Prevention: Current Status and Underlying Theory

Eating disorders (EDs) are important and common problems among adolescents and young women, and preventing them would be an important public health achievement. Fortunately, several recent studies, informed by cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clinical risk factor research, have evidenced a significant decrease in ED risk factors, with two programs also achieving a significant reduction in ED onset within at-risk females. The present chapter reviews and evaluates the state of ED prevention research, highlighting current theoretical approaches and effective programs, emphasizing emerging empirical support for cognitive dissonance, Internet, school-based, and combined ED and obesity prevention programs. Conclusions about how to enhance recent progress in the field of EDs are provided.

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Prevention

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.14 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

C. Barr Taylor ◽

Ellen E. Fitzsimmons-Craft ◽

Neha J. Goel

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Dissonance ◽

Media Literacy ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Clinical Risk Factor ◽

Prevention Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Based ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

Common Problems ◽

Obesity Prevention Programs

Eating disorders (EDs) are important and common problems among adolescents and young women, and preventing them would be an important public health achievement. Fortunately, several recent studies, informed by cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clinical risk factor research, have demonstrated a significant decrease in ED risk factors, with several programs also achieving a significant reduction in ED onset within at-risk females. This chapter reviews and evaluates the state of ED prevention research, highlighting current theoretical approaches and effective programs, emphasizing emerging empirical support for cognitive dissonance, Internet, school-based, media literacy, and combined ED and obesity prevention programs. Conclusions about how to enhance recent progress in the field of EDs are provided.

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Potential influence of school-based lifestyle strategies among Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children: a cross-sectional comparison of adiposity and weight related behaviours between 2010 and 2015

10.1101/518233 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Louise L Hardy ◽

Rona MacNiven ◽

Tuguy Esgin ◽

Seema Mihrshahi

Keyword(s):

Health Behaviours ◽

Population Level ◽

Self Report ◽

Future Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Based ◽

South Wales ◽

Obesity Prevention Programs ◽

Unhealthy Weight ◽

Aboriginal Children

AbstractBackgroundIn New South Wales (Australia) there has been substantial long term investment in school-based child obesity prevention programs. Whether these programs have led to population level improvements in children’s adiposity and weight-related behaviours in Aboriginal children, who are at greater risk of poorer health outcomes, is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in adiposity and weight-related behaviours of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and to examine the equality of changes between the two groups.MethodsRepresentative cross-sectional population surveys conducted in 2010 and 2015 among children age 5-16 years (n=15,613), stratified by Aboriginality. Indicators of weight-related behaviour (diet, physical activity, school travel, screen-time) were measured by questionnaire with parents responding for children age <10 years and self-report by children age >10 years. Objective measurements included height, weight, waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness, and fundamental movement skills.ResultsAdiposity prevalences were significantly higher in 2015, than 2010 among non-Aboriginal children only, however adiposity prevalences were consistently higher among Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children. There were positive changes towards adopting healthier weight-related behaviours in all children between surveys, which were consistently significant among non-Aboriginal, but not Aboriginal, children. The magnitude of changes and the 2015 prevalences in weight-related behaviours were generally similar for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, however positive changes in fruit consumption and locomotor skills were significantly larger among Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children. The prevalence of being driven to school in 2015 was significantly higher than 2010 for both groups.ConclusionsOverall, there are signs that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children are shifting towards healthier weight-related behaviours. However, many unhealthy weight-related behaviours remain highly prevalent. Our findings may have utility for the direction of future health policy and service delivery to Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and the development of health promotion programs to build on these improvements in health behaviours.

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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the abdominal aorta – current status and future perspectives

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 115-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Daniel Staub ◽

Vasileios Rafailidis ◽

Mohammed Al-Natour ◽

Sanjeeva Kalva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Aneurysm Rupture ◽

Vasa Vasorum ◽

Current Status ◽

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽

Aortic Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vascular Abnormalities ◽

