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness, which persist despite standard rehabilitation programs of occupational and physical therapy. We investigated whether a resistance exercise program would attenuate muscle loss and weakness that is typically found in children with thermal injury. We assessed the changes in leg muscle strength and lean body mass in severely burned children with >40% total body surface area burned. Patients were randomized to a 12-wk standard hospital rehabilitation program supplemented with an exercise training program ( n = 19) or to a home-based rehabilitation program without exercise ( n = 16). Leg muscle strength was assessed before and after the 12-wk rehabilitation or training program at an isokinetic speed of 150°/s. Lean body mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the participation in a resistance exercise program results in a significant improvement in muscle strength, power, and lean body mass relative to a standard rehabilitation program without exercise.

scholarly journals The Importance of Physical Fitness for Pencak Silat Athletes: Home-Based Weight Training Between Tabata and Circuit Can it Work?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-122
Author(s):  
Ihsan Abdul Patah ◽  
Hasanuddin Jumareng ◽  
Edi Setiawan ◽  
Mela Aryani ◽  
Ruslan Abdul Gani
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Weight Training ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Circuit Weight Training ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Experienced Difficulty

During the Covid-19 pandemic, pencak silat athletes experienced difficulty improving physical fitness because training could not be done together with a coach, so their physical fitness decreased significantly. This study aimed to test Tabata and Circuit's effectiveness to improve female Pencak silat athletes' physical fitness. This research was quantitative with experimental methods. The subject of this research consisted of Female Pencak silat athletes with low physical fitness levels (n=20). All subjects were randomly allocated to experiment I of the Tabata weight training (TWT) (n = 10) and experiment II of the Circuit weight training (CWT) (n = 10). The results showed that the physical training such as arm muscle strength (t= 11.00; P<0.05), leg muscle strength (t= 7.900; P<0.05), muscle endurance (t= 6.014; P<0.05), flexibility (t= 10.34; P<0.05), endurance VO2max (t= 17.39; P<0.05) and power (t= 19.20; P<0.05), increased significantly due to the intervention of Tabata weight training. A similar increase occurred in Circuit weight training, physical fitness components, such as arm muscle strength (t= 4.910; P<0.05), leg muscle strength (t= 12.230; P<0.05), muscle endurance (t= 4.792; P<0.05), flexibility (t= 6.107; P<0.05), endurance VO2max (t= 5.533; P<0.05) and power (t= 5.982; P<0.05) increased significantly. Home-based weight training between Tabata and Circuit positively improved the physical fitness of female Pencak silat athletes. This research contributes knowledge in coaching so that lecturers and coaches can use it to improve aspects of athlete's physical fitness.

scholarly journals Factorial Structure of Trunk Motor Qualities and Their Association with Explosive Movement Performance in Young Footballers

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Jasminka Tomčić ◽  
Nejc Šarabon ◽  
Goran Marković
Keyword(s):  
Body Height ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Trunk Muscle ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Trunk Strength

This study examined the factorial structure of trunk motor qualities and their associations with explosive muscular performance of football players. Ninety-one young male football players (age: 15–21 years; body height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 70.3 ± 7.5 kg) performed a series of tests: four standing and four seated isometric trunk strength tests, seven trunk power (medicine ball throwing) tests, four trunk endurance tests and four explosive movement performance tests. A principal component factor analysis (PCA) was used to determine the structure of trunk motor qualities, and correlational analyses were used to assess linear associations between trunk motor qualities and explosive performance. The PCA revealed four independent factors—trunk power, standing and seated isometric trunk strength, and trunk muscle endurance. Only trunk power had significant moderate, logically positive associations with sprint and vertical jump performance (common variance: 25–36%), while other associations between trunk motor factors and explosive movement performance were generally low to very low. These results indicate that trunk muscle functions of football players can be described with three independent motor qualities—trunk power, trunk strength and trunk muscle endurance, with only trunk power being moderately associated with players’ sprinting and jumping performance.

