When Does Communication Succeed?

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Peter Pagin
Keyword(s):  
General Terms ◽  
Communicative Success ◽  
To Come

Concepts associated with general terms vary substantially between speakers, even between speakers of the same language. There can be differences even about topics as basic as whether the hand is part of the arm, i.e. about the meaning of ‘arm’. Still, such differences are rarely detected in normal communication. Two questions arise. The first is whether communication fails in the case of interpersonal conceptual differences, or whether there are differences that, depending on the relevant requirements of the context, don’t matter, so that communication (in some cases) succeeds despite the variation. To answer this, we need a model of communicative success. The second question is why even such basic differences as in the example typically fail to come to light. What mechanism of communication allows it to flow smoothly despite the variation? This chapter attempts to answer both these questions.

Welfare States in the Middle East and North Africa: Puzzles and Answers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Eibl
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Regime Formation ◽  
General Terms ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 sets out the main empirical puzzles of the book, which are (i) the early divergence of welfare trajectories in the region and (ii) their long persistence over time. Drawing on literature from authoritarianism studies and political economy, it lays out the theoretical argument explaining this empirical pattern by developing a novel analytical framework focused on elite incentives at the moment of regime formation and geostrategic constraints limiting their abilities to provide welfare. It also outlines the author’s explanation for the persistence of social policies over time and broadly describes the three types of welfare regime in the region. It sbows the limitations of existing theories in explaining this divergence and bigbligbts the book’s contribution to the literature. The theoretical argument is stated in general terms and sbould thus be of relevance to political economy and authoritarianism scholars more broadly. The chapter ends with an outline of the chapters to come.

Some Painters and the Counter-Reformation before 1600

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Religious Art ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
To Come

It was not until the twenty-fifth and last session of the Council of Trent, in 1563, that the assembled Fathers made reference to the arts, and that only in very general terms: ‘The Council forbids placing in churches any image which illustrates false doctrine and can mis-lead the simple … it forbids placing in any church even if it is not subject to diocesan visitation, any unusual image, unless it has been approved by the bishop’. The Council recommended the retention of images in churches, but otherwise its decree was purely negative. It did not contemplate using religious art as one of the weapons of controversy in its war against Protestantism. That was to come later.

scholarly journals The virtue of innovation: innovation through the lenses of biological evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (103) ◽  
pp. 20141183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Kell ◽  
Elena Lurie-Luke
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
New Products ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Biological Concept ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Disruptive Innovations ◽  
To Come ◽  
Platonic View ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

We rehearse the processes of innovation and discovery in general terms, using as our main metaphor the biological concept of an evolutionary fitness landscape. Incremental and disruptive innovations are seen, respectively, as successful searches carried out locally or more widely. They may also be understood as reflecting evolution by mutation (incremental) versus recombination (disruptive). We also bring a platonic view, focusing on virtue and memory. We use ‘virtue’ as a measure of efforts, including the knowledge required to come up with disruptive and incremental innovations, and ‘memory’ as a measure of their lifespan, i.e. how long they are remembered. Fostering innovation, in the evolutionary metaphor, means providing the wherewithal to promote novelty, good objective functions that one is trying to optimize, and means to improve one's knowledge of, and ability to navigate, the landscape one is searching. Recombination necessarily implies multi- or inter-disciplinarity. These principles are generic to all kinds of creativity, novel ideas formation and the development of new products and technologies.

scholarly journals The case of erythrophobia

2020 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
N. M. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Prominent Symptom ◽  
The Face ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

