Retail Districts

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Kickert
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
English Language ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Operational Processes

Retail districts are key elements of the urban experience, reflecting and reinforcing the economic, social, political and physical attributes of their environments. Vibrant cities and neighborhoods depend on similarly vibrant retail cores and districts, and vice versa. Furthermore, retail districts strongly influence the urban experience by facilitating the exchange of goods and culture, encouraging social capital, and enabling entrepreneurship. It is therefore surprising how peripherally urban retail districts are discussed in the academic literature, as few geographers, economists, urbanists and sociologists study them as interconnected economic, social, political and physical systems. In many Western countries, urban retail districts have struggled to keep pace with trends toward efficiency, consolidation, and decentralization of retailers, and academic research has similarly moved on. While urban retail districts represent uniquely fine-grained physical settings and conditions, the majority of contemporary retail research has shifted its focus toward macro-scale or operational processes of marketing, consumer behavior, and distribution. As a result, many relevant works on urban retail are rather dated, with any recent works written in countries where retailers have remained urbanized. In this English-language bibliography, many works are therefore British, although many foreign works exist. Over recent decades, a revival of research interest in urban vitality at the scale of the retail district has prompted advances in qualitative and quantitative insights. Analytical methods to study the external and internal structure of retail districts are similarly evolving. Contemporary scholarly debates on urban retail focus on the role of retail districts as social hubs, with authors confirming their positive effect on economic vitality and cultural transfer, while acknowledging the threat of gentrification and homogenization. An increasing number of studies focus on the withdrawal of retailers from underprivileged urban districts, resulting in a dearth of affordable access to healthy food options for their residents—coined “food deserts.” As government involvement in urban retail has diminished in many countries in the late 20th century, an increasing number of retail districts have adopted the self-taxed and governed Business Improvement District model, which has prompted significant academic inquiry and debate over the past decades. The globalization of retail corporations has prompted growing academic interest in retailing in the Global South, connecting the typically local condition of retail districts to global flows of capital and culture. This bibliography presents overview works on the current condition and evolution of urban retail, common analytical models of retail distribution and consumer behavior, and current scholarly debates.

Art and Archaeology of the Bronze Age in China

Art History ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
English Language ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Museum Displays ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
The Bronze Age

“China” here designates much but not all of China Proper or Inner China, terrain controlled during the Imperial era (221 bce to ce 1912) by historic dynastic states. Vast regions to the northeast, north, and west—Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet—are excluded even though they are now integral to the modern-day nation-state. Similarly, we slight areas of the south, for example the modern-day Lingnan and Yun-Gui macroregions, that only gradually were absorbed after the Bronze Age. In Chinese scholarship, “Bronze Age” (qingtong shidai青铜时代) serves as an alternate for the “Three Dynasties” (san dai三代) of traditional historiography: Xia (Hsia), Shang, and Zhou (Chou). Bracketing dates of c. 2000–221 bce are now widely used, the first an approximation, the latter firm. Bronze alloy, however, was just one ingredient of material cultures of the Three Dynasties. Other features include the appearance of states, social stratification, urbanization, warfare, and the appearance of iron (the Iron Age), in addition to achievements in literature, music, and philosophy during the latter centuries, a kind of “Classical Age.” Today, “arts” may encompass many forms of crafting materials for a variety of purposes and audiences. This bibliography specifically addresses architecture, bronze, jade, lacquer, and silk as well as music, pictorial representation, and writing. A term from the Bronze Age—“Six Arts” (or “skills,” liu yi六艺)—defined expertise for an elite male as ritual, music, archery, chariot driving, writing, and calculation. While the overlap between the ancient and modern categories is at best partial, these concepts do intersect in terms of makers and consumers and in social and religious purposes. The elite’s luxury lifestyle was sustained by the “arts.” Ritual required bronze vessels, and the requisite music was performed on instruments of bronze, stone, lacquer, etc. Chariots were outfitted with bronze; writing and picturing employed silk. This bibliography emphasizes Chinese archaeology, both as a discipline and as a realm of knowledge that have burgeoned since the late 20th century. Archaeology creates fresh evidence, which then becomes the stuff of excavation reports, investigative scholarship, exhibitions and museum displays, and reference works. Only some of this bounty can be cited here, and readers are directed to Oxford Bibliographies for Chinese Studies (e.g., Chinese Architecture, Calligraphy, Ceramics, Paleography, Ancient Chinese Religion) for further advice. This essay is limited to publications from 1980 and, when possible, favors English-language sources.

Benefits of Film Adaptations of Literary Works for English Language Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-198
Author(s):  
Sunay Öztürk ◽  
Buğra Zengin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Film Adaptations ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Film Scripts

Despite their potential in language learning, films have not been covered adequately in academic research except some attempts to develop strategies. One of these strategies has been to compare film scripts and their translations, to identify chunks, technical terms, and creative language examples and to list them with their translations, and to do creative dialogue writing activities especially by modeling these scripts where chunks are used extensively. Believing in the importance of evaluating the film scripts with their translations, this study aims to investigate the processes the researcher/teacher's high school students went through in learning and using the target language starting with the use of the film adaptations of the literary works, writing their scripts modeling the film scripts, acting their own scripts, and shooting their performances. The mixed method research design was used with the triangulation of the qualitative and quantitative data. The 68 high school students' views were investigated with Likert scale (1-5) questionnaire along with their comments about the items.

