Cell Interactions With Polymers

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mark Saltzman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Polymer Surface ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Wide Range

Synthetic and natural polymers are an important element in new strategies for producing engineered tissue. Polymers are currently used in a wide range of biomedical applications, including applications in which the polymer remains in intimate contact with cells and tissues for prolonged periods. As discussed in Chapter 1, several classes of polymers have proven to be most useful in biomedical applications and, therefore, might be appropriate for tissue engineering applications. To produce tissue-engineered materials composed of polymers and cells, however, it is first necessary to understand the influence of these polymeric materials on cell viability, growth, and function. Cell interactions with polymers are usually studied using cell culture techniques. While in vitro studies do not reproduce the wide range of cellular responses observed following implantation of materials, the culture environment provides a level of control and quantification that cannot usually be obtained in vivo. Cells in culture are generally plated over a polymer surface and the extent of cell adhesion and spreading on the surface can be measured. By maintaining the culture for longer periods the influence of the substrate on cell viability, function, and motility can also be determined. Since investigators use different techniques to assess cell interactions with polymers, and because the differences between techniques are critically important for interpretation of interactions, some of the most frequently used in vitro methods are reviewed in this section. Before any measurement of cell interaction with a polymer substrate can be attempted, the polymeric material and the cells must come into contact. Preferably, this contact should be controlled (or at least understood) by the experimentalist. This is a critical, and often overlooked, aspect of all of these measurements. Some materials are easily fabricated in a format suitable for study; polystyrene films, for example, are transparent, durable, and strong. Other materials must be coated onto a rigid substrate (such as a glass coverslip) prior to study. Cell function is sensitive to chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the surface; therefore, almost every aspect of material preparation can introduce variables that are known to influence cell interactions.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Opuntia dillenii Haw Fruit against Lead Acetate-Induced Hepatotoxicity: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Reza Shirazinia ◽  
Ali Akbar Golabchifar ◽  
Vafa Baradaran Rahimi ◽  
Abbas Jamshidian ◽  
Alireza Samzadeh-Kermani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Opuntia Dillenii

Lead is one of the most common environmental contaminants in the Earth’s crust, which induces a wide range of humans biochemical changes. Previous studies showed that Opuntia dillenii (OD) fruit possesses several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study evaluates OD fruit hydroalcoholic extract (OHAE) hepatoprotective effects against lead acetate- (Pb-) induced toxicity in both animal and cellular models. Male rats were grouped as follows: control, Pb (25 mg/kg/d i.p.), and groups 3 and 4 received OHAE at 100 and 200 mg/kg/d + Pb (25 mg/kg/d i.p.), for ten days of the experiment. Thereafter, we evaluated the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum, and liver histopathology. Additionally, the cell study was also done using the HepG2 cell line for measuring the direct effects of the extract on cell viability, oxidative stress MDA, and glutathione (GSH) and inflammation tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following the Pb-induced cytotoxicity. Pb significantly increased the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA and liver histopathological scores but notably decreased CAT activity compared to the control group ( p < 0.001 for all cases). OHAE (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of serum liver enzyme activities and MDA as well as histopathological scores while it significantly increased CAT activity compared to the Pb group ( p < 0.001 –0.05 for all cases). OHAE (20, 40, and 80 μg/ml) concentration dependently and significantly reduced the levels of MDA and TNF-α, while it increased the levels of GSH and cell viability in comparison to the Pb group ( p < 0.001 –0.05 for all cases). These data suggest that OHAE may have hepatoprotective effects against Pb-induced liver toxicity both in vitro and in vivo by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

A Review on Application of Novel Solid Nanostructures in Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibollah Faraji ◽  
Reza Nedaeinia ◽  
Esmaeil Nourmohammadi ◽  
Bizan Malaekeh-Nikouei ◽  
Hamid Reza Sadeghnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Scientific Innovation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Targeted Drug

Nanotechnology as a multidisciplinary and scientific innovation plays an important role in numerous biomedical applications, such as molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors and also drug delivery. A wide range of studies have been conducted on using of nanoparticles for early diagnosis and targeted drug therapy of various diseases. In fact, the small size, customized surface, upgraded solubility, or multi-functionality of nanoparticles enabled them to interact with complex cellular functions in new ways which opened many doors and created new biomedical applications. These studies demonstrated that nanotechnology vehicles can formulate biological products effectively, and this nano-formulated products with a potent ability against different diseases, were represented to have better biocompatibility, bioaccessibility and efficacy, under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

scholarly journals Microtissues in Cardiovascular Medicine: Regenerative Potential Based on a 3D Microenvironment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Günter ◽  
Petra Wolint ◽  
Annina Bopp ◽  
Julia Steiger ◽  
Elena Cambria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
3D Microenvironment

