Keep Your Brain Tissue Healthy

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-66
Author(s):  
Charles Alessi ◽  
Larry W. Chambers ◽  
Muir Gray
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

This chapter starts by advising how to reduce the impact of stress. When stress becomes long term, the immune system becomes less sensitive to cortisol, and since inflammation is partly regulated by this hormone, this decreased sensitivity heightens the inflammatory response and allows inflammation to get out of control, increasing our risk of many diseases. You can reduce your stress yourself through a variety of methods, including physical activity and mindfulness-based stress reduction. Adequate sleep is also a major factor that can improve cognitive abilities and reduce the risk of dementia, and this chapter outlines what we need to know about sleep cycles, insomnia, and sleep disordered breathing, and how to sleep more and sleep better. The chapter then covers how to protect your brain from over medication (polypharmacy). It finishes by discussing how to maintain and indeed increase your levels of physical activity, and how increasing physical activity has both direct and indirect effects on the brain.

scholarly journals The immunology of stress and the impact of inflammation on the brain and behaviour

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Meghna Ravi ◽  
Andrew H. Miller ◽  
Vasiliki Michopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Chronic Activation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY Exposure to acute versus chronic stressors and threats activates the immune system in adaptive and maladaptive manners respectively. Chronic activation arising from persistent stress exposure can contribute to an inflammatory response in the periphery and in the brain that has been implicated in stress-related psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. We review the immunology of acute and chronic stress exposure, integrate this discussion with the emerging literature linking heightened immune activation and inflammation to mood and anxiety disorders, and consider the translational implications of the immune system's role in these psychiatric conditions, with a brief overview of potential interventions.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVOLVEMENT IN LONG- TERM REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MEMORY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (107) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Kristine Sneidere ◽  
Jelena Harlamova ◽  
Zane Ulmane ◽  
Voldemars Arnis ◽  
Andra Vanaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Western Society ◽  
The Brain

Background. Ageing of the Western Society has become both – economic and social concern. Ageing has both – biological and psychological consequences, and, with changes in the brain due to ageing (e.g. decline in the brain volume in frontal, parietal and temporal areas, as well as hippocampus (Colcombe et al., 2003; Erickson, Voss, Shaurya, Basak, & Szabo, 2011)), there are changes in cognitive functioning. For the past years, research has indicated a relationship between aerobic activity interventions and increase in episodic memory (Ruscheweyh et al., 2011), face recognition associative memory (Hayes et al., 2015) and working memory (Erickson et al., 2011). Methods. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between involvement in aerobic physical activities and memory; thus 43 seniors aged from 65 to 85 (M = 71.86, SD = 5.09, 23% male) were included in the study. Based on their physical activity experience, participants were divided into three groups – seniors with long- term aerobic physical activity experience (n = 16), seniors that have recently taken up aerobic physical activities (n = 19) and seniors not involved in physical activities (n = 8). Results. The preliminary data indicated relationship between long-term involvement in physical activities and working memory, as well as negative relationship between sedentary lifestyle and overall cognitive abilities. Conclusions. As this is still a work in progress, one of the limitations being the small sample, these results can be considered only as a tendency. Another limitation is the unequal gender distribution. This study was funded by the Latvian National Research Programme BIOMEDICINE 2014–2017.

scholarly journals P181 Long-term improvement in axial spondyloarthritis clinical outcomes following 2-weeks of intensive education and rehabilitation: results from the Bath residential rehabilitation programme

