Corruption

2019 ◽  
pp. 603-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toke Aidt
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Special Means ◽  
Cross Country

Corruption, understood as a special means by which private agents may seek to pursue their interest in competition for preferential treatment by government officials or politicians and where the “means” are valued by the recipient, is viewed by most social scientists as a major obstacle to economic, political, and social development and a source of inefficiency. This chapter presents a framework and taxonomy for the study of corruption. Within this framework, corruption is conceptualized as a particular instance of the more general social phenomena we call influence-seeking activities. The chapter provides an overview of theoretical models of corruption, summarizes cross-country evidence on the causes and consequences of corruption, and evaluates the recent literature on laboratory, field, and quasi-natural experiments.

Natural “Natural Experiments” in Economics

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R Rosenzweig ◽  
Kenneth I Wolpin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Simple Economic

The recent literature exploiting natural events as “natural experiment” instruments is reviewed to assess to what extent it has advanced empirical knowledge. A weakness of the studies that adopt this approach is that the necessary set of behavioral, market, and technological assumptions made by the authors in justifying their interpretations of the estimates is often absent. The methodology and findings from twenty studies are summarized and simple economic models are used to elucidate the implicit assumptions made by the authors and to demonstrate the sensitivity of the interpretations of the findings to the relaxation of some of these assumptions.

Neurocognitive underpinnings of social development during childhood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Steinbeis
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Cortical Regions

This chapter reviews the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying social development during middle childhood. The author focuses on social abilities (e.g., theory of mind and empathy) and prosocial behavior (e.g., sharing and helping). The chapter discusses studies and theories on developmental changes in these social phenomena and references evidence of neurocognitive underpinnings where available. The author argues that changes in social development during childhood can best be explained in developments in regulatory processes, such as behavioral control, emotion regulation, conflict processing, and self-other control. The author refers to this cluster of functions as social control mechanisms. Changes in these social control mechanisms are driven by the maturation of neural circuitry comprising prefrontal cortical regions and their interactions with subcortical regions. Crucially, while the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying social development are distinct for different abilities and behaviors, it appears to be domain-general processes that predominantly shape social development during middle childhood.

scholarly journals Samfundsforskning og tekst - det skotske tilfælde som metodisk problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Henrik Halkier
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Post Graduate ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship

The present paper explores some possible links between linguistics and social science, departing from an example of textual analysis originating in research in progress. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of historical textual analysis and to the relationship between social phenomena and the concepts employed by social scientists. It is argued that the presence of common theoretical problems and shared methodologies provides an interesting starting point for future interdisciplinary research and for up-to-date teaching of post-graduate students.

Voices from the Street: What Homeless Youth Think We Need to Know

2021 ◽  
pp. 193672442110425
Author(s):  
Marilyn Dyck ◽  
Jill Leslie Rosenbaum ◽  
Kaitlin O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Program Improvement ◽  
Marginalized Youth ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Program Staff

While social scientists have attempted to become informed about the needs and realities of marginalized youth, rarely do they include their voices in these discussions. Yet, research suggests that listening to young people results in the development of more successful programming. The authors examined 30 years of youth writing to understand what program participants think they need. Focusing on youth experiencing homelessness narratives regarding “leaving the street,” the article identifies three themes to guide government officials and program staff in program improvement: (1) the process of becoming ready to leave street life, (2) the factors that cause setbacks to occur, and (3) the recognition of young people’s need for independence and concerns that impact program effectiveness. Finally, using their words, we present suggestions for policy changes perceived to be most beneficial.

The makeup art: social stratification and social myth

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Kateryna Malyarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Social Myth

Purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of makeup art and its connection with social stratification and social myth. Methodology. The study of the phenomenon of makeup in connection with social mythology and social stratification is associated with the use of general scientific methods of analysis, generalization, synthesis, etc. Not only in line with art history and sociological knowledge, but also knowledge of psychology, cultural studies, philosophy, etc., which provides for the integration and inclusive combination of appropriate methods and approaches. The artistic and typological method made it possible to analyze the phenomenon of makeup, social myth and social stratification as integral phenomena with specific features. The combination of anthropological, axiological and historical approaches with the use of socio-cultural and art criticism tools made it possible to identify the main value-semantic and content-structural constants of these phenomena. Scientific novelty. The art of makeup is presented as the basis of social mythology and its connection with social stratification, which makes it possible to position makeup as one of the backbone components of the socio-cultural system, as well as facilitate the study of the entire spectrum of its cultural phenomena. Conclusions. Makeup, as an axiologically loaded phenomenon, is the basis for the creation of social mythology and support for social stratification, characterizes the processes of social development, significantly affects the public consciousness and behavior of both social groups and individual subjects. By the nature of the course of the processes of being, the phenomenon of makeup allows one to see the specifics of social phenomena and determine their place in the structure of social life. The positive role of makeup is that it is one of the conditions for the integrity of society, providing cultural, art, moral, etc. the continuity of its imperatives. The negative one is that it not only represents the social stratification of society, but also becomes a means of deepening it, stereotyping and accumulating in its practices both positive and negative patterns of sociocultural models of behavior. Because, as part of social mythology, the phenomenon of makeup is ambiguous: on the one hand, it partly threatens social development, and on the other hand, it helps to consolidate people and society in overcoming the challenges of our time.