More people die annually from cardiovascular diseases than from any other cause. In particular, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may be affected by ongoing adverse remodeling processes of the heart that may ultimately lead to heart failure. The introduction of stem and progenitor cell-based applications has raised substantial hope for reversing these processes and inducing cardiac regeneration. However, current stem cell therapies using single-cell suspensions have failed to demonstrate long-lasting efficacy due to the overall low retention rate after cell delivery to the myocardium. To overcome this obstacle, the concept of 3D cell culture techniques has been proposed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and cell engraftment based on the simulation of an in vivo-like microenvironment. Of great interest is the use of so-called microtissues or spheroids, which have evolved from their traditional role as in vitro models to their novel role as therapeutic agents. This review will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of microtissues by addressing primarily cardiovascular regeneration. It will accentuate their advantages compared to other regenerative approaches and summarize the methods for generating clinically applicable microtissues. In addition, this review will illustrate the unique properties of the microenvironment within microtissues that makes them a promising next-generation therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals Thymodepressin—Unforeseen Immunosuppressor

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6550
Author(s):  
Vladislav I. Deigin ◽  
Julia E. Vinogradova ◽  
Dmitry L Vinogradov ◽  
Marina S. Krasilshchikova ◽  
Vadim T. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Peptide Drug ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Available Information

The paper summarizes the available information concerning the biological properties and biomedical applications of Thymodepressin. This synthetic peptide drug displays pronounced immunoinhibitory activity across a wide range of conditions in vitro and in vivo. The history of its unforeseen discovery is briefly reviewed, and the current as well as potential expansion areas of medicinal practice are outlined. Additional experimental evidence is obtained, demonstrating several potential advantages of Thymodepressin over another actively used immunosuppressor drug, cyclosporin A.

scholarly journals A cut above the rest: A new tool for microengineering cell and tissue cultures

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
Distinct Cell

For biochemical analysis, the fresher the material to be analysed is, the better. With today's advanced cell-culture techniques there are a wealth of opportunities for studying biochemical pathways in fresh and even living tissue. While culture systems strive to replicate complex in vivo micro-environments, there are some aspects that remain technically challenging when using traditional methods. Controlling the ratio between distinct cell types or mimicking the geometric patterns of cell interactions found in native tissue are particular problems. Yet these aspects have been shown to be important in regulating cell–cell interactions, differentiated function and patterns of gene expression.

scholarly journals A method to culture human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines as rhabdospheres demonstrates an enrichment in stemness and notch signaling

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. bio.050211
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Slemmons ◽  
Michael D. Deel ◽  
Yi-Tzu Lin ◽  
Kristianne M. Oristian ◽  
Nina Kuprasertkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Notch Signaling Pathway ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Practical Tool

The development of three-dimensional cell culture techniques has allowed cancer researchers to study the stemness properties of cancer cells in in vitro culture. However, a method to grow PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) - an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma of childhood - has to date not been reported, hampering efforts to identify the dysregulated signaling pathways that underlie FP-RMS stemness. Here, we first examine the expression of canonical stem cell markers in human RMS tumors and cell lines. We then describe a method to grow FP-RMS cell lines as rhabdospheres and demonstrate that these spheres are enriched in expression of canonical stemness factors as well as Notch signaling components. Specifically, FP-RMS rhabdospheres have increased expression of SOX2, POU5F1 (OCT4), and NANOG, and several receptors and transcriptional regulators in the Notch signaling pathway. FP-RMS rhabdospheres also exhibit functional stemness characteristics including multipotency, increased tumorigenicity in vivo, and chemoresistance. This method provides a novel practical tool to support research into FP-RMS stemness and chemoresistance signaling mechanisms.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles are Nontoxic for Mouse Embryogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Chernov ◽  
Dmitry A. Reshetnikov ◽  
Anton L. Popov ◽  
Nelly R. Popova ◽  
Irina V. Savintseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Wide Range

