scholarly journals Science with Boundaries: Yang Zhongjian and Vertebrate Paleontology in Republican China, 1919–1950

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-320
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Pei Yen
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Vertebrate Paleontology ◽  
Academic Experience ◽  
Chinese Nationalism ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Peking University ◽  
Professional Study ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Political Realities

The rapid development of paleontology–especially vertebrate paleontology and dinosaurology–has made ‘Chinese Paleontology’ an important subfield of paleontology since the 1990s, resulting in China becoming a powerhouse of paleontological research. This chapter focuses on YANG Zhongjiang (1897–1979), often celebrated as the father of Chinese vertebrate paleontology, to examine how the field of his specialty was established and developed as a scientific discipline in his country. It traces Yang’s early academic experience from a geology major at Peking University in the early 1920s to his graduate years in Germany under the famous paleontologist Ferdinand Broili. Yang’s professional study and training was strengthened by his rich field experience after returning to China in the late 1920s. He participated not only in the joint Sino-American Central Asiatic Expedition to Mongolia in 1930, but also in the extensive excavation project of the Peking Man fossils conducted by the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. His more independent work took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when he discovered, studied, and constructed China’s first complete dinosaur fossils (the Lufengosaurus). Besides describing the making of a professional paleontologist in China in the first half of the 20th century, this chapter also illuminates questions that are intrinsic to the development of scientific disciplines at a time when the rise of Chinese nationalism intersected with scientific internationalism and imperialism. How did the academic practice of paleontology reflect unequal political realities? Is paleontology a ‘local science’? Could the endeavor for ‘local science’ empower scientists from developing nations?

Global Development, Global Public Health, and Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 819-829
Author(s):  
Gerald Bloom ◽  
Hayley MacGregor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Present Context

Rapid development has brought significant economic and health benefits, but it has also exposed populations to new health risks. Public health as a scientific discipline and major government responsibility developed during the nineteenth century to help mitigate these risks. Public health actions need to take into account large inequalities in the benefits and harms associated with development between countries, between social groups, and between generations. This is especially important in the present context of very rapid change. It is important to acknowledge the global nature of the challenges people face and the need to involve countries with different cultures and historical legacies in arriving at consensus on an ethical basis for global cooperation in addressing these challenges. This chapter provides an analysis of these issues, using examples on the management of health risks associated with global development and rapid urbanization and on the emergence of organisms that are resistant to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Non-scientific Archaeological Recovery of Human Remains from an Ancient Well in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Sehrawat ◽  
R. K. Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Forensic Archaeology ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Minimum Number Of Individuals ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Forensic archaeology is a scientific discipline that can expose past crime(s) against humanity by recovering the bodies of victims and meticulously documenting any proof of torture, trauma or human rights violations. Archaeological recovery of human remains deposited in pre-existing structures or features such as wells, potholes, natural ravines, roadside trenches, sewage systems etc., have been reported from many sites worldwide. In April, 2014, thousands of human bones, teeth as well as a number of personal effects including coins, medals and beaded armbands were unscientifically excavated from a well—presumably dating from the nineteenth century—located under a religious structure in the heart a North Indian town. Without the assistance of scientific expertise or local administration, locals excavated the remains to verify whether the well containing human bones was a result of an event which had been documented in the written records. The unscientific excavation by locals with no formal qualifications in archaeology or anthropology, resulted in the enhanced damage and commingling of human remains limiting information on the minimum number of individuals, age-at-death, sex, pathological conditions, trauma, etc. which may have assisted in identification and a stronger corroboration with the historical records. This paper aims to emphasize that if scientific protocols had been followed—including the participation of a multidisciplinary excavation team with experts from diverse scientific disciplines like forensic archaeology, anthropology, geology, skeletal biology, history, forensic medicine etc.—data and context would have been greatly enhanced and information may have been obtained about the deceased individuals and whether they were the victims of crimes dating to the nineteenth century.

