Applying innovations and new technologies for international collaborative wheat improvement

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. REYNOLDS ◽  
N. E. BORLAUG
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
International Collaborative

Despite the successes of the Green Revolution, about a billion people are still undernourished and food security in the developing world faces new challenges in terms of population growth, reduced water resources, climate change and decreased public sector investment. It is also becoming widely recognized that poverty is a cause of environmental degradation, conflict and civil unrest. Internationally coordinated agricultural research can play a significant role in improving food security by deploying promising new technologies as well as adapting those with well-established impact.In addition to the genetic challenges of crop improvement, agriculturalists must also embrace the problems associated with a highly heterogeneous and unpredictable environment. Not only are new genetic tools becoming more accessible, but a new generation of quantitative tools are available to enable better definition of agro-ecosystems, of cultivar by environment interactions, and of socio-economic issues, while satellite imagery can help predict crop yields on large scales. Identifying areas of low genetic diversity – for example as found in large tracts of South Asia – is an important aspect of reducing vulnerability to disease epidemics. Global strategies for incorporating durable disease resistance genes into a wider genetic background, as well as participatory approaches that deliver a fuller range of options to farmers, are being implemented to increase cultivar diversity.The unpredictable effects of environment on productivity can be buffered somewhat by crop management practices that maintain healthy soils, while reversing the consequences of rapid agricultural intensification on soil degradation. Conservation agriculture is an alternative strategy that is especially pertinent for resource-poor farmers.The potential synergy between genetic improvement and innovative crop management practices has been referred to as the Doubly Green Revolution. The unique benefits and efficiency of the international collaborative platform are indisputable when considering the duplications that otherwise would have been required to achieve the same impacts through unilateral or even bilateral programmes. Furthermore, while the West takes for granted public support for crucial economic and social issues, this is not the case in a number of less-developed countries where the activities of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) and other development assistance organizations can provide continuity in agricultural research and infrastructure.

scholarly journals Technical Change and Agricultural Productivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
John Sender ◽  
Arkebe Oqubay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
High Yield ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Public Agricultural Research

The evidence does not support gloomy generalizations about an irreversible African environmental crisis or pessimistic arguments that barriers to adopting Green Revolution technologies are insuperable. Although evidence on agricultural technology in Africa is often unreliable, food output and grain yields do appear to have risen strongly in some African economies.. Huge variations in crop yields, including within similar agro-ecological zones, suggest massive potential for policies to promote a rapid increase in yields. Agricultural research and development (R&D) within African countries—and production on many large-scale farms—has shown that dramatically higher yields are possible. Crop yield improvements—with the aid of suitable high-yield varieties (HYVs), public agricultural research spending, and especially investment in irrigation—are possible without draconian resettlement schemes, without wasteful extension service spending, and without recourse to micro-finance schemes. The methods underpinning commonly produced estimates of yields are unreliable, calling into question conventional wisdom that small farms are more efficient than larger farms.

Conservation Agriculture: Next-Generation, Climate Resilient Crop Management Practices for Food Security and Environmental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 585-609
Author(s):  
Akbar Hossain ◽  
Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb ◽  
Sagar Maitra ◽  
Biplab Mitra ◽  
Sharif Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Next Generation

scholarly journals Climate Smart Crops for Food Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Rashid ◽  
Muhammad Bin Mushtaq ◽  
Iqra Farooq ◽  
Zulqurnain Khan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Past

After ensuring the food security for over 50 years, the green revolution is eventually reaching its biological limits which are very much reflected by the ongoing stagnancy in yield increased over the past few decades. Meeting the increasing food demands due to increasing population is the greatest challenge for today’s plant scientists. Changing climatic conditions are posing additional threats to crop growth, productivity and yield. After successfully deploying gene editing to modify simple traits, scientists are now embarked on more ambitious adventures in genomics to combat challenges of food security in the wake of increasing population and climate change adversaries. The chapter outlines use of new technologies in tailoring crops beyond simple traits aiming to harvest the desired diversity lost during domestication and manipulating complex traits, which evolved over evolutionary timescale with special emphasis on the development of climate smart crops.

scholarly journals Michael Denis Gale. 25 August 1943—18 July 2009

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 203-223
Author(s):  
Richard B. Flavell ◽  
John W. Snape
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
International Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Genetics ◽  
Chromosome Segments

Michael (Mike) Gale was an internationally well-known crop geneticist with a career devoted mostly to wheat genetics. However, he also studied rice, maize, pearl millet and fox millet for the benefit of agriculture in developing countries. He brought new knowledge and techniques into plant breeding that made a difference to crop improvement worldwide. Noteworthy is his team's leadership in (i) defining the genetic basis of dwarfism in wheat, the major genetic innovation underlying the previously achieved ‘green revolution’ in wheat production; (ii) expanding knowledge of ‘pre-harvest sprouting’, which occurs in many wheat varieties growing in temperate climates, which reduces their flour quality and value; (iii) developing the first comprehensive genetic maps of wheat based on isozymic and DNA-based molecular markers; and (iv) developing the comparative genetics of grasses based on the conserved order of genes on chromosome segments, consistent with the evolution of the species from a common ancestor. These discoveries had a major impact in plant genetics. His team also provided the worldwide cereal geneticists and breeding communities with technologies and genetic markers that accelerated the development of cereal genetics and facilitated more efficient plant breeding. He made major and influential contributions to international agricultural research, particularly targeted at developing countries, through his participation on international and national committees, including those of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. His contribution helped to drive the international research agenda for crop genetics, plant breeding and plant science generally.

Near infrared spectroscopy for world food security

NIR news ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Graeme D Batten
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
World Food Security

The Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that 70% more food will be required to ensure food security by the year 2050 and that cereal production must increase from 2.1 to 3 billion tonnes per year. Timely, reliable and inexpensive data will be vital for farm managers to be able to maximise crop yields. Near infrared spectroscopy is now the analytical technology of first choice to obtain these data. Quantitative near infrared spectroscopy requires calibrations to be developed using reference data from traditional methods. Today these calibrations are available for a wide range of constituents in soils, plants and products and in turn they can be related to the yield and quality of food produced. Calibrations continue to be reported for a wider range of food stuffs and their constituents and we see near infrared being adopted both on-farm and in-factory across a variety of food sectors. To make a tangible contribution to food security, the data generated from these calibrations must facilitate crop management practices which maintain or promote yield. In this article, I present examples from my own experience to illustrate why it is important to understand the basis of a model developed from near infrared spectra and why errors due to sampling and poor reference values can negate the benefits from using near infrared spectroscopy.

Novel crop science to improve yield and resource use efficiency in water-limited agriculture

2010 ◽  
Vol 149 (S1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. DAVIES ◽  
J. ZHANG ◽  
J. YANG ◽  
I. C. DODD
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
World Population ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYGlobally, agriculture accounts for 0·80–0·90 of all freshwater used by humans and, in many crop production systems, this water use is unsustainable. The current paper focuses on the potential exploitation of novel drought stress biology in both crop improvement programmes and via changed crop management practices. The aim is to deliver ‘more crop per drop’. In order to respond to the challenge of feeding a world population of seven billion and growing, it is concluded that an interdisciplinary approach is needed involving new genetic opportunities and plant breeding. It is also shown how crop management can exploit the drought stress physiology of plants to deliver improved water productivity without sacrificing crop yield.

scholarly journals The Need for Nutrient Efficient Crop Varieties.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Vinod
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Large Quantum ◽  
Modern Varieties

Abstract Commentary: The rapid developments in crop management and crop improvement which ran mutually complimenting paved way to 'green revolution' in several key food crops which almost eradicated famines from the face of earth. However, the best agro-management always required large quantum of agronomic inputs such as fertilizers. The modern varieties need high positive nutrient balance in the soil to throw their best yields. Currently, indiscriminate chemical inputs into agriculture either as fertilizers or pesticides has been recognized as an environmental hazard.

scholarly journals TABELA AND FISH FARMING ARE LOCAL WISDOMS ETHNIC SUMATERA FOR SUPPORTED ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Paddy Farmers

Direct seeding (Tabela) and fish farming (Minapadi), traditional methods used for producepaddy plantation and animal proteins for sustainable food security in Northern Sumatra weredone. This study was conducted using a combination of methods to the study of literature(data collectively in USU Library and library of USM) and observations in the fields (lowlandand terrace from Langkat district and Smalungun district were conducted since December2016 to March 2017. As much as two types of rice crops (Ciherang and IR 64) are cultivatedshowed the status (prey and predator) of insects in Langkat and Simalungun districtsrespectively. Direct Seed (Tabela) in Langkat agroecosystems applied to irrigated rice, rainfed andtidal land is an alternative model of technology and integrated crop management approach isenvironmentally friendly. Besides, fish farming (Minapadi) was done in Simalungun districtconsumed by the family farmers and partly as sold as additional revenue. The problems areidentified from Tabela and Minapadi farmers in Langkat and Simalungun, consist of technologyadvice is difficult; do not answer problems; innovation technology creates new problems forfarmers due to lack of appropriate with the socio-economic-culture;application of technology requires a high cost while remuneration derived less adequate;systems and counseling strategies are still weak so not able to convey the message properly;indifference farmers to offer new technologies; the existence of uncertainty in control ofresources. Food security system with integrated farming through seeded fields and fish farmingthe concept on three of the management, such as integrated crop management, integrated pestmanagement and integrated nutrient management based on local knowledge should be cultivatedand preserved in Indonesia. The importance of communication, improve interpretation andknowledge of paddy farmers, the adoption of technology and infrastructure empowerment inagriculture, especially in North of Sumatera was increasing the productivity of rice farmers inNorthern Sumatra.

scholarly journals Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security in Nigeria; Facts and Myths

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
B. O. Ehirim ◽  
M. Bashir ◽  
M. N. Ishaq ◽  
A. S. Gana ◽  
B. Z. Salihu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Global Food

Biotechnology per se is not a panacea for the world’s problems of hunger and poverty. However, genetic engineering in particular offers outstanding potentials to increase the efficiency of crop improvement. Thus, biotechnology could enhance global food production and availability in a sustainable way. Studies have shown that transgenic crops are very appropriate for agricultural producers and consumers in developing countries as the entire technology can be packaged into the seed. It can easily be integrated into traditional smallholder farming systems through proper stewardship. Except for a few innovative transfer projects, the application of biotechnology until now remains concentrated in the industrialized world. However due to insufficient owned scientific and regulatory capacities, the increase in privatized international agricultural research and the strengthening of intellectual property rights of these organizations complicate the access of developing countries to biotechnology. Therefore, profound government and Institutional adjustments that cuts across new technologies and regulations are essential to ensuring that biotechnology does not bypass the resource poor, smallholder farmers in Africa and Nigeria in particular.

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