In the specialized literature for the last time, a description of a rather peculiar nervous suffering began to come across, which Pitres and Rgis called erythrophobia and the most prominent symptom of which is the periodically arising fear of reddening, on the one hand, a fearful reddening of the face, on the other hand. Apparently, the first indication of such a combination of clinical phenomena we find in Casper back in 1846. But the observation of this author, known to me only from the work of Westphalya (Ueber Zwangsvorstellungen. 1877. Berl. Klin. Woch. 1877), is too cited last day in general terms, so that one can speak about him with the desired certainty. After Casper, not one of the clinicians focused their attention on such cases, and only in 1896 appeared almost simultaneously several works devoted to the suffering of interest to us. Dugas (Revue philosophique, dec. 1896), Campbell (Brif. Med. Journal, 25 sept. 1896); Breton (Gazette des hpit. 20 oct. 1896), Pitres et Rgis (Archives de Neurologie 1896 No. 9. p. 253), Bekhterev (Review of Psychiatry 1896, No. 12; 1897 No. 1 and 8), Chigaev (Doctor 1897 30), Manheimer (La mdecine modern 1897 No. 8) published a whole series of observations in which the clinical picture of suffering is described in great detail and where its main features are already quite definite.

Whatever happened to Human Rights?

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Best
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Terms ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
To Come ◽  
Post War ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Working Out

Whatever happened to Human Rights? Like you, I think it is an odd title for a lecture; but in the end I settled for it rather than the alternative which sounded even odder—whatever has not happened to Human Rights since their grand eruption, forty years ago? Only ten years before that, the expression was still unfamiliar in the English-speaking world. The expression ‘The Rights of Man’ was familiar enough, but it did not necessarily mean the same thing and I cannot see that it was often seriously used with the same intention. ‘Human Rights’ only began to come into use through the second half of the Second World War. It was found apt for describing what the United Nations conceived themselves as fighting for, and what they undertook to do something constructive.about when the fighting was over. They gave it prominence in general terms in their Charter of principles and plans for the post-war world, and left the working-out of the Human Rights details to a committee (the embryo of the present Human Rights Commission). After about two years’ work, its draft Declaration then went back to the UN's debating mills and after being not too badly messed about was accepted nem con by the. General Assembly on 10 December 1948. An idea which, depending on your cultural point of view was either impressively old or excitingly new, had gone into orbit.

scholarly journals Chagall’s Green and Yellow Jews: Painting Race in Russia and Post-Dreyfus France

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryclaire Koch
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Type I ◽  
Childhood Memories ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Individual

In early twentieth century Paris, the Russian Jewish artist Marc Chagall began a series painting Eastern European Jews in hues of green, yellow, and red. The paintings were based upon Chagall’s childhood memories, as well as his personal encounters with Jews in the shtetl. They were also portraits of a universal social type. I argue that Chagall’s experiences as a Jew in both France and Russia influenced this series. He repeatedly depicted archetypes of the Jew such as Rabbis and klezmers. Yet he visibly altered these archetypes via non-naturalist hues of green, yellow, and red. This play on skin color served to both signify and destabilize perceptions of racial differences that underscored French and Russian society at the time. These perceptions included a range of Jewish phenotypes, and, particularly in France, took their most extreme form in the dichotomy between blackness and whiteness. Chagall’s multicolored images of Jews illuminate the roles of both the individual and the collective imagination in shaping these perceptions of race. As such, these paintings offer a compelling view of racial identity as existing somewhere between the psychic and the social. That is, they reveal racial identities as phantasms—illusions that, despite their immaterial nature, are linked to the social sphere. In emphasizing this phantasmatic aspect of race, they offered a form of political resistance to the racial politics that, coursing through post-Dreyfus France and Russia, would have widespread and devastating consequences on Jews and other dispersed populations throughout Europe in the decades to come. In more general terms, this analysis of Chagall’s paintings of Jews demonstrates the power of art and visual culture as a means of both producing and reconfiguring notions of identity within political and social spheres.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

409 The likely numbers to come: trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in the ‘sample’ town of trieste and its region

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
D CHERSEVANI ◽  
A DILENARDA ◽  
P GOLIANI ◽  
M GRELLA ◽  
F BRUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Its Region ◽  
To Come
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