Problems of distance education in the context of philosophy of personal education

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
I.E. Ditkovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Personal Education

Analyzed is experience of distance education in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. In the context of education quality problems, attention is drawn to the inability of most students to organize their independent work and low motivation for independent mastering of the specialty. Meanwhile, under conditions of rapid development of technologies, rapidly changing economic conditions, flexible and timely planning in the context of overcoming the production crisis, specialists, who possess modern technologies in a narrow field, programming languages and the skills of working on specific equipment, are required. But, at the same time, employers are interested in well-educated and big-minded professionals, for example, crisis managers. Graduates should have broad knowledge that allows them to quickly adapt to new requirements, independently choose and master new professions in the future, receiving necessary education, navigate growing flows of information, strive for self-education and self-development, which should be based on the motivation of independent learning. The article focuses on the role of humanitarian knowledge, mastery of which is the basis for self-education and self-development. The definition of the concept of “philosophy of personal education” as a system of thinking in which the principles of philosophy of education are projected onto a personal assessment of one’s own physical, intellectual, spiritual, moral and ethical potential as a foundation for self-education and self-development is given. On the basis of philosophy of personal education, abilities, intellectual and creative potential of the individual are realized and a clear motivation for the need to master a particular specialty and self-improvement in this area is determined.

Brave New Digital Tools for Action Research in Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 42-64
Author(s):  
Reinhard Bauer ◽  
Klaus Himpsl-Gutermann ◽  
Martin Sankofi ◽  
Petra Szucsich ◽  
Ruth Petz
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Research In Education ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Due to the rapid development of digital media, the work of researchers in all scientific disciplines has dramatically changed. The objective of this chapter is to give a brief overview of digital tools that can be used for action or practice research in the context of seamless learning. It is the intention of the authors to, on the one hand, provide some initial orientation and deeper insight into the complex subject matter of digital science. On the other hand, researchers shall be equipped with a user guide that encourages them to try out various digital tools for searching, collecting, annotating, analyzing, visualizing, interpreting as well as publishing information. Owing to the dynamic nature of the issue under review this chapter will undoubtedly only offer a snapshot.

scholarly journals Do researchers use open research data? Exploring the relationships between usage trends and metadata quality across scientific disciplines from the Figshare case

2020 ◽  
pp. 016555152096104
Author(s):  
Alfonso Quarati ◽  
Juliana E Raffaghelli
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Scientific Domain ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Metadata Quality ◽  
Publishing Practices

Open research data (ORD) have been considered a driver of scientific transparency. However, data friction, as the phenomenon of data underutilisation for several causes, has also been pointed out. A factor often called into question for ORD low usage is the quality of the ORD and associated metadata. This work aims to illustrate the use of ORD, published by the Figshare scientific repository, concerning their scientific discipline, their type and compared with the quality of their metadata. Considering all the Figshare resources and carrying out a programmatic quality assessment of their metadata, our analysis highlighted two aspects. First, irrespective of the scientific domain considered, most ORD are under-used, but with exceptional cases which concentrate most researchers’ attention. Second, there was no evidence that the use of ORD is associated with good metadata publishing practices. These two findings opened to a reflection about the potential causes of such data friction.

IV. Experiment in Medicine

1946 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 166-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Dale
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
New Era ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of

I have been asked to speak about the history of the experimental method in medicine, with particular reference to the nineteenth century. This indication, though I do not propose to regard it as setting a limit, seems to have a special fitness, since it is to the nineteenth century, and especially to its latter half, that we must look for the effective beginning and astonishingly rapid development, the veritable outburst, indeed, of activity in the application of the experimental method to medicine, which opened the new era of medical progress in which we are living today. It is curious, perhaps, that this should have come so late in the history of science. For medicine had figured early in man's attempts to understand nature and his relation to it, and many departments of science which have long ago achieved recognition as independent bodies of knowledge originated as aspects of the physician's equipment—botany, for example, zoology and chemistry, as well as human anatomy and physiology, which still retain their attachment to the medical group of the scientific disciplines. From this point of view, then, it is not surprising to find two physicians, William Gilbert and William Harvey, as the leaders in this country of the scientific revolution which had begun in Europe in 1543 with the publication, within a few weeks of one another, of two books—one by Copernicus of Cracow,De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, and the other by Vesalius of Padua,De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Both Gilbert and Harvey, we may be proud to remember, studied and first graduated in Medicine here, in Cambridge.

scholarly journals Instrumentation and Software for Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counting Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Sanyuan ◽  
Xie Yuanming
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Scintillation Counting ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Scintillation Counting ◽  
Vertebrate Paleontology ◽  
Marine Geology ◽  
Important Research ◽  
High Background ◽  
Peking University

