Four Facts About Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 343-366
Author(s):  
Andrew Zangwill
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Bayesian Statistics ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
The Public

This chapter is an exploration of Anderson’s philosophy of science based on the contents of his article in a British newspaper, “Four Facts Everyone Ought to Know about Science.” These are: (1) science is not democratic; (2) computers will not replace scientists; (3) statistical methods are missed and often misunderstood; and (4) good science has aesthetic qualities. Anderson aimed to alert the public about the inaccurate and misleading information they were constantly subjected to by uncritical journalists, agenda-driven political pundits, social critics of science, religious fundamentalists, and publicity-seeking professional scientists. He describes science as an interconnected web and discusses Bayesian statistics.

Protected Health Information and the Social media: Walking the tight rope Introduction (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Protected Health Information ◽  
Consumer Experience ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Population Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Healthcare Executives ◽  
Tight Rope

BACKGROUND Healthcare is changing rapidly, and consumer focus has become a priority for most organizations. In fact, found that 81% have identified “improving consumer experience” as a high priority for their organization. But only 11% of healthcare executives feel that their organization has the capabilities to deliver positive consumer experience. It’s important to understand that social media has the potential to be both enhancing and damaging, during or after a crisis. There will be numerous rumours and misinformation spreading during a crisis, creating panic among the public, with the aim of making the information ‘go viral.’ Population education or empowerment is important to ensure that the general population doesn’t fall victim to such rumours. Healthcare organisations have a duty to prevent damage in this way, by creating awareness. People should be educated to distinguish between trustworthy and misleading information. For example, we published an article on how misleading information on anorexia is promoted on YouTube, stating that “the illiterate in this ICT era will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot distinguish between trustworthy and misleading information available online” (Syed-Abdul et al. 2013). OBJECTIVE na METHODS na RESULTS na CONCLUSIONS na CLINICALTRIAL na

scholarly journals What Does Good Science-Based Advice to Politics Look Like?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Carrier
Keyword(s):  
Social Values ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Policy Advice ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Scientific Policy ◽  
Good Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Policy Advice ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Value Free Ideal

AbstractI address options for providing scientific policy advice and explore the relation between scientific knowledge and political, economic and moral values. I argue that such nonepistemic values are essential for establishing the significance of questions and the relevance of evidence, while, on the other hand, such social choices are the prerogative of society. This tension can be resolved by recognizing social values and identifying them as separate premises or as commissions while withholding commitment to them, and by elaborating a plurality of policy packages that envisage the implementation of different social goals. There are limits to upholding the value-free ideal in scientific research. But by following the mentioned strategy, science can give useful policy advice by leaving the value-free ideal largely intact. Such scientific restraint avoids the risk of appearing to illegitimately impose values on the public and could make the advice given more trustworthy.

Gendered Philosophy of Science

2010 ◽  
pp. 62-84
Author(s):  
Mary Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Good Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Perspective

This chapter explores the ways in which the dualistic notion of gender is at the core of many fundamental ideas in the philosophy of science. The ways in which we have learned to perceive, think about, teach/learn, and conduct research in science and IT are deeply informed by a dualistic, gendered framework: science is associated with maleness, and nature with femaleness. This primary split supports a philosophy of science that envisions “good science” as purely rational and objective (male), devoid of emotion and subjectivity (female). These core values of a dominator society contribute to a climate that is not likely to be hospitable to those who are gender-socialized as women. In the end, I call for a new perspective on our philosophy of science and technology that embodies partnership values and ask: How might we proceed to reexamine our assumptions about science and technology to make the shift from a dominator to a partnership perspective? These ideas are explored in the following sections: (1) science is male; nature is female; (2) the myth of objectivity; (3) there’s no crying in science; and (4) envisioning a partnership philosophy of science (democratizing science and technology, redefining what makes good science, and examples of partnership science and IT).