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Barnett ◽  
Anita McGrogan ◽  
Matthew Young ◽  
Charlotte Cavill ◽  
Mandy Freeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽  
Rehabilitation Programme ◽  
Spinal Mobility ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background/Aims  Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic rheumatic condition, characterised by inflammatory back pain - often associated with impaired function and mobility, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and reduced quality of life. Despite the vast advances in pharmacological treatments for axSpA over the last few decades, physical activity and rehabilitation remain vital for effective disease management. At the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases in Bath (RNHRD), the 2-week inpatient axSpA rehabilitation programme has been integral to axSpA care since the 1970’s. Prior research has demonstrated significant short-term improvements in spinal mobility (BASMI), function (BASFI) and disease activity (BASDAI) following course attendance. However, the long-term outcomes are yet to be evaluated in this unique cohort. Methods  Since the early 1990’s, clinical measures of spinal mobility, function and disease activity have been routinely collected at the RNHRD at all clinical appointments through administration of the BASMI, BASFI and BASDAI, respectively. Dates of attending the axSpA course and standard clinical and treatment follow-up data were also collected. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the impact of course attendance on final reported BASMI, BASDAI and BASFI scores (final score=most recent). Length of follow-up was defined as time between first and last recorded BASMI. Results  Of the 203 patients within the Bath SPARC200 cohort, 77.8% (158/203) had attended at least one rehabilitation course throughout follow-up. 70.0% (140/203) of patients were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 13.5 years (range 0-35 years); 28.1% (57/203) of individuals with 20+ years of follow-up. Course attendance (yes versus no) significantly reduced final BASMI score by 0.84 (p = 0.001, 95%CI -1.31 to -0.37) and final BASDAI score by 0.74 (p = 0.018, 95%CI -1.34 to -0.13). Although course attendance reduced final BASFI by 0.45 (95%CI -1.17 to 0.28), this relationship did not reach significance (p = 0.225). Whilst minimally clinically important difference (MCID) is, to our knowledge, yet to be defined for BASMI, MCIDs were achieved long-term for both BASDAI and BASFI - defined by van der Heijde and colleagues in 2016 as 0.7 and 0.4 for BASDAI and BASFI, respectively. Conclusion  These results provide novel evidence to support the integral role of education, physical activity and rehabilitation in the management of axSpA. Future work should investigate additional outcomes of critical importance to patients and clinicians, such as fatigue, quality of life and work productivity. Furthermore, a greater understanding of the factors that confound these outcomes may provide insights into those patients who may most benefit from attending a 2-week rehabilitation course. In addition to facilitating identification of those patients who may require additional clinical support. Disclosure  R. Barnett: None. A. McGrogan: None. M. Young: None. C. Cavill: None. M. Freeth: None. R. Sengupta: Honoraria; Biogen, Celgene, AbbVie, Novartis, MSD. Grants/research support; Novartis, UCB.

Leptin Functioning in Eating Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmiero Monteleone ◽  
Antonio DiLieto ◽  
Eloisa Castaldo ◽  
Mario Maj
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Abnormal Eating ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLeptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which is involved predominantly in the long-term regulation of body weight and energy balance by acting as a hunger suppressant signal to the brain. Leptin is also involved in the modulation of reproduction, immune function, physical activity, and some endogenous endocrine axes. Since anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, dysregulation of endogenous endocrine axes, alterations of reproductive and immune functions, and increased physical activity, extensive research has been carried out in the last decade in order to ascertain a role of this hormone in the pathophysiology of these syndromes. In this article, we review the available data on leptin physiology in patients with eating disorders. These data support the idea that leptin is not directly involved in the etiology of AN or BN. However, malnutrition-induced alterations in its physiology may contribute to the genesis and/or the maintenance of some clinical manifestations of AN and BN and may have an impact on the prognosis of AN.

scholarly journals DETERMINING THE IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON THE CITY ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (158) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
N. Denysenko
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Problems of efficiency of tourism development for the urban economy should be considered on the basis of a systematic approach, which involves the establishment of different criteria and indicators for different levels of government, as well as a hierarchy of goals and corresponding efficiency criteria. Based on the analysis, the article summarizes the concept of "tourist potential of the city". It is determined that the main components of tourist potential are resource, economic and social potential. The main methods of determining the tourist potential are identified, including expert, comparative, cartographic, technological, aesthetic methods of analysis. The directions of tourism impact on the economy of the territory are considered. Direct and indirect effects, as well as induced effects of tourism development are considered separately. The interrelation and interaction of different spheres of the city economy and tourism are shown. In the analysis it is necessary to consider significant sectors of the urban economy: hotel, construction, catering, retail, tour operators, industry, wholesale, housing and communal services, communications, transport, insurance and banking, medicine, education and others. To calculate the gross tourist product, calculate the sum of all costs incurred for the production of tourist goods and services for a certain period. These are the costs of tourist consumption, private and public tourism investments. In addition, calculate the amount of all income from the sale of tourist goods and services for a certain period. This income from the sale of tourist goods and services, income from renting rooms, apartments, etc. The use of a multiplier to determine the impact of tourism development on the city economy is proposed. The calculation of tourism multipliers involves determining the total income from the tourism industry and related infrastructure. Comprehensive assessment allows to identify the economic level of tourism development in the territory, the effect, and is also the basis for justification and management decisions. The study showed that in the modern scientific literature there are several types of multipliers. These are multipliers of income, employment, investment, commercial operations, production and sales. The foreign experience of assessment of social and economic effects from the development of the tourist sphere is analyzed and the possibility of its use in the conditions of Ukraine is substantiated. Keywords: tourist potential of the city, direct and indirect effects, multiplier.

scholarly journals The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bohmwald ◽  
Catalina A. Andrade ◽  
Nicolás M. S. Gálvez ◽  
Valentina P. Mora ◽  
José T. Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Stiff Neck ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.