Contrast Enhanced

Abstract. Ultrasound has been established as an important diagnostic tool in assessing vascular abnormalities. Standard B-mode and Doppler techniques have inherent limitations with regards to detection of slow flow and small vasculature. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a complementary tool and is useful in assessing both the macro- and microvascular anatomy of the aorta. CEUS can also provide valuable physiological information in real-time scanning sessions due to the physical and safety profiles of the administered microbubbles. From a macrovascular perspective, CEUS has been used to characterize aortic aneurysm rupture, dissection and endoleaks post-EVAR repair. With regard to microvasculature CEUS enables imaging of adventitial vasa vasorum thereby assessing aortic inflammation processes, such as monitoring treatment response in chronic periaortitis. CEUS may have additional clinical utility since adventitial vasa vasorum has important implications in the pathogenesis of aortic diseases. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies comparing CEUS to cross-sectional imaging for aortic applications. For endoleak surveillance CEUS has been shown to be equal or in certain cases superior in comparison to CT angiography. The recent advancement of CEUS software along with the ongoing development of drug-eluting contrast microbubbles has allowed improved targeted detection and real-time ultrasound guided therapy for aortic vasa vasorum inflammation and neovascularization in animal models. Therefore, CEUS is uniquely suited to comprehensively assess and potentially treat aortic vascular diseases in the future.

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Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000364 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 130-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Danica W. Y. Liu ◽

A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽

Richard Burns ◽

Rachel M. Roberts ◽

Kaarin J. Anstey

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

Current Status ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Project ◽

Resilience Factors ◽

First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

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Anaesthesiology in China: A cross-sectional survey of the current status of anaesthesiology departments

The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific ◽

10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 100166

Author(s):

Changsheng Zhang ◽

Shengshu Wang ◽

Hange Li ◽

Fan Su ◽

Yuguang Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Status ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

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Association between Short Hours of Sleep and Overweight/Obesity in Mexican Adolescent Population: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9080939 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 939

Author(s):

Ana Fresan ◽

Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza ◽

María Lilia López-Narváez ◽

Tania Guadalupe Gómez-Peralta ◽

Daniela Georgina Aguilar-Velázquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obese Adolescent ◽

School Based ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Mexican Adolescents

Background/Aim: Obesity in adolescents is increasing; as such, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity in Mexican adolescents and examine its possible association with hours of sleep. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out. This study included 863 adolescents aged between 11 and 16 years. The prevalence of obesity was estimated using the body mass index (BMI). The duration of sleep (and other information) was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. The Cochran–Mantel–Hansel test for categorical variables and a general linear model for continuous variables were used to evaluate the interaction effect of BMI and sex with respect to sleeping and assessed activity conditions. Results: It was found that 47.6% of the adolescents were overweight/obese. Men were more frequently overweight/obese than women (52.6% vs. 41.8%, p = 0.002). Moreover, overweight/obese adolescents were younger and spent fewer daily hours watching television (p < 0.05). Men practiced sports more hours per week than women (p = 0.04). However, women spent more daily time on the internet (p = 0.05), and overweight/obese adolescent women slept fewer hours than overweight/obese men and adolescents with normal weight (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The development of strategies for the prevention of overweight/obesity and the improvement of sleep duration should include a gender perspective to improve health habits in Mexican adolescents.

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The effects of disease-related knowledge on illness perception and psychological status of patients with COVID-19 in Hunan, China

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.33 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Man Ye ◽

Shi-hao Chen ◽

Xu-ting Li ◽

Jin Huang ◽

Ran-ran Mei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Illness Perception ◽

Self Care ◽

The Elderly ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Psychological Status ◽

Current Status ◽

Average Score ◽

Future Health ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the current status of disease-related knowledge and to analyze the relationship among the general condition, illness perception, and psychological status of patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 patients using convenience sampling. The general questionnaire, disease-related knowledge questionnaire of COVID-19, Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to measure the current status of participants. RESULTS: The overall average score of the disease-related knowledge of patients with COVID-19 was (79.19 ± 14.25), the self-care situation was positively correlated with knowledge of prevention and control (r=0.265, P=0.004) and total score of disease-related knowledge (r= 0.206, P= 0.025); the degree of anxiety was negatively correlated with the knowledge of diagnosis and treatment (r= -0.182, P= 0.049). The score of disease-related knowledge was negatively correlated with negative cognition (volatility, consequences, emotional statements) and negative emotions (tension, fatigue, depression) (P<0.05); positively correlated with positive cognition (disease coherence) and positive emotion (self-esteem) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION It was recommended that we should pay more attention to the elderly and low-income groups, and increase the knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and self-care in the future health education for patients.

