Echinodermata

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz A. Lowenstam ◽  
Stephen Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Mineralized Tissues ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function

The Echinodermata are certainly one of the most unusual and interesting phyla from the biomineralization point of view. They all live in the marine environment. The five major taxonomic classes (Asteroidea or sea stars, Ophiuroidea or brittle stars, Echinoidea or sea urchins, Crinoidea or sea lilies, and Holothuroidea or sea cucumbers) have quite different anatomical shapes and are characterized by fivefold symmetry. Each group forms mineralized hard parts. In the Echinoidea the skeletal elements are fused together to form a rigid test, whereas in the Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Crinoidea the skeletal elements or ossicles are articulated with one another. In the Holothuroidea the skeleton is usually reduced to microscopic ossicles or spicules, and, in some cases, mineralized granules as well. The hard parts of echinoderms vary enormously in shape and function and include not only the diverse skeletal elements, but also spines and teeth. Remarkably, with very few exceptions, the mineralized hard parts are formed from the same mineral, magnesium-bearing calcite [usually 5–15% as magnesium carbonate (Chave 1952, 1954; Raup 1966)], which has some unique and interesting properties. The ultrastructure of many of the macroscopic skeletal hard parts has a characteristic spongy or fenestrate structure (called the stereom) and is riddled with labyrinthine cavities (collectively called the stereom space). In echinoid spines the stereom spaces are secondarily filled in to form areas of solid mineral. The surfaces of the mineral phase are very smooth, even when examined a high magnification in the SEM (Towe 1967; Millonig 1970). Furthermore, the broken surfaces show no characteristic ultrastructural motif, which is observed in almost all other mineralized tissues in which the individual crystals are enveloped by layers of organic material. The fracture surfaces of echinoderm calcite actually have a conchoidal cleavage (Towe 1967), which is characteristic of glassy or amorphous materials. It is, therefore, most surprising that when individual skeletal plates, spines, spicules, ossicles, and even whole teeth are examined in polarized light or by X-ray diffraction, they behave as if they are single crystals! (Towe 1967; Donnay and Pawon 1969).

Joining up care around the individual – lessons from Vancouver

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
John P. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Frail Elderly ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Frail Elderly People ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe lessons learned from a homecare practice for frail elderly people. Design/methodology/approach – It is strictly a description of a point of view in respect of care of frailty designed to avoid institution. Findings – Generally, frail elderly patients choose care focused on comfort and function as opposed to the traditional systematic healthcare goals of rescue and prevention. This choice should be respected. Research limitations/implications – There are no formal research findings. Practical implications – Cost-saving as well as improvement in care is possible through team-based relationship-oriented homecare of the frail elderly where that care emphasizes comfort and function. Originality/value – This paper is authored by Dr John Sloan and is entirely original.

Transferring acquisition knowledge – sources, directions and outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Öberg
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Purpose The literature has described knowledge transfer in terms of how companies advance their merger and acquisition activities through experience. This indicates a knowledge transfer from one acquisition to the next, with the acquiring party being the carrier of such knowledge. The present paper aims to add to this view through pointing out how knowledge on how to acquire and how to integrate, follows also from other parties and their experiences. The paper discusses and classifies sources, directions and outcomes of knowledge transfer on acquisitions from a stakeholder point of view. Focus is on external stakeholders and knowledge is divided between knowledge on acquiring and knowledge on integrating, thus dealing with the pre- and post-merger stages of acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a multiple case study research design to illustrate its point. While the individual acquisitions are interconnected through the acquirer or acquired party being the same company, indications are that knowledge on how, when and what party to acquire and how to integrate (degree, direction, timing and function) follows from external stakeholders and their previous experiences. Findings The findings suggest that knowledge on acquiring follows from general knowledge on sector levels, while specific parties – including customers, competitors and the acquired party – are the sources of knowledge on integration. Knowledge on acquiring is imitative, while knowledge on integrating rests more on the external stakeholders’ failures. Originality/value The paper provides a research design contribution to acquisition studies, as most such studies adopt a quantitative, secondary data approach. The main contribution is though the focus on external stakeholders as sources of knowledge on acquiring and integrating. The previous literature seems to suggest that it is the experience accumulated through the acquirer’s previous acquisitions that provides the acquisition knowledge. The paper’s perspective, which includes several external stakeholders, provides a rather unique piece of research on stakeholders in mergers and acquisitions.

