A Continuum of Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Personal Integrity ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Feminist Work ◽  
Minimalist Conception

Chapter 11 outlines competing views on defining “violence.” A minimalist conception of violence as force focuses on the deliberate infliction of physical injury, highlighting the intentions of agents committing acts of violence at single moments in time. In contrast, a more comprehensive view of violence as violation recognizes a wider range of transgressions, privileging the experiences of victims and the “ripples of violence” affecting survivors, their families, and their communities over time. The chapter argues in favor of adopting a comprehensive approach, limited not to the use of force but drawing attention to violations of personal integrity more broadly. It draws on feminist work theorizing a continuum of violence against women to highlight why identifying a more complete spectrum of violent acts is vital, as manifestations of violence not only shade into one another but also inform and reinforce one another.

Militaire geschiedschrijving in de 21e eeuw

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-705
Author(s):  
Jan Hoffenaar
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Military Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Military History in the 21st CenturyThe field of military history has undergone profound changes in recent decades, the main feature of which has been to broaden the narrow traditional operational military historiography in terms of theme, perspective and methodology. This article very briefly discusses the position of the field in the academic and non-academic world. Then ‐ the main body of the article ‐ it explores the new historiographic paths military historians have taken over time, and analyzes the benefits and opportunities of these new practices, as well as the associated risks. Finally, a hopeful look is taken at the future of the field. It is argued that military historians with a comprehensive approach are best able to explain how the course of military action has influenced the general course of history and can thus make a full contribution to general historiography.

Beautiful Fragrances

Art Scents ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Larry Shiner
Keyword(s):  
Fine Arts ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 11 considers the claim that the best perfumes should be classified as part of the fine arts. The chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary aesthetic definitions of fine art, perfumes have all it takes to be fine art since they have complex structures that develop over time that can be used to represent ideas and express emotions. Yet the second half of the chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary contextual and historical definitions of art, perfumes are more like design art than fine art. The contextual case against fine art status is based on a model of art and design practices that involves roles, intentions, media, norms, and institutions. If we compare the creation of a commercial perfume designed by a perfumer with a “perfume” commissioned by an artist for an installation, commercial perfume looks like a design art. Chapter 11 ends in an impasse.

How does domestic violence escalate over time?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley Boxall ◽  
Siobhan Lawler
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Abusive Relationships ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Incident Data ◽  
Over Time

A key assumption in the domestic violence literature is that abuse escalates in severity and frequency over time. However, very little is known about how violence and abuse unfolds within intimate relationships and there is no consensus on how escalation should be defined or how prevalent it is. A narrative review of the literature identified two primary definitions of escalation: a pattern of increasingly frequent and/or severe violent incidents, or the occurrence of specific violent acts (ie outcomes). Escalation appears to be limited to serious or prolific offenders rather than characterising all abusive relationships. However, disparities in prevalence estimates between those provided by victim–survivors and recorded incident data highlight the difficulty of measuring this aspect of abusive relationships.

Assessing Violence in the Modern World

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bessel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Violent Events

The argument put forward by Steven Pinker that violence has been in decline and that “we have been getting kinder and gentler” rests to a considerable degree upon data concerning violent events, in particular homicide and deaths on the battlefield. In discussing such data for the modern period, this article questions their reliability and, in particular, their comparability over time. Pinker’s argument may be stronger with respect to a growing public sensitivity toward many forms of violence, not least sexual violence, for which there is considerable evidence. However, the relationship between changing public sensibilities and changing levels of actual violent acts remains difficult to determine.

scholarly journals Techniques for Regulating Military Force

2019 ◽  
pp. 734-752
Author(s):  
Monica Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Military Force ◽  
War Powers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time