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Developing the practice of pre-service physical education teachers through a dyad model of lesson study

European Physical Education Review ◽

10.1177/1356336x211004628 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1356336X2110046

Author(s):

Penny Lamb ◽

Graham King

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Lesson Study ◽

Computer Mediated Communication ◽

Learning To Teach ◽

Individual Learning ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Learning Needs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Holistic View ◽

School Based

This article reports on a dyad model of lesson study aimed at scaffolding the theory and practice of learning to teach physical education. Participants were pre-service teachers (PSTs) completing a 38-week Master’s-level Postgraduate Certificate in Education in eastern England, training to teach the secondary age range (11–18 years). A total of 40 PSTs volunteered to participate in the study during their school-based training. A three-year cross-sectional case-study framework involving three distinct cohorts of PSTs allowed for a comparison of data, captured through computer-mediated communication. Dialogue through email communications and electronic evaluations was analysed inductively. Three substantive themes were identified as a result of the PSTs’ experiences: (a) developing confidence in the classroom through collaboration with a peer; (b) developing physical education pedagogies to support students’ individual learning needs; and (c) developing physical education pedagogies to support assessment of students’ progress. The dyad lesson study model provided a safe and non-hierarchical platform for collaboration between PSTs. Peer-to-peer reflection on aspects of their own practice instilled confidence and enhanced understanding, particularly in relation to understanding students’ individual learning needs to promote progress and assessing such progress. Dyad lesson study positively supported PSTs’ professional development against prescribed Teachers’ Standards beyond the formal hierarchical rules and structures associated with the school-based training process. Such collaborative conversations can help to minimise professional isolation for PSTs during their school-based training and address the juxtaposition of connecting the theory of learning to teach with a holistic view of student learning in practice.

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Relevance of monitoring transmural disease activity in patients with Crohn’s disease: current status and future perspectives

Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology ◽

10.1177/17562848211006672 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 175628482110066

Author(s):

Rune Wilkens ◽

Kerri L. Novak ◽

Christian Maaser ◽

Remo Panaccione ◽

Torsten Kucharzik

Keyword(s):

Crohn’S Disease ◽

Crohn's Disease ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Symptom Control ◽

Current Status ◽

Clinical Relapse ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Treatment Targets ◽

Endoscopic Remission ◽

Transmural Inflammation

Treatment targets of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) have evolved over the last decade. Goals of therapy consisting of symptom control and steroid sparing have shifted to control of disease activity with endoscopic remission being an important endpoint. Unfortunately, this requires ileocolonoscopy, an invasive procedure. Biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin (FCP)] have emerged as surrogates for endoscopic remission and disease activity, but also have limitations. Despite this evolution, we must not lose sight that CD involves transmural inflammation, not fully appreciated with ileocolonoscopy. Therefore, transmural assessment of disease activity by cross-sectional imaging, in particular with magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and intestinal ultrasonography (IUS), is vital to fully understand disease control. Bowel-wall thickness (BWT) is the cornerstone in assessment of transmural inflammation and BWT normalization, with or without bloodflow normalization, the key element demonstrating resolution of transmural inflammation, namely transmural healing (TH) or transmural remission (TR). In small studies, achievement of TR has been associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes, including reduced hospitalization, surgery, escalation of treatment, and a decrease in clinical relapse over endoscopic remission alone. This review will focus on the existing literature investigating the concept of TR or residual transmural disease and its relation to other existing treatment targets. Current data suggest that TR may be the next logical step in the evolution of treatment targets.

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Current status of periodontitis and its association with tobacco use amongst adult population of Sunsari district, in Nepal

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01416-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Goel ◽

S. Sharma ◽

D. D. Baral ◽

S. K. Agrawal

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Adult Population ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Case Definition ◽

Current Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Significant Factors

Abstract Background Tobacco products are considered significant, but preventable factors related to initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. We assessed the prevalence of periodontitis and evaluated its association with tobacco use and other factors amongst the adult population of Sunsari district in eastern Nepal. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in rural municipalities in the province one of eastern Nepal. A total of 440 adults were interviewed with a set of a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data on social demographics, adverse oral habits followed by periodontal clinical examination were recorded. Prevalence of periodontitis was assessed by a case definition provided by CDC-AAP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to measure the association between tobacco use and other factors with periodontitis. Results The overall prevalence of periodontitis was found to be 71.6%. Majority (85.4%) of tobacco users had periodontitis and they were significantly associated with the disease and its severity. The study identified age groups, 45–65 years (AOR = 7.58, 95% CI 3.93–14.61), plaque accumulation (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02), smoking (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.36–7.27), khaini users (smokeless tobacco, AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.12–4.61) and teeth loss (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.21–3.38) as the significant factors associated with periodontitis. Conclusion The prevalence of periodontitis is high in the surveyed rural adult population. Cigarette smoking along with the use of smokeless tobacco in the form of khaini were identified as significant factors associated with periodontitis.

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