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are considered as one of the most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Complex analysis of cytotoxicity, including the assessment of effects on the reproductive system, is required for development of new biomedical materials. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultra-small citrate-stabilized cerium oxide nanoparticles on the development of mouse embryos in vitro and embryogenesis process in vivo. We have shown that nanoceria in a wide range of concentrations do not exert a toxic effect on the development of 2-cell embryos and embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Delivery of Therapeutics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Baillargeon ◽  
Kibret Mequanint
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Amino Acid Ester ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Degradable biomaterials continue to play a major role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as for delivering therapeutic agents. Although the chemistry of polyphosphazenes has been studied extensively, a systematic review of their applications for a wide range of biomedical applications is lacking. Polyphosphazenes are synthesized through a relatively well-known two-step reaction scheme which involves the substitution of the initial linear precursor with a wide range of nucleophiles. The ease of substitution has led to the development of a broad class of materials that have been studied for numerous biomedical applications including as scaffold materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to discuss the suitability of poly(amino acid ester)phosphazene biomaterials in regard to their unique stimuli responsive properties, tunable degradation rates and mechanical properties, as well asin vitroandin vivobiocompatibility. The application of these materials in areas such as tissue engineering and drug delivery is discussed systematically. Lastly, the utility of polyphosphazenes is further extended as they are being employed in blend materials for new applications and as another method of tailoring material properties.

scholarly journals Electrophysiology Read-Out Tools for Brain-on-Chip Biotechnology

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Csaba Forro ◽  
Davide Caron ◽  
Gian Angotzi ◽  
Vincenzo Gallo ◽  
Luca Berdondini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
On Chip

Brain-on-Chip (BoC) biotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for biomedical and pharmaceutical research applied to the neurosciences. At the convergence between lab-on-chip and cell biology, BoC couples in vitro three-dimensional brain-like systems to an engineered microfluidics platform designed to provide an in vivo-like extrinsic microenvironment with the aim of replicating tissue- or organ-level physiological functions. BoC therefore offers the advantage of an in vitro reproduction of brain structures that is more faithful to the native correlate than what is obtained with conventional cell culture techniques. As brain function ultimately results in the generation of electrical signals, electrophysiology techniques are paramount for studying brain activity in health and disease. However, as BoC is still in its infancy, the availability of combined BoC–electrophysiology platforms is still limited. Here, we summarize the available biological substrates for BoC, starting with a historical perspective. We then describe the available tools enabling BoC electrophysiology studies, detailing their fabrication process and technical features, along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the current and future applications of BoC electrophysiology, also expanding to complementary approaches. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential translational applications and prospective technology developments.

scholarly journals An investigation into the possibility of bluetongue virus transmission by transfer of infected ovine embryos

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle H. Venter ◽  
Truuske Gerdes ◽  
Isabel Wright ◽  
Johan Terblanche
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Culture Techniques

Bluetongue (BT), a disease that affects mainly sheep, causes economic losses owing to not only its deleterious effects on animals but also its associated impact on the restriction of movement of livestock and livestock germplasm. The causative agent, bluetongue virus (BTV), can occur in the semen of rams and bulls at the time of peak viraemia and be transferred to a developing foetus. The risk of the transmission of BTV by bovine embryos is negligible if the embryos are washed according to the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) protocol. Two experiments were undertaken to determine whether this holds for ovine embryos that had been exposed to BTV. Firstly, the oestrus cycles of 12 ewes were synchronised and the 59 embryos that were obtained were exposed in vitro to BTV-2 and BTV-4 at a dilution of 1 x 102.88 and 1 x 103.5 respectively. In the second experiment, embryos were recovered from sheep at the peak of viraemia. A total of 96 embryos were collected from BTV-infected sheep 21 days after infection. In both experiments half the embryos were washed and treated with trypsin according to the IETS protocol while the remaining embryos were neither washed nor treated. All were tested for the presence of BTV using cell culture techniques. The virus was detected after three passages in BHK-21 cells only in one wash bath in the first experiment and two unwashed embryos exposed to BTV-4 at a titre of 1 x 103.5. No embryos or uterine flush fluids obtained from viraemic donors used in the second experiment were positive for BTV after the standard washing procedure had been followed. The washing procedure of the IETS protocol can thus clear sheep embryos infected with BTV either in vitro or in vivo.

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