This chapter draws on the five chapters that follow—each of which describes the war powers in a single country—to identify and analyze some of the techniques for regulating this area of foreign affairs and then to reflect on the value of comparative research on it. Three basic techniques are: (1) to establish substantive standards on when the government may or may not use force, (2) to divide among different branches of government the authority to deploy the country’s armed forces, and (3) to subject such decisions to oversight or review. There is considerable variation, both across countries and over time within particular countries, in how and with what effect each technique is used. Given that variation, comparative war powers research might be of limited relevance to national officials who make use of force decisions or to analysts who seek to explain them. Rather, the principal benefit of such research might be to bring into stark relief each country’s own national ethos—to shed light on how it defines itself and conceives of its relationship with the rest of the world

scholarly journals THE CATEGORY OF VOICE IN VIETNAMESE: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hoang Van Van
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
European Language ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Research Application ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Functional Description ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Opening Up

This article is a functional description of the category of voice – arguably, one of the most slippery notions in the grammar of Vietnamese that seems to resist any satisfactory treatment. The theoretical framework employed for describing and interpreting the category is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Three questions which form the basis of this study are: (1) “Does the system of VOICE exist in Vietnamese?”; if so, (2) “What are the delicate options available in the environment of VOICE in Vietnamese?”; and (3) “How can these delicate options be distinguished from the SFL perspective?” The answers to these questions show that unlike formal grammatical descriptions, VOICE exists in Vietnamese as a system; the environment of VOICE opens up a number of delicate options; and these delicate options can be distinguished along the three metafunctions: experiential, interpersonal, and textual. The answers to these questions also show that SFL is a highly relevant framework for describing and interpreting the system of VOICE in Vietnamese: SFL helps us investigate the category from a number of dimensions, enabling us to have a more comprehensive view of it. The study contributes to the application of SFL to the description of Vietnamese grammar - a non-Indo-European language, opening up new potentials for a comprehensive approach to the description of a Systemic Functional Grammar of Vietnamese for research, application, and teaching purposes.

How suspect race affects police use of force in an interaction over time.

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Barsamian Kahn ◽  
Joel S. Steele ◽  
Jean M. McMahon ◽  
Greg Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 11. Exploiting Runtime Variation in Complete Solvers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla P. Gomes ◽  
Ashish Sabharwal
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sat Solvers ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Runtime Distributions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

It has become well know over time that the performance of backtrack-style complete SAT solvers can vary dramatically depending on “little” details of the heuristics used, such as the way one selects the next variable to branch on and in what order the possible values are assigned to the variable. Extreme variations can result even from simple tie breaking mechanisms necessarily employed in all SAT solvers. The discovery of this extreme runtime variation has been both a stumbling block and an opportunity. This chapter focuses on providing an understanding of this intriguing phenomenon, particularly in terms of the so-called heavy tailed nature of the runtime distributions of systematic SAT solvers. It describes a simple formal model based on expensive mistakes to explain runtime distributions seen in practice, and discusses randomization and restart strategies that can be used to effectively overcome the negative impact of heavy tailed behavior. Finally, the chapter discusses the notion of backdoor variables, which explain the unexpectedly short runs one also often sees in practice.

Militias and the Iraqi State

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
State Agents ◽  
Governance Strategy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

According to conventional wisdom, states have a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within their territories, and delegate its operation to closely held state agents such as the military and police. Yet when faced with insurgencies, states often enlist the support of paramilitary organizations or militias. The competence–control tradeoff is especially stark in these cases, as states depend on capable militias to fight insurgents, but also risk losing control over them. This chapter examines the tradeoff in light of the relationship between militia groups and the Iraqi government. To bring a semblance of security to Iraq, both the United States and the Iraqi government used paramilitary groups such as the Sons of Iraq and the Kurdish Peshmerga. Following the withdrawal of US troops, the government has become increasingly beholden to Shia militias, yet the case defies a simple, sectarian logic. This chapter examines the choice of governance strategy vis-à-vis militias in Iraq, and changes in that strategy over time, providing insights into the governor’s dilemma, counterinsurgency strategy, and state formation.

Changes in officer use of force over time: a descriptive analysis of a national survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Taylor ◽  
Geoffrey Alpert ◽  
Bruce Kubu ◽  
Daniel Woods ◽  
Roger G. Dunham
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Over Time
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