Paul Muldoon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Karhio
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Paul Muldoon ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Irish Poetry

Paul Muldoon was born in Portadown, Northern Ireland, in 1951 and spent his childhood in the village of Moy at the border of County Armagh and County Tyrone—a setting for several of his poems. He studied at Queen’s University Belfast and published his first collections of poetry in the early 1970s. At the time of the publication of his first volumes, Muldoon famously enjoyed the mentorship of Seamus Heaney, and this biographical and literary connection has been a constant reference point in criticism, to an extent that other significant literary exchanges and influences initially remained underexplored. After working for the BBC in Belfast until the mid-1980s, Muldoon moved to the United States in 1987. Now a US citizen, he currently lives in New York and works at Princeton University, where he holds the Howard G. B. Clark ’21 chair in the humanities. Muldoon has published twenty-two major collections of poetry, nineteen chapbooks and interim collections, two volumes of critical essays, three opera libretti, song lyrics, translations, and children’s literature. He has been repeatedly characterized as a shapeshifting figure, whose work simultaneously reaffirms and undermines preheld conceptions of what we mean by “Irish poetry.” Thus, to propose that his idiosyncratic style and the remarkable complexity of his verse resists critical categorization is a case of stating the obvious. A reverse claim, however, might be more appropriate: that his writing embraces such a variety of categories that attempts at classification lose their purpose. Muldoon’s densely referential writing and his technical mastery of poetic language are matched by few poets of his generation, and the issue of how successfully his undeniable dexterity translates into poetic efficacy has been a persistent tendency in his critical reception. Muldoon has been, in turns, praised for his unrivaled skill and technical virtuosity or accused of his poetry’s evasiveness, perceived as a lack of social or political commitment. Yet, few would question that his verse has a place in any overview of modern Irish writing, modern English-language poetry, or experimental 20th- and 21st-century poetics. In the early 21st century, Muldoon’s perceived obliquity, or his distaste for direct political engagement with the crises of late-20th-century Northern Ireland, has made way to a more outspoken approach, in poetry as well as in public life. His work has been highly critical of the US invasion of Iraq, for example, and also tackled problematic aspects of Irish culture and history in an increasingly direct manner.

Rudolf Otto and the Concept of the Numinous

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Sarbacker
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
English Language ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rudolf Otto ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Academic Study

The contemporary academic study of religion has its roots in conceptual and theoretical structures developed in the early to mid-20th century. A particularly important example of such a structure is the concept of the “numinous” developed by the theologian and comparativist Rudolf Otto (1869–1397) in his work, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and its Relation to the Rational (1923). Building on the work of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Friedrich Schleiermacher (1772–1834), and Jakob Fries (1773–1843), Otto developed the concept of the numinous—a “category of value” and a “state of mind”—as a way to express what he viewed as the “non-rational” aspects of the holy or sacred that are foundational to religious experience in particular and the lived religious life in general. For Otto, the numinous can be understood to be the experience of a mysterious terror and awe (Mysterium tremendum et fascinans) and majesty (Majestas) in the presence of that which is “entirely other” (das ganz Andere) and thus incapable of being expressed directly through human language and other media. Otto conceives of the concept of the numinous as a derivative of the Latin numen, meaning “spirit,” etymologically derived from the concept of divine will and represented by a “nodding” of the head. Otto argues that understanding the numinous in a satisfactory way requires a scholar to draw upon their own experience of religious sentiments, given its non-discursive and direct nature; this becomes a point of contention among later secular scholars of religion. In later works, such as Mysticism East and West: A Comparative Analysis of the Nature of Mysticism (1932), Otto gives numerous examples of the ways in which the concept of the numinous can be applied cross-culturally to traditions beyond Christianity, such as Hinduism and Buddhism. Otto’s theories regarding the numinous have been extremely influential in the development of the academic study of religion in the 20th and 21st centuries, as evidenced by the impact they had upon scholars such as Carl Jung, Mircea Eliade, and Ninian Smart, whose works were instrumental in the formation of religious studies as a discipline. Jung cites the concept of the numinous extensively with regard to his theories on the breakthrough of unconscious material into conscious awareness. Eliade’s work The Sacred and Profane: The Nature of Religion (1959) takes Otto’s concept of the numinous as a starting point in the development of its own theory; Eliade’s use of the category of the “sacred” might be considered derivative of Otto’s larger conception of the “holy” (das Heilige). Eliade’s work, like Otto’s, has been extensively criticized for postulating a sui generis nature of both the numinous and the sacred, which are viewed by Eliade as irreducible to other phenomena (historical, political, psychological, and so forth). Smart’s influential “dimensional analysis” theory and his scholarship on the topic of world religions is highly informed by his utilization of Otto’s theory of the numinous within the contexts of his cross-cultural reflections on religion and the development of his “two-pole” theory of religious experience. The concept of the numinous continues to be theorized about and applied in contemporary academic research in religious studies and utilized as part of a framework for understanding religion in university courses on world religions and other topics in the academic study of religion. In part through the work of Eliade, Smart, and other scholars—Otto included—who have found a popular readership, the term has been disseminated to such a degree as to find common usage in the English language and popular discourse.

