scholarly journals Seasonal Progress of Phomopsis longicolla Infection on Soybean Plant Parts and Its Relationship to Seed Quality

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemu Mengistu ◽  
Lisa Castlebury ◽  
Rusty Smith ◽  
Jeff Ray ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Phomopsis Longicolla ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Diaporthe Phaseolorum ◽  
The Relationship

Phomopsis longicolla is a major seed pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in hot, humid environments. The objective of this study was to monitor the infection and development of P. longicolla on vegetative and reproductive tissues of six cultivars and to determine the relationship between this infection and subsequent seed infection and seed germination. Cultivars were grown for 3 years (2002 to 2004) without irrigation or with irrigation applied at pre- plus postflowering or at postflowering growth stages. P. longicolla was isolated most frequently from leaf, stem, pod, root, and seed. Diaporthe phaseolorum and three unidentified Phomopsis sp. were also isolated. