Deliberate practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
John Toner ◽  
Barbara Gail Montero ◽  
Aidan Moran
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Exploratory Behaviour ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Influential Theory ◽  
Over Time

A large volume of research has shown that acquiring expertise in any domain is heavily influenced by the amount of deliberate practice (DP) the performer engages in over time. This chapter provides an overview of Ericsson’s highly influential theory of deliberate practice (DP) and argues that DP is essential if performers are to maintain and improve their skill levels over time. One of the primary goals is to distinguish between mechanical practice and DP. In doing so, the chapter posits that mechanical practice involves mindless repetition of well-learned skills while DP involves the use of reflective and self-regulatory processes to identify and correct errors (movement patterns that produce undesirable motor outputs) and to inspire exploratory behaviour. The chapter also argues that DP activities are often characterized by experimentation, playfulness, and enjoyment and that these are important components of expertise because they increase one’s motivation or desire to stick with difficult tasks.

Toward a more critical dialogue for enhancing self-report surveys in sport expertise and deliberate practice research

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A.B. Tedesqui ◽  
Lindsay McCardle ◽  
Dora Bartulovic ◽  
Bradley W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Sport Activity ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Expertise Development ◽  
Critical Dialogue ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Sport Expertise ◽  
Practice Framework

Two hallmark criteria are commonly used to determine whether a variable of interest has an impact on sport expertise development: (a) discrimination of performance or skill levels and (b) association with time spent in deliberate practice activities. Our opinion is that there has been warranted criticism of the deliberate practice framework and greater methodological rigour will invigorate survey research in this area. In this paper, we aimed to provide critical perspectives on self-report methods previously used to assess group discrimination and to measure deliberate practice in survey-based work in the context of sport expertise as well as to illustrate steps that could be taken to improve confidence in the validity and reliability of these measures. First, we focus on challenges discriminating between multiple, progressively skilled groups of athletes and outline two strategies: one aimed at improving the validity of skill grouping using standardized performance measures, and another illustrating how researchers can assess variability within skill levels. Second, we highlight challenges in measuring deliberate practice activities and propose a funnel method of narrowing athletes’ estimates from general sport activity to highly individualized, purposeful practice. We argue more attention is needed on the development of self-report methods and measurements to reliably and validly assess sport expertise development.

Incidence of Football Injuries and Complaints in Different Age Groups and Skill-Level Groups

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Peterson ◽  
Astrid Junge ◽  
Jiri Chomiak ◽  
Toni Graf-Baumann ◽  
Jiri Dvorak
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Over Time

In this study, the incidence of football injuries and complaints as related to different age groups and skill levels was studied over the period of 1 year. All injuries and complaints as well as the amount of time players spent in training and games were recorded. All injured players were examined weekly by physicians, and all injuries were assessed according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), which describes them in terms of injury type and location, the treatment required, and the duration of subsequent performance limitations. A total of 264 players of different age groups and skill levels was observed for 1 year. Five hundred fifty-eight injuries were documented. Two hundred sixteen players had one or more injuries. Only 48 players (18%) had no injury. The average number of injuries per player per year was 2.1. Injuries were classified as mild (52%), moderate (33%), or severe (15%). Almost 50% of all injuries were contact injuries; half of all the contact injuries were associated with foul play. The majority of injuries were strains and sprains involving the ankle, knee, and lumbar spine. Nearly all players (91%) suffered from complaints related to football. Only 23 players reported no injuries and no complaints. Prevention programs, fair play, and continuing education in techniques and skills may reduce the incidence of injuries over time.

scholarly journals Measuring Online Debaters’ Persuasive Skill from Text over Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 537-550
Author(s):  
Kelvin Luu ◽  
Chenhao Tan ◽  
Noah A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Over Time

Online debates allow people to express their persuasive abilities and provide exciting opportunities for understanding persuasion. Prior studies have focused on studying persuasion in debate content, but without accounting for each debater’s history or exploring the progression of a debater’s persuasive ability. We study debater skill by modeling how participants progress over time in a collection of debates from Debate.org . We build on a widely used model of skill in two-player games and augment it with linguistic features of a debater’s content. We show that online debaters’ skill levels do tend to improve over time. Incorporating linguistic profiles leads to more robust skill estimation than winning records alone. Notably, we find that an interaction feature combining uncertainty cues (hedging) with terms strongly associated with either side of a particular debate (fightin’ words) is more predictive than either feature on its own, indicating the importance of fine- grained linguistic features.

Political Skill Across Health Care Leaders: A Longitudinal Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 154805182095665
Author(s):  
Jennifer Feitosa ◽  
Dana C. Verhoeven ◽  
Marissa L. Shuffler ◽  
Donald W. Wiper
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Occupational Interests ◽  
Health Care Leaders ◽  
Networking Ability ◽  
Over Time

The health care industry is recognizing the importance of political skill among its professionals. To address this need, a longitudinal study investigates how the political skill of health care leaders ( N = 555) evolves and impacts unit performance. Utilizing cross-lagged panel through a three-wave study, measurement equivalence and analysis of variance, we found political skill to influence performance differently over time, across professions, and at the dimension level. Interestingly, political skill did not just influence next year’s political skill levels in health care leaders, but also showed a strong positive influence on the unit’s performance. Similar lagged overall effects were found for both clinical and nonclinical leaders with the caveat that political skills dimensions can evolve differently. For instance, networking ability is underdeveloped and likely to decrease over time for clinical leaders. In summary, future theories and applications consider the temporal elements, the dimensionality of political skill, and the differences in leaders’ occupational interests. We discuss further implications and future research.

9. European Union agencies:

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Dovilė Rimkutė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

The institutional development of EU agencies is striking. Over the past decades, forty-six EU agencies have been established to support the European Commission and member states in their regulatory and executive tasks. Today, EU agencies are a vital part of the EU’s administrative capacity. EU agencies have received considerable scholarly attention that used a myriad of theoretical approaches—ranging from institutional, organizational, and bureaucratic reputation to interest-group theories—to explain why EU agencies have been created; how they develop over time; whether they are wielders of supranational or intergovernmental power; how they legitimize themselves and cultivate a positive bureaucratic reputation; and how they form alliances or insulate themselves from specific stakeholders. This chapter reviews the rise of EU agencies and introduces a selection of theoretical perspectives that have been used by EU agency scholars to study EU-level agencification and EU agency behaviour, regulatory processes, and outputs.

scholarly journals Ensuring Product Quality, Consistency and Patient Supply over Time for a Large-Volume Biologic: Experience with Remicade®

BioDrugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Richard Melsheimer ◽  
Melissa Calmann ◽  
Albert DeRitis ◽  
Vinod Philip ◽  
Frank Van Gog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Over Time

Effects of grit on academic achievement and career-related attitudes of college students in Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1629-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suran Lee ◽  
Young Woo Sohn
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Career Preparation ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Career Attitudes ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Over Time

Researchers have found that outstanding performance entails not only innate talent but also focused practice and effort over time. Because college students must simultaneously strive for academic achievement and prepare for a future career, we tested 253 students to examine the effects of grit and deliberate practice on academic achievement and career attitudes in a Korean context. Results showed that grit was associated with higher grades, and that this relationship was mediated by deliberate practice. Grit was a significant predictor of career preparation behavior and major–career relatedness when academic year and the Big Five personality characteristics were controlled for. With this study, we have contributed to the expertise literature by clarifying how grit influences college students' academic achievement and career-related attitudes.

scholarly journals Relating the unique sensory system of amblypygids to the ecology and behavior of Phrynus parvulus from Costa Rica (Arachnida, Amblypygi)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen A Hebets
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

While the unique sensory system and neuroanatomy of amblypygids suggest that olfaction is important in their lives, to date no behavioral data exist to support this suggestion. To gain insight into amblypygid ecology and behavior, an individual mark–recapture study was conducted on the Costa Rican amblypygid Phrynus parvulus. Within two 50 by 25 m plots, the distribution and movement patterns of individual amblypygids were recorded for over 2 months. A total of 88 adult individuals (60 males and 28 females) were marked, with an average 51% resighted. Females were resighted more frequently than males (75% females, 40% males). The sexes did not differ in their frequency or movement distance, but females were more likely to be seen on the same tree over time. While both sexes potentially wander in search of mates, females may also be searching for a good crevice, or diurnal hideout. Once a female has mated and laid eggs, she likely remains stationary. Movement patterns and tree choice seem to be dictated by both the presence of conspecifics and environmental factors such as tree surface area, moss cover, and the presence of buttressing. Cumulative observational data collected over 3 years suggest that the main breeding season for this species is October-January. Both mate attraction and navigation may be facilitated by the olfactory capabilities of amblypygids, while their giant interneurons may be involved in their foraging behavior.

Stability of Disodium Sulfobenzylpenicillin in Large Volume Parenteral Solutions

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 418-423
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Fukuchi ◽  
Minoru Yoshida ◽  
Michio Kumagai ◽  
Teruaki Kitaura
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Over Time

The stability of disodium sulfobenzylpenicillin (SB-PC) in several large-volume parenteral solutions was studied. A study was also made of the influences of other additive drugs upon the stability of SB-PC in SB-PC IV fluid admixtures. Quantitative determinations were made by iodometry of the residual rate over time of SB-PC. The residual rate of SB-PC in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU injection)-10 percent glucose admixture was 67 percent after 24 hours at 25 °C, (77 °F) and in aminophylline (aminophylline injection J.P.)-10 percent glucose admixture it was 54 percent after 24 hours. It was found that the decomposition of SB-PC was due to amines which were added to these injections. In an admixture of amino acid and SB-PC, the residual rate of SB-PC decreased linearly with the increase in amino acid concentration. In the 12 kinds of amino acids used in this study, the greatest decrease was observed in the admixture with lysine, the residual rate being 76.7 percent. For the study of degradation products of SB-PC, thin layer chromatography was employed and a spot of the degradation product was detected at an Rf value of 0.2.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic approach to the evolution of color term systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13666-13671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. Haynie ◽  
Claire Bowern
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Color Term ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Influential Theory ◽  
Over Time

The naming of colors has long been a topic of interest in the study of human culture and cognition. Color term research has asked diverse questions about thought and communication, but no previous research has used an evolutionary framework. We show that there is broad support for the most influential theory of color term development (that most strongly represented by Berlin and Kay [Berlin B, Kay P (1969) (Univ of California Press, Berkeley, CA)]); however, we find extensive evidence for the loss (as well as gain) of color terms. We find alternative trajectories of color term evolution beyond those considered in the standard theories. These results not only refine our knowledge of how humans lexicalize the color space and how the systems change over time; they illustrate the promise of phylogenetic methods within the domain of cognitive science, and they show how language change interacts with human perception.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document