Depiction of intellectual disability in fiction

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
English Language ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

I explore some of the ways in which intellectual disability (learning disability) is depicted in fiction. My premise is that literature both reflects and shapes societal attitudes to people in this vulnerable minority group. People with intellectual disabilities are seldom able to determine, confirm or counter narratives about themselves. This situation, in which the subject is fundamentally unable to participate in their representation, raises unique ethical considerations. I use examples from various English-language novels to discuss how subjective accounts, observable behaviours and physical attributes are all employed to characterise people with intellectual disabilities.

A study of Internet usage in Nigerian universities: A case study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (originally published in February 2003)

First Monday ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofoworola Jagboro
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
University System ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Nigerian University ◽  
E Mail

The Internet is arguably one of the most significant technological developments of the late 20th century. However, despite the added benefits of this tool to learning, teaching and research, a number of problems still plague Internet connectivity and usage in the Nigerian University system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of utilization of the Internet for academic research at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to postgraduate students spanning art and science based programmes. The results from the analysis of the responses showed that the use of the Internet ranked fourth (17.26 percent) among the sources of research materials. However, respondents who use the Internet ranked research materials (53.42 percent) second to e-mail (69.86 percent). The study concludes that the use of the Internet for academic research would significantly improve through the provision of more access points at Departmental and Faculty levels.

ESP Course Construction for Transportation Majors

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1679
Author(s):  
Fangpeng Gai
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
College English ◽  
Future Career ◽  
Content Selection

Since the traditional College English can no longer adapt to the current situation, its development has become the focus of the society. ESP has recently been paid more attention, whose goal is to develop the students’ comprehensive language skills required in future career and academic research. ESP teachers should not only follow the rules of English language, but also think about how to use English language to promote the study of professional knowledge. This study provides a design of ESP course for transportation majors in Shandong Jiaotong University. It is constructed from the perspectives of learners’ needs, objectives, content selection, teaching methods, and assessment.

scholarly journals An empirical study on problems faced by researchers while writing and publishing research papers in English

2021 ◽  
pp. 234-250
Author(s):  
RADHIKA C
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
International Research ◽  
English Language ◽  
Academic Language ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Publishing Research ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Research Writing ◽  
Research Papers

English as a universal academic language enables the international flexibility of researchers. Hynninen, N., &Kuteeva, M. (2017) have discussed the use of English in academic writing. In recent days most of the international research journals prefer English to be their choice due to dominated L2 writers. Writing a research paper is complex and academic research paper writing should be clear, formal, and precise. This study states that in what way the English language used for research writing in their domain by the researchers

scholarly journals Study of a temperature gradient metamorphism of snow from 3-D images: time evolution of microstructures, physical properties and their associated anisotropy

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1407-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Calonne ◽  
F. Flin ◽  
C. Geindreau ◽  
B. Lesaffre ◽  
S. Rolland du Roscoat
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Time Evolution ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Correlation Lengths ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Validation Tool ◽  
Anisotropy Coefficients

Abstract. We carried out a study to monitor the time evolution of microstructural and physical properties of snow during a temperature gradient metamorphism: a snow slab was subjected to a constant temperature gradient along the vertical during three weeks in a cold-room, and regularly sampled in order to obtain a set of 3-D images using X-ray microtomography. A large panel of properties was then computed from this series of 3-D images: density, specific surface area, correlation length, mean and Gaussian curvature distributions, air and ice tortuosities, effective thermal conductivity, and intrinsic permeability. Whenever possible, a specific attention was paid to assess these properties along the vertical and horizontal directions, and an anisotropy coefficient defined as the ratio of the vertical over the horizontal values was deduced. The time evolution of these properties, as well as their anisotropy coefficients, was investigated, showing the development of a strong anisotropic behavior during the experiment. Most of the computed physical properties of snow were then compared with two analytical models (Self consistent estimates and Dilutes bed of spheroids) based on the snow density, and the size and anisotropy of the grains through the correlation lengths. These models, which require only basic microstructural information, offer rather good estimates of the properties and anisotropy coefficients for our experiment without any fitting parameters. Our results highlight the interplay between the microstructure and physical properties, showing that the physical properties of snow subjected to a temperature gradient cannot be described accurately using only isotropic parameters such as the density and require more refined information. Furthermore, this study constitutes a detailed database on the evolution of snow properties under a temperature gradient, which can be used as a guideline and a validation tool for snow metamorphism models at the micro or macro scale.

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