scholarly journals Wahlplakat-Busting. Formen und Funktionen einer (neuen) Textmustermischung

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Michel ◽  
Steffen Pappert
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Text Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Communicative Power

AbstractFrom a linguistic point of view, this article deals with election poster busting, a widespread practice in which the elements of the text type “election poster” and its text-image-combinations are alienated by processes of resemiotisation. In addition to a corpus-based typology of the practices used in this context, a qualitative analysis of case studies from the Bundestag election campaign 2017 shows that satirical-playful, thematic-discursive and successive (and thus complex) alienation practices are carried out during poster busting. Depending on the respective practices, this can lead to differently pronounced blend of text pattern, i. e. Textmustermischungen (Fix 2008a), which are characterized by a change in content and function. Thus, the function of CAMPAIGNING, which is written into the original poster, is surpassed by that of CRITICISING which not only questions the individual poster but also the communicative power relations in the public space.

scholarly journals Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets ( Patella vulgata L.)

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 200019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kang ◽  
Birgit Lengerer ◽  
Ruddy Wattiez ◽  
Patrick Flammang
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Patella Vulgata ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Attachment Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Limpets ( Patella vulgata L.) are renowned for their powerful attachments to rocks on wave-swept seashores. Unlike adult barnacles and mussels, limpets do not adhere permanently; instead, they repeatedly transition between long-term adhesion and locomotive adhesion depending on the tide. Recent studies on the adhesive secretions (bio-adhesives) of marine invertebrates have expanded our knowledge on the composition and function of temporary and permanent bio-adhesives. In comparison, our understanding of the limpets' transitory adhesion remains limited. In this study, we demonstrate that suction is not the primary attachment mechanism in P. vulgata ; rather, they secrete specialized pedal mucus for glue-like adhesion. Through combined transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified 171 protein sequences from the pedal mucus. Several of these proteins contain conserved domains found in temporary bio-adhesives from sea stars, sea urchins, marine flatworms and sea anemones. Many of these proteins share homology with fibrous gel-forming glycoproteins, including fibrillin, hemolectin and SCO-spondin. Moreover, proteins with potential protein- and glycan-degrading domains could have an immune defence role or assist degrading adhesive mucus to facilitate the transition from stationary to locomotive states. We also discovered glycosylation patterns unique to the pedal mucus, indicating that specific sugars may be involved in transitory adhesion. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying P. vulgata adhesion and provide opportunities for future studies on bio-adhesives that form strong attachments and resist degradation until necessary for locomotion.

scholarly journals Universals and Particulars of Ceremonial Culture: Natural and Human Congruity of the Traditional

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-533
Author(s):  
Galina S. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The People ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Cultural Genesis