In China, the development of 14C dating is closely related to that of liquid scintillation counting (LSC). New demands are continuously made on LSC by 14C dating, and at the same time, the development of LSC promotes 14C dating. Benzene synthesis for 14C sample preparation was first developed in China in 1974 by the 14C Laboratory of the Department of History, Peking University. This has laid the foundation for 14C dating by β counting with LS counters. Initially, we used a modified conventional LS counter. Despite its poor detection efficiency and high background, it did make a great contribution to 14C dating and LSC in China. Additional 14C laboratories were established for the fields of archaeology, geology, geography, vertebrate paleontology, marine geology and seismology, for which 14C dating is becoming an important research tool. At present, over 50 14C laboratories have been established in China; 90% of the labs use LS counters for β counting, most of which are manufactured in China. 14C dating in China has been primarily concerned with sample synthesis techniques. Since 1979, we have developed three types of LS counters. One is of conventional design; the others are with anticoincidence shielding. We describe here an anticoincidence-shielded LS counter.

scholarly journals New Computing Technology in Reliability Engineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Radim Briš ◽  
Simona Domesová
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Computing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Reliability Engineering ◽  
Computing Technology ◽  
Source Codes ◽  
Computation Efficiency ◽  
Cuda Technology

Reliability engineering is relatively new scientific discipline which develops in close connection with computers. Rapid development of computer technology recently requires adequate novelties of source codes and appropriate software. New parallel computing technology based on HPC (high performance computing) for availability calculation will be demonstrated in this paper. The technology is particularly effective in context with simulation methods; nevertheless, analytical methods are taken into account as well. In general, basic algorithms for reliability calculations must be appropriately modified and improved to achieve better computation efficiency. Parallel processing is executed by two ways, firstly by the use of the MATLAB function parfor and secondly by the use of the CUDA technology. The computation efficiency was significantly improved which is clearly demonstrated in numerical experiments performed on selected testing examples as well as on industrial example. Scalability graphs are used to demonstrate reduction of computation time caused by parallel computing.

Refleksyjna problematyzacja1 tego, co filozoficzne w tym, co pedagogiczne oraz tego, co pedagogiczne w tym, co filozoficzne

2017 ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Gara
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Mutual Exchange ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Old Greek

The author presents the thesis according to which pedagogy, as a scientific discipline needs philosophy to build contexts and to deepen its own research subject, whereas philosophy does not need pedagogy to build contexts and to deepen its own research subject,. For this reason, between the contemporary philosophy and pedagogy, treated as scientific disciplines, we have a constitutive asymmetry of mutual “exchange” and mutual influence. The search for mutual complementarity of philosophical and pedagogical thought must be done at a higher level of integration in the horizon of thinking about the historical, social, cultural or civilizational. It is here, where it exposes the fact of nonreducible dimension of experience of mutual easements and necessity of philosophy and pedagogy; the philosophical in the pedagogical, and the pedagogical in the philosophical. The old Greek idea of paideia invariably becomes a non-problematic meeting place and penetration of the philosophical and the pedagogical.

scholarly journals Social work and strengthening of NGOs in development cooperation to treat drug addiction

2021 ◽  
pp. 25
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Development Goals

Social work is one of the youngest scientific disciplines, it has developed itself as a discipline to address individuals, families and communities in social crisis (poverty, low level of education, un- employment, diseases, social isolation). In the last decade also problems with alcohol and drug dependencies increasingly became the subject of social work support(systems). Due to coming global- isation, where living space has become wider than the community itself, social work was forced to operate within wider horizons and to go beyond communities boundaries. Social work nowadays has been becoming a more global scientific discipline seeking answers to global questions. Social work is therefore linked to all seventeen global goals of sustainable development (SDGs). As the prevention and treatment of drug addiction in Germany and Central Asia has reached a common urgency, a training and research project in the field of social work in addiction support was developed in Germa- ny, Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) and China. The development of social work in these countries increasingly led to the development of common principles in the technology and ethics of social work, comparing standards and working out the socio-cultural peculiarities in the definition and practice of social work. These developments are examined and presented and their common solution ideas discussed in the con- text of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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