Changes in officer use of force over time: a descriptive analysis of a national survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Taylor ◽  
Geoffrey Alpert ◽  
Bruce Kubu ◽  
Daniel Woods ◽  
Roger G. Dunham
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals A retrospective cohort study of 27,049 polytraumatized patients age 60 and above: identifying changes over 16 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kalbas ◽  
M. Lempert ◽  
F. Ziegenhain ◽  
J. Scherer ◽  
V. Neuhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Treatment Algorithms ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Purpose The number of severely injured patients exceeding the age of 60 has shown a steep increase within the last decades. These patients present with numerous co-morbidities, polypharmacy, and increased frailty requiring an adjusted treatment approach. In this study, we establish an overview of changes we observed in demographics of older severe trauma patients from 2002 to 2017. Methods A descriptive analysis of the data from the TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU) was performed. Patients admitted to a level one trauma center in Germany, Austria and Switzerland between 2002 and 2017, aged 60 years or older and with an injury severity score (ISS) over 15 were included. Patients were stratified into subgroups based on the admission: 2002–2005 (1), 2006–2009 (2), 2010–2013 (3) and 2014–2017 (4). Trauma and patient characteristics, diagnostics, treatment and outcome were compared. Results In total 27,049 patients with an average age of 73.9 years met the inclusion criteria. The majority were males (64%), and the mean ISS was 27.4. The proportion of patients 60 years or older [(23% (1) to 40% (4)] rose considerably over time. Trauma mechanisms changed over time and more specifically low falls (< 3 m) rose from 17.6% (1) to 40.1% (4). Altered injury patterns were also identified. Length-of-stay decreased from 28.9 (1) to 19.5 days (4) and the length-of-stay on ICU decreased from 17.1 (1) to 12.7 days (4). Mortality decreased from 40.5% (1) to 31.8% (4). Conclusion Length of stay and mortality decreased despite an increase in patient age. We ascribe this observation mainly to increased use of diagnostic tools, improved treatment algorithms, and the implementation of specialized trauma centers for older patients allowing interdisciplinary care.

Attitudes to voluntary action

2018 ◽  
pp. 183-216
Author(s):  
Rose Lindsey ◽  
John Mohan ◽  
Sarah Bulloch ◽  
Elizabeth Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
Voluntary Initiative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statistical Record ◽  
Over Time

This chapter reviews existing research on attitudes to voluntary action. Despite the importance of this topic, public attitudes have received even less consistent consideration over time than voluntary action itself. This chapter summarises information from the National Survey of Volunteering (1981 and 1991) and the British Social Attitudes Surveys (from the 1990s) on the virtues of voluntarism, and the relationship between voluntary action and government policy. However, given the later gaps in the statistical record, the emphasis in the chapter is firmly upon two key Mass Observation Project directives, implemented 16 years apart, in 1996 and 2012. Writers have a strong sense of where the boundary should lie between statutory responsibility and voluntary initiative; and demonstrate particular concerns of and criticisms about the use of volunteers to substitute for paid staff, and to undercut the position of the lowest-paid members of society. Writers also discuss strong concerns about the ways in which governments take the contribution of volunteers for granted, leading to scepticism about individual and community capacities to take on further social responsibilities. We argue that the rationales on which appeals for greater voluntary effort are made are crucial to the success of these appeals.

scholarly journals The Social Characteristics of Postgraduate Students in Ecuador: A Multidimensional Statistical Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Andrés Bonilla Marchán ◽  
Ramiro Delgado ◽  
Efstathios Stefos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The Social

The purpose of this study is to investigate social characteristics of postgraduate students in Ecuador. The study was conducted with the use of a descriptive and multidimensional statistical analysis, and data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment corresponding to 2015. The descriptive analysis has shown the frequencies and percentages of the variables of the research. The multidimensional statistical analysis was used in order to show the main and most important criteria of differentiation and the classification in clusters of people being studied. The methods used are the factorial analysis of multiple correspondences that presents the criteria of differentiation and the hierarchical clustering that defines the groups of people due to their common characteristics.