Introduction. The article discusses the state of preservation of universal and unique components in the structure of the traditional ceremonial culture of the Yakuts (who call themselves the Sakha), which is relevant in the modern society operating in the context of progressing processes of urbanization and globalization. The purpose of the research is to study the ceremonial traditions of the Sakha from the point of view of the principle of human congruity of culture and to structure this stratum of ethnic culture in accordance with the three substances of the spirit, soul and somatics of man. Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on the basis of cultural methodology using the methods of included observation, comparative analysis and generalization of the results of applied research and the author’s field materials. Results. The author has established and structured the elements of an integral novenary system of universals of the ceremonial culture of the Yakuts (Sakha). It has been revealed that these elements of traditional culture are generally preserved and function in a modern ethno-society to different extents of activity. It has been corroborated that, depending on the internal and external factors of cultural genesis, these components can be activated or pushed into the shadows, alienated from the people at different historical times; but something once created in a culture never disappears but remains in the cultural memory of the people. It has been proved that the latter happened to the ceremonial traditions of the Sakha, when in the post-Soviet time it became possible to openly perform both festive and daily rites and naturally follow the traditions of the ancestors when a person feels the need to do so. Discussion and Conclusion. Rites are historically shaped by ethnic communities for the purpose of naturally congruent existence and prosperous life in a given cultural landscape, as well as necessary components of the inner culture of the individual. The work is of practical significance for the structural and functional analysis as well as diachronic-synchronous study of the modern existence of the ceremonial culture of any ethnic group.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ОСВІТНІЙ ЧИННИК В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Individual

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.

Narrow is the Gate to Utopia

Moreana ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (Number 187- (1-2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Phélippeau
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

This study examines the notions of pleasure, individual liberty and consensus in Thomas More’s Utopia. The paradox inherent in Utopia, written before the Reformation, is especially visible in the affirmation of religious toleration coexisting with the need for a strict supervision of the citizens. The dream of an ideal republic is based on a Pauline vision of man which defines the individual mainly as a sinner. Consequently, it is the duty of the republic’s rulers to guide the citizens and establish a consensus. This study tries to determine the part left to the individual’s free will and examines the nature and function of the structures that are supposed to ensure the happiness of each one and of the whole community. The notion of moral hierarchy is asserted as the linchpin of the Utopian social construction.

Childhood adversity studies as an antidote to the predominance of neo-liberal thinking in the field of mental health

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-563
Author(s):  
Adam Burley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Individual

This is a personal and reflective piece written from a clinician's point of view on the influence that the developing awareness around the consequences of childhood adversity has had upon the discussions, thinking and practice across the areas in which they are working. It seeks to argue that the increased understanding and recognition of the potential impact of early adversity can not only enhance and deepen the understanding of an individual's difficulties, but can serve to inform how services respond in a way that takes account of this. It suggests that the research and literature on childhood adversity can offer a route map away from a model of mental health that focuses predominantly on the individual as the sole source of interest.

Territorial Distribution of Alcohol and Drug Addictions Mortality Concerning Regional Disparities in the Slovak Republic from Year 1996 to Year 2015

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

BACKGROUND: This paper deals with territorial distribution of the alcohol and drug addictions mortality at a level of the districts of the Slovak Republic. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore the relations within the administrative territorial division of the Slovak Republic, that is, between the individual districts and hence, to reveal possibly hidden relation in alcohol and drug mortality. METHODS: The analysis is divided and executed into the two fragments – one belongs to the female sex, the other one belongs to the male sex. The standardised mortality rate is computed according to a sequence of the mathematical relations. The Euclidean distance is employed to compute the similarity within each pair of a whole data set. The cluster analysis examines is performed. The clusters are created by means of the mutual distances of the districts. The data is collected from the database of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for all the districts of the Slovak Republic. The covered time span begins in the year 1996 and ends in the year 2015. RESULTS: The most substantial point is that the Slovak Republic possesses the regional disparities in a field of mortality expressed by the standardised mortality rate computed particularly for the diagnoses assigned to the alcohol and drug addictions at a considerably high level. However, the female sex and the male sex have the different outcome. The Bratislava III District keeps absolutely the most extreme position. It forms an own cluster for the both sexes too. The Topoľčany District bears a similar extreme position from a point of view of the male sex. All the Bratislava districts keep their mutual notable dissimilarity. Contrariwise, evaluation of a development of the regional disparities among the districts looks like notably heterogeneously. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable regional discrepancies throughout the districts of the Slovak Republic. Hence, it is necessary to create a common platform how to proceed with the solution of this issue.

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