Gender- and height-related limits of muscle strength in world weightlifting champions

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln E. Ford ◽  
Alvin J. Detterline ◽  
Kevin K. Ho ◽  
Wenyuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contractile Tissue

To assess factors that limit human muscle strength and growth, we examined the relationship between performance and body dimensions in the world weightlifting champions of 1993–1997. Weight lifted varied almost exactly with height squared (Ht2.16), suggesting that muscle mass scaled almost exactly with height cubed (Ht3.16) and that muscle cross-sectional area was closely correlated with body height, possibly because height and the numbers of muscle fibers in cross section are determined by a common factor during maturation. Further height limitations of muscle strength were shown by only one male champion ≥183 cm and no female champions ≥175 cm. The ratio of weight lifted to mean body cross-sectional area was approximately constant for body-weight classes ≤83 kg for men and ≤64 kg for women and decreased abruptly for higher weight classes. These findings suggest a nearly constant fraction of body mass devoted to muscle in lighter lifters and a lesser fraction in heavier lifters. Analysis also suggests that contractile tissue comprises ∼30% less body mass in female champions.

GAMBARAN KEKUATAN, DAYA TAHAN OTOT, POWER, KELENTUKAN, KECEPATAN REAKSI, DAN DAYA TAHAN JANTUNG PARU ATLET CABANG OLAHRAGA TENIS MEJA JAWA BARAT PON XVIII/2012 RIAU BERDASARKAN STANDAR KONI PUSAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Annisa Putri ◽  
Mulya Nurmansyah Ardisasmita
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
West Java ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Physical Components

On PON XVIII/2012 Riau, achievements earned by West Java table tennis athletes were not the best. Those athletes only earned 1 silver medal and 1 bronze medal. One of several factors influencing these athletes achievement is physical condition of the athlete.Underwhelming achievements may be caused by discrepancy of athletes physical condition with Central KONI standards. This study aimed to describe predominant physical components of West Java table tennis athletes in PON XVIII/2012 Riau according to Central KONI standard. The study was conducted using descriptive study design andcross sectional approach using secondary data that has been measured by Sport Medicine field of KONI West Java. Secondary data consists of predominant physical components in table tennis athletes, which are strength, muscle endurance, power, flexibility, reactionspeed, and heart lung strength, that will be compared to Central KONI standard. Based on Central KONI standard, there were predominant physical component of West Java table tennis athletes in PON XVIII/2012 Riau still on deficient and adequate level, which were arm and shoulder muscle strength, leg muscle strength, abdominal muscle endurance, arm muscle power, and heart lung endurance in male athletes; and arm and shoulder strength, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength, and heart lung endurance in female athletes. There were still predominant physical components of West Java table tennisathletes that have not achieved good, very good or perfect category according to Central KONI standard. Hence, efforts to coach athletes through scalable and well programmed training are needed. In conclusion, an athlete can earn gold medal if predominant physical component capability of said athlete achieved good, very good or perfect category.

scholarly journals The effect of brain vitalization exercise on muscle strength and endurance in people with dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
Mustika Fitri ◽  
Ajeng Fauziyah ◽  
Hana Astria Nur
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Chair Stand ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Test Instrument ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Leg Muscle

This study aims to determine the effect of brain vitalization exercise on muscle strength and endurance in people with dementia. The pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study, then a sample of 31 people with dementia was obtained from a population of 78 people in Cibeunying Kidul District. The Arm Curl Test instrument is used in research that aims to measure arm muscle strength and Chair Stand Test which aims to measure leg muscle endurance. The data analysis technique in this study used Paired Sample T Test using the help of SPSS version 25 software. Based on data analysis, the results showed that the muscle strength obtained sig. 0.000 < 0.05 and on the durability of sig. 0.000 < 0.05 so it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of brain vitalization exercise on muscle strength and endurance in people with dementia.

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