Public Satisfaction of Highway Landscape Quality: A Case Study from China

2011 ◽  
Vol 460-461 ◽  
pp. 611-616
Author(s):  
Hong Jie Li ◽  
Xiao Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Landscape Quality

The research presented here constructed highway landscape quality evaluation indexes and a model based on public satisfaction. The goal was to determine if public satisfaction of highway landscape quality can be statistically measured. Several methods of highway landscape quality evaluation were first reviewed to determine what limitations were existed. From that review, a highway landscape quality evaluation indexes were selected and a model based on the selected indexes were constructed according to theory of public satisfaction. An on-site study was conducted to obtain public satisfaction of a scenic road using the selected indexes and model, statistical methods were employed to test the validity and reliability. Results indicate that the public satisfaction can reflect the quality of highway landscape, and the selected indexes can fully represent highway landscape quality.

scholarly journals The Urgency of Prioritizing Indonesian Language for Efficiency of The Public Education Process to Against Endemic Threats

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Nur Sitha Afrilia ◽  
M. Suryadi
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Regional Languages ◽  
Primary Medium ◽  
Education Process

The threat of endemic that caused by the pandemic of global Covid-19 should be educated by a capable and well legitimized person. This is a manifestation of efforts to anticipate the fatal risks caused by the misleading information conveyed to the public. Indonesian language, as the primary medium that associates public communication, basically needs to optimize its function in order to be able to minimize the risk of misleading information. The researcher used qualitative methods by collecting information from the mass media, which used the diversity of medical terms, and words in regional languages that often triggers the ambiguity of meaning in the society. Therefore, it is necessary to have consistent collaboration between institutions to optimized the Indonesian language’s function in the health education process. This optimization is also an embodiment of UU No.24 / 2009, which is the legal foundation for using Indonesian as the state’s official language.

scholarly journals Mechanisms, good and bad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Kincaid
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Structure Framework ◽  
Context Specific

The claim that mechanisms are essential good science is widespread. I argue, however, that these claims are ambiguous in multiple ways. I sort out different version of the mechanism idea: (1) mechanisms that are horizontal – between cause and effect – and mechanisms that are vertical – they realize in lower-level terms causal properties –: and (2) different purposes or uses mechanisms may have. I then focus on the claim that various senses of mechanism are necessary for the confirmation of causal claims. The paper shows that mechanisms can be useful, essential, or harmful depending on context, using the now standard graphical causal structure framework. These conclusions also support the larger philosophy of science moral that methodological norms in science are often context specific and empirical, not a priori and universal.

scholarly journals The public way to peer-review

2004 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. F03
Author(s):  
Nico Pitrelli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Trial Design ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Good Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Biomedical Field

There is a substantial divergence between the standards of integrity associated with "good science" and the problems imposed by the conflict of interest on research, specially in the biomedical field. There are at least as many ways in which information may be altered and the production of new scientific knowledge may be affected as there are links that can be established between researchers, private companies, and editors and staff of the specialized press. The pressures resulting from this high number of connections can affect all stages of research, from trial design to data analysis, from result publishing and dissemination to who will be the author of the articles.

scholarly journals The Existence of Indonesian Language in the Digital Era in the Perspective of Philosophy of Science (Axiology)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrina Rosada Dhuhuriyah ◽  
Aprilia Dewantari ◽  
Tiara Alifia Rahmatika ◽  
Gisela Rose Karita ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Millennial Generation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Linguistic Rules ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The Times

Indonesian is the identity of all Indonesian citizens. Language itself is very important for human life. With language, we can communicate with one another, considering that humans are social creatures who cannot live without each other's help. However, the use of language should not be underestimated. The use and pronunciation must be properly understood so that there are no misunderstandings or other unwanted things. The development of the times and globalization have affected the existence of languages that are currently starting to lose their authenticity. One example is the use of slang as a daily word until the authenticity (original word) is slowly forgotten. As well as the use of foreign languages that are more attractive to the millennial generation. The lack of interest of the younger generation in learning linguistic rules is also one of the factors in changing the existence of Indonesian. The background of the research is about the existence of language, especially Indonesian to the changing era. The purpose of writing this paper is to show the public, especially the millennial generation the importance of maintaining the existence of linguistic rules. Because as good citizens we must maintain and preserve our national identity.

Imposing Unfair Risks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada de Melo-Martín ◽  
Kristen Intemann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Reliable Criterion ◽  
Good Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health And Well Being

This chapters evaluates whether inductive risks judgments can serve as a reliable criterion to identify normatively inappropriate dissent (NID). Dissent that calls for rejecting certain consensus views related to public policy can be risky. When consensus views are mistakenly rejected, it can have serious consequences for public health and well-being. These risks may not be worth taking when the risks disproportionately fall on the public, or when the dissent in question fails to conform to widely shared standards of good science. It concludes that this account also fails to offer a criterion to reliably identify NID. In part this is because of the difficulties presented by the criterion of shared standards in science. Also, the ambiguities present in judgments about inductive risks lead to serious problems in practice.

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