scholarly journals Earth-to-Earth Microwave Rain Attenuation Measurements: A Survey On the Recent Literature

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Vasilis Christofilakis ◽  
Giorgos Tatsis ◽  
Spyridon K. Chronopoulos ◽  
Alexandros Sakkas ◽  
Anastasios G. Skrivanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Signal Attenuation ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
Estimation Function

Many works have been conducted relevant to rainfall measurements, while the first relevant ones were based on the power loss estimation function from wireless links located back to the early 1940s. It is notable, though, that this innovative idea conduced to many theoretical models correlating the signal attenuation to the rainfall intensity. This type of parameter strongly contributes to the mechanism of frequency attenuation above 10 GHz. Consequently, in the last twenty years, there has been a significant boost to this research topic. Researchers all around the world have worked thoroughly on the issue of estimating rain with the use of earth-to-earth microwave signal attenuation. Nevertheless, the issue remains intriguing and challenging. This paper presents a literature survey, of the last decade, on this challenging issue focusing on measurements from backhaul cellular microwave links and experimental setups. Research challenges and future trends are also presented.

scholarly journals What Remains of Cross-Country Convergence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Johnson ◽  
Chris Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Absolute Convergence ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Distribution Of Income

We examine the record of cross-country growth over the past fifty years and ask if developing countries have made progress on closing the income gap between their per capita incomes and those in the advanced economies. We conclude that, as a group, they have not and then survey the literature on absolute convergence with particular emphasis on that from the last decade or so. That literature supports our conclusion of a lack of progress in closing the income gap between countries. We close with a brief examination of the recent literature on cross-individual distribution of income, which finds that despite the lack of progress on cross country convergence, global inequality has tended to fall since 2000. ( JEL E01, E13, O11, O47, F41, F62)

Determinism, Predictions, and Probabilism

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Francois Dépelteau
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Biological Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Cause ◽  
Social Causes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter addresses determinism, which has been the predominant mode of perceiving the universe in modern sciences. The basic assumption is that any event is the effect of an external cause. Generally speaking, biological determinism focuses on the biological causes of events, whereas social sciences focus on the social causes. This mode of perceiving the social universe is typically associated with positivism and, more specifically, social naturalism — or the idea that there is no significant difference between social phenomena and natural phenomena. In this logic, it is assumed that social scientists can and should discover ‘social laws’ — or universal relations of causality between a social cause and a social effect. However, determinism in the social sciences has been criticized since its very beginning. In response to these critiques, many social scientists have adopted various forms of ‘soft’ determinism. The chapter then considers social predictions and probabilism.

Navigating Kaupapa Māori Fields of Knowledge

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Macfarlane ◽  
Sonja Macfarlane ◽  
Toby Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Kaupapa Māori ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Indigenous Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Partnership Approach

In the context of Māori and Indigenous ways of knowing, a recurring theme in professional educative discourse is the notion that it would be advantageous for educators and researchers to attain enhanced understandings of Māori worldviews, Maōri histories, Maōri experiences of struggle, Māori lived realities—and of the nascent, yet optimistic, contentions by Māori about their roles in theoretical developments and educational jurisdictions. How might adopting a power-sharing partnership approach within these parameters strengthen research endeavors? How might such an approach be mutually beneficial? How might it be monitored? These and other questions continue to be posed by Māori. What is consistently being recommended by Māori is the need for researchers to broaden and deepen their awareness and respect for knowledge that flows from different, yet potentially complementary, streams—in this case, the Māori and Western knowledge streams. Progress is happening, but it is not embedded within the culture or research that is with, about and for Māori. We argue that it is now timely for social scientists, cultural critics, political analysis, research funders, and academics to move from commentary to commitment. In this article, the authors propose that by exploring Māori philosophies and developing a deeper and more meaningful understanding of theoretical models that can potentially enhance and deepen cultural awareness, both Māori and non-Māori researchers can be assisted and supported, in their respective fields, to achieve more culturally robust, inclusive, and sustainable research findings. Such models provide frameworks—in essence, an adaptable set of options—for research operations that acknowledge voices, histories, and contributions and thereby support both cultural enhancement and culturally safe research practice.

scholarly journals Econometric Models of Network Formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 775-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áureo de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Selective Review ◽  
Conditionally Specified Models ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Link Formation

This article provides a selective review of the recent literature on econometric models of network formation. I start with a brief exposition on basic concepts and tools for the statistical description of networks; then I offer a review of dyadic models, focusing on statistical models on pairs of nodes, and I describe several developments of interest to the econometrics literature. I also present a discussion of nondyadic models in which link formation might be influenced by the presence or absence of additional links, which themselves are subject to similar influences. This argument is related to the statistical literature on conditionally specified models and the econometrics of game theoretical models. I close with a (nonexhaustive) discussion of potential areas for further development.

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