scholarly journals Premature Mortality in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Liang ◽  
Emmalin Buajitti ◽  
Laura Rosella
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank. Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males. Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

scholarly journals Trends in factors indicating increased risk for STI among key subpopulations in the United States, 2002–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami S Leichliter ◽  
Patricia J Dittus ◽  
Casey E Copen ◽  
Sevgi O Aral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesWithin the context of rising rates of reportable STIs in the USA, we used national survey data to examine temporal trends in high-risk factors that indicate need for STI/HIV preventive services among key subpopulations with disproportionate STI rates.MethodsWe used data from the 2002 (n=12 571), 2006–2010 (n=22 682) and 2011–2015 (n=20 621) National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). NSFG is a national probability survey of 15–44 year olds living in US households. We examined STI risk factors among sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) and Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, 15–19 year old, 20–24 year old, and 25–29 year old women who have sex with men (WSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). Risk behaviours included: received money or drugs for sex, gave money or drugs for sex, partner who injected drugs, partner who has HIV, non-monogamous partner (WSM, MSW only) and male partner who had sex with other men (WSM only). Endorsement of any of these behaviours was recoded into a composite variable focusing on factors indicating increased STI risk (yes/no). We used chi-squares and logistic regression (calculating predicted marginals to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs)) to examine STI risk factors over time among the key subpopulations.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2011–2015, reported STI risk factors did not change or declined over time among key subpopulations in the USA. In adjusted analyses comparing 2002 to 2011–2015, we identified significant declines among WSM: Hispanics (aPR=0.84 (0.68–1.04), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.69 (0.58–0.82), adolescents (aPR=0.71 (0.55–0.91) and 25–29 year olds (aPR=0.76 (0.58–0.98); among MSW: Hispanics (aPR=0.53 (0.40–0.70), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.74 (0.59–0.94) and adolescents (aPR=0.63 (0.49–0.82); and among MSM (aPR=0.53 (0.34–0.84).ConclusionsWhile reported STIs have increased, STI risk factors among key subpopulations were stable or declined. Condom use related to these risk factors, sexual mixing patterns and STI testing should be examined.

Dynamic Analysis of Traveler Attitudes and Perceptions Using Panel Data

2000 ◽  
Vol 1718 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Sunkanapalli ◽  
Ram M. Pendyala ◽  
Arun R. Kuppam
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Over Time

A dynamic analysis of travelers’ attitudes, preferences, and values was carried out using three waves of the Puget Sound Transportation Panel survey to investigate dynamics in traveler attitudes and perceptions. An in-depth descriptive analysis was performed to examine the variations in attitudinal ratings over time. A traditional one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to explore for similarities and differences in traveler attitudinal ratings across different waves of the panel survey. A similar analysis was performed on the stayer sample (i.e., the respondents who participated in all three waves of the panel used in this study). The ANOVA results show significant differences in mean attitudinal ratings across the three waves of the panel survey. The differences in traveler attitudes and perceptions among stayers, dropouts (respondents who leave the panel survey), and refreshments (respondents who are newly recruited as the panel survey proceeds) were also captured. Finally, differences in traveler attitudes and preferences across different modal market segments were examined. The results indicate the need for greater consideration of attitudinal dynamics in transportation planning and policy analysis.

Changes in Individual Sibling Relationships in Response to Life Events

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenna D. Spitze ◽  
Katherine Trent
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
The Face ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
Over Time

Data from the first two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households are used to examine how individual sibling relationships change in response to life events in a gendered context. We find union formation is associated with a decline in sibling visits, as is transitioning from part- to full-time work. Becoming a parent increases support from a sibling and remaining childless over time is associated with more exchanges of support. Parental death decreases support to a sibling. Moving farther away lowers the number of visits, exchanges of support, and frequency of phoning or writing. However, for most of the life events examined, we find no significant effects on sibling relationships and little evidence that gender of siblings influences the effects of life events on sibling relationships. We conclude that the nature of individual sibling relationships remains relatively stable in the face of life events.

scholarly journals Are Canadian youth still exposed to second-hand smoke in homes and in cars?

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Barisic ◽  
ST Leatherdale ◽  
R Burkhalter ◽  
M Math ◽  
R Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Youth Smoking Survey ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Introduction The objective of this manuscript is to examine the prevalence of youth exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in homes and cars, changes in SHS exposure over time, and factors associated with beliefs youth hold regarding SHS exposure among a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth. Methods Descriptive analysis of SHS exposure in homes and cars was conducted using data from the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (2004, 2006 and 2008). Logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with beliefs youth had about SHS exposure in 2008. Results In 2008, 21.5% of youth reported being exposed to SHS in their home on a daily or almost daily basis, while 27.3% reported being exposed to SHS while riding in a car at least once in the previous week. Between 2004 and 2008, the prevalence of daily SHS exposure in the home and cars decreased by 4.7% and 18.0% respectively. Conclusion Despite reductions in SHS exposure over time, a substantial number of Canadian youth continue to be exposed to SHS in homes and cars. Further effort is required to implement and evaluate policies designed to protect youth from SHS.

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