Determining the Long-Term Effectiveness of a Group-Based Physical Activity Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
Anamica Batra ◽  
Richard C. Palmer ◽  
Elena Bastida ◽  
H. Virginia McCoy ◽  
Hafiz M. R. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Evidence Based Programs ◽  
The Impact

Objective. In 2015, only half (48%) of older adults in the United States (≥60 years) reported engaging in any kind of physical activity. Few studies examine the impact of evidence-based programs when adopted in community-based settings. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of EnhanceFitness (EF) upto 12-months. Method. EF was offered to older adults in South Florida. A total of 222 EF classes were offered between October 2008 and December 2014. Program consisted of a 1-hour session held three times a week. Even though participation was required for 4 months, 1,295 participants continued the program for at least 1 year. Results. All participants showed significant improvement in outcome measures. A mean change of 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9 was seen in number of chair stands at 4, 8, and 12 months (p < .001), respectively. The number of arm curls performed improved from 16.8 at baseline to 18.8, 18.8, and 19.2 at 4-, 8-, and 12-months, respectively. Participants improved their up-and-go time by decreasing from 9.1 (baseline) to 8.7 (4 months) to 8.6 (12 months; p = .001). Discussion. Randomized controlled trials are commonly used to determine the efficacy of an intervention. These interventions when disseminated at the population level have the potential to benefit large masses. EF is currently offered at more than 700 locations. This tremendous success of EF brings attention to an important question of continuous monitoring of these programs to ensure program consistency and intended outcomes. The model used by the Healthy Aging Regional Collaborative could be replicated by other communities.

scholarly journals The Impact of Long‐Term Physical Activity on Age‐Related Changes in Protein and Gene Expression

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R Lanza ◽  
Daniel K Short ◽  
Kevin R Short ◽  
Yan W Asmann ◽  
Sreekumar Raghavakaimal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Suppression of the Peripheral Immune System Limits the Central Immune Response Following Cuprizone-Feeding: Relevance to Modelling Multiple Sclerosis

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen ◽  
Almuslehi ◽  
Gyengesi ◽  
Myers ◽  
Shortland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Splenic Atrophy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Inside Out

Cuprizone (CPZ) preferentially affects oligodendrocytes (OLG), resulting in demyelination. To investigate whether central oligodendrocytosis and gliosis triggered an adaptive immune response, the impact of combining a standard (0.2%) or low (0.1%) dose of ingested CPZ with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), using pertussis toxin (PT), was assessed in mice. 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks produced oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis plus marked splenic atrophy (37%) and reduced levels of CD4 (44%) and CD8 (61%). Conversely, 0.1% CPZ(±PT) produced a similar oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis but a smaller reduction in splenic CD4 (11%) and CD8 (14%) levels and no splenic atrophy. Long-term feeding of 0.1% CPZ(±PT) for 12 weeks produced similar reductions in CD4 (27%) and CD8 (43%), as well as splenic atrophy (33%), as seen with 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks. Collectively, these results suggest that 0.1% CPZ for 5 weeks may be a more promising model to study the ‘inside-out’ theory of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, neither CD4 nor CD8 were detected in the brain in CPZ±PT groups, indicating that CPZ-mediated suppression of peripheral immune organs is a major impediment to studying the ‘inside-out’ role of the adaptive immune system in this model over long time periods. Notably, CPZ(±PT)-feeding induced changes in the brain proteome related to the suppression of immune function, cellular metabolism, synaptic function and cellular structure/organization, indicating that demyelinating conditions, such as MS, can be initiated in the absence of adaptive immune system involvement.

scholarly journals On the Economic Effects of a Res Local Industry Deployment in Morocco: A Case of Study Defining Scenarios from a Survey to Stakeholders

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6811
Author(s):  
Ramon Mahia ◽  
Rafael de Arce
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Scenario Design ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Large Investment ◽  
New Jobs

The aim of this article is to simulate the economic impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment of renewable energy sources investment in Morocco over the next 40 years. In this sense, several potential scenarios of energy component evolution have been used based on the results of a specific survey to sector stakeholders. We obtain accurate results, avoiding speculative/theoretical assumptions in terms of scenario design. As usual in the sector, a Dynamic Input–Output Model (DI–O) is used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of such a large investment and, avoiding the criticism of this type of model in the context of long-term simulations, the alternative of de Arce et al. (2012) is used. In this framework, substantial results derive from the three scenarios considered: the increase in Moroccan GDP as a result of this investment could be around 1.2–1.7 points and, on average, 42,000 new jobs could be created.

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