Discovery and Design

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce I. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
New Era ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Design Paradigm ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This book is about a paradigm shift in the development of software; a move to a new era of design for software (and, for that matter, all manufactured artifacts). The goal of Part I is to lay out the scientific and technological foundations for this new era of design. In the chapter just concluded, we have seen how the Legend of science has become tarnished. During the stored-program computer’s brief history, we observe the general perceptions of science and scientific knowledge undergoing a fundamental change. I have focused on the philosophy of science because that tells us something about the theoretical limits of science; it suppresses the details of the day-to-day conduct of science that make it such a successful enterprise. This reassessment of science, of course, has been independent of the growth of computing; indeed, my examination has been free of any technological considerations. From the perspective of computer science, much of this revolution has gone unnoticed. Many still walk in the pathways first laid out in the era of the Legend; some even try to fit computer science into the framework of the Received View. If the conclusions of Chapter 2 are valid, however, such approaches cannot be sustained indefinitely. Therefore, any response to the evolving understanding of science ultimately must lead to a reexamination of computer science. If we are to shift the software design paradigm, we must expect modifications to the underlying principles embedded in computer science. How will these changes take place? will there be new scientific findings that alter the technology, or will a shift in the technology modify what the computer scientists study? To gain insight into the answers to these questions, this chapter addresses the relationship between science and technology and, in particular, between computer science and software engineering. As in the previous chapter, I conduct a broadly based, general review. The traditional relationship between science and engineering normally is described as being causal. Science creates knowledge, and technology consumes knowledge. This has been depicted as an assembly line: “Put money into pure science at the front end of the process.

Documentary Goes Popular

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-102
Author(s):  
Angela J. Aguayo
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Documentary History ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

While the documentary genre has frequently been conceptualized as a democratic tool with civic potential, the ways popular advocacy documentary functions in the process of social change is unclear. We need more information about the relationship between documentary agitation and collective organizing for social change, as well as about how this function shifts with the visibility of popular attention. Mainstream commercial culture is more than at odds with a commons of democratic exchange. The advocacy film is a time-honored tradition in documentary history, made specifically for the aims of democratic exchange. This type of film is produced for political causes by activists or advocates who are not closely connected with the government or decision makers. Often the director is constructed as a central creative force. Central figures usually function as surrogates for the film in public interviews and engagements; the speakers are often connected to sponsoring organizations. In this chapter, I first address the historical linage of popular documentary and its movement from the vernacular to the popular. Then, I examine the ways popular advocacy documentary in popular form has morphed in recent years, providing insight into the potential of the genre to make contact with the political structure.

scholarly journals Do Gender Differences in Perceived Prototypical Computer Scientists and Engineers Contribute to Gender Gaps in Computer Science and Engineering?

Sex Roles ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Ehrlinger ◽  
E. Ashby Plant ◽  
Marissa K. Hartwig ◽  
Jordan J. Vossen ◽  
Corey J. Columb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Scientists And Engineers

Heterogeneous Logic

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Barwise ◽  
John Etchemendy
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Soundness And Completeness

A major concern to the founders of modern logic—Frege, Peirce, Russell, and Hilbert—was to give an account of the logical structure of valid reasoning. Taking valid reasoning in mathematics as paradigmatic, these pioneers led the way in developing the accounts of logic which we teach today and that underwrite the work in model theory, proof theory, and definability theory. The resulting notions of proof, model, formal system, soundness, and completeness are things that no one claiming familiarity with logic can fail to understand, and they have also played an enormous role in the revolution known as computer science. The success of this model of inference led to an explosion of results and applications. But it also led most logicians—and those computer scientists most influenced by the logic tradition—to neglect forms of reasoning that did not fit well within this model. We are thinking, of course, of reasoning that uses devices like diagrams, graphs, charts, frames, nets, maps, and pictures. The attitude of the traditional logician to these forms of representation is evident in the quotation of Neil Tennant in Chapter I, which expresses the standard view of the role of diagrams in geometrical proofs. One aim of our work, as explained there, is to demonstrate that this dogma is misguided. We believe that many of the problems people have putting their knowledge of logic to work, whether in machines or in their own lives, stems from the logocentricity that has pervaded its study for the past hundred years. Recently, some researchers outside the logic tradition have explored uses of diagrams in knowledge representation and automated reasoning, finding inspiration in the work of Euler, Venn, and especially C. S. Peirce. This volume is a testament to this resurgence of interest in nonlinguistic representations in reasoning. While we applaud this resurgence, the aim of this chapter is to strike a cautionary note or two. Enchanted by the potential of nonlinguistic representations, it is all too easy to overreact and so to repeat the errors of the past.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Editor’s Pick: Regulatory and Ethical Issues in the New Era of Radiomics and Radiogenomics

EMJ Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Pesapane
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
New Era ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Radiomics is a science that investigates a large number of features from medical images using data-characterisation algorithms, with the aim to analyse disease characteristics that are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Radiogenomics attempts to establish and examine the relationship between tumour genomic characteristics and their radiologic appearance. Although there is certainly a lot to learn from these relationships, one could ask the question: what is the practical significance of radiogenomic discoveries? This increasing interest in such applications inevitably raises numerous legal and ethical questions. In an environment such as the technology field, which changes quickly and unpredictably, regulations need to be timely in order to be relevant.  In this paper, issues that must be solved to make the future applications of this innovative technology safe and useful are analysed.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

The Annual Reports of the Prison Commissioners for Scotland and Religion, 1903–1931

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Cameron McKay
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Parental Neglect ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Causes Of Crime ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century penologists began to explore the possibility that environment and upbringing, as opposed to individual choice, were the causes criminality. The Prison Commissioners for Scotland, the devolved body who administered prisons north of the border, were not immune to this wider trend. Smith has argued that from the 1890s onwards the Commissioners began to accept that criminality was caused by social problems, namely alcoholism, but also parental neglect, poor education and poverty. In their efforts to test these new criminological theories, the Commissioners began to make more careful enquiries into the backgrounds of their charges. From 1896 to 1931 the Commissioners interviewed a sample of prisoners each year and included the findings in their annual report. Although the main focus of these interviews was on the upbringing and drinking habits of prisoners; by the 1900s the Commissioners seem to have added irreligion to the growing list of etiological causes of crime, and from 1903 onwards prisoners were asked to give details on their religious habits. Although it is debateable how much the Prison Commissioners revealed about the relationship between religion and crime, they did however provide a useful insight into the religiosity of the average prisoner.

Optimum Infinite is a new era of oxygen permeability material for contact lenses

The Eye ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (129) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Mark Eddleston
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lens ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
New Era ◽  
Lens Material ◽  
Insight Into

Optimum Infinite is a new GP contact lens material, with an oxygen permeability of 180 barrer and was launched by Contamac at the GSLS 2019. This article provides an insight into the development and characteristics of this breakthrough material.

The Relationship between Seeker and Spiritual Guide as portrayed in contemporary Western Sufi Autobiographies

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-332
Author(s):  
Kate Zebiri
Keyword(s):  
Life Writing ◽  
New Age ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

This article aims to explore the Shaykh-mur?d (disciple) or teacher-pupil relationship as portrayed in Western Sufi life writing in recent decades, observing elements of continuity and discontinuity with classical Sufism. Additionally, it traces the influence on the texts of certain developments in religiosity in contemporary Western societies, especially New Age understandings of religious authority. Studying these works will provide an insight into the diversity of expressions of contemporary Sufism, while shedding light on a phenomenon which seems to fly in the face of contemporary social and religious trends which deemphasize external authority and promote the authority of the self or individual autonomy.

Consumer Health Informatics Research: A Scoping Review of Informatics, Information Science and Engineering Literature (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Arnott Smith ◽  
Deahan Yu ◽  
Juan Fernando Maestre ◽  
Uba Backonja ◽  
Andrew Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library Science ◽  
Consumer Health Informatics ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Science And Engineering

BACKGROUND Informatics tools for consumers and patients are important vehicles for facilitating engagement, and the field of consumer health informatics is an key space for exploring the potential of these tools. To understand research findings in this complex and heterogeneous field, a scoping review can help not only to identify, but to bridge, the array of diverse disciplines and publication venues involved. OBJECTIVE The goal of this systematic scoping review was to characterize the extent; range; and nature of research activity in consumer health informatics, focusing on the contributing disciplines of informatics; information science; and engineering. METHODS Four electronic databases (Compendex, LISTA, Library Literature, and INSPEC) were searched for published studies dating from January 1, 2008, to June 1, 2015. Our inclusion criteria specified that they be English-language articles describing empirical studies focusing on consumers; relate to human health; and feature technologies designed to interact directly with consumers. Clinical applications and technologies regulated by the FDA, as well as digital tools that do not provide individualized information, were excluded. RESULTS We identified 271 studies in 63 unique journals and 22 unique conference proceedings. Sixty-five percent of these studies were found in health informatics journals; 23% in information science and library science; 15% in computer science; 4% in medicine; and 5% in other fields, ranging from engineering to education. A single journal, the Journal of Medical Internet Research, was home to 36% of the studies. Sixty-two percent of these studies relied on quantitative methods, 55% on qualitative methods, and 17% were mixed-method studies. Seventy percent of studies used no specific theoretical framework; of those that did, Social Cognitive Theory appeared the most frequently, in 16 studies. Fifty-two studies identified problems with technology adoption, acceptance, or use, 38% of these barriers being machine-centered (for example, content or computer-based), and 62% user-centered, the most frequently mentioned being attitude and motivation toward technology. One hundred and twenty-six interventional studies investigated disparities or heterogeneity in treatment effects in specific populations. The most frequent disparity investigated was gender (13 studies), followed closely by race/ethnicity (11). Half the studies focused on a specific diagnosis, most commonly diabetes and cancer; 30% focused on a health behavior, usually information-seeking. Gaps were found in reporting of study design, with only 46% of studies reporting on specific methodological details. Missing details were response rates, since 59% of survey studies did not provide them; and participant retention rates, since 53% of interventional studies did not provide this information. Participant demographics were usually not reported beyond gender and age. Only 17% studies informed the reader of their theoretical basis, and only 4 studies focused on theory at the group, network, organizational or ecological levels—the majority being either health behavior or interpersonal theories. Finally, of the 131 studies describing the design of a new technology, 81% did not involve either patients or consumers in their design. In fact, while consumer and patient were necessarily core concepts in this literature, these terms were often used interchangeably. The research literature of consumer health informatics at present is scattered across research fields; only 49% of studies from these disciplines is indexed by MEDLINE and studies in computer science are siloed in a user interface that makes exploration of that literature difficult. CONCLUSIONS Few studies analyzed in this scoping review were based in theory, and very little was presented in this literature about the life context, motives for technology use, and personal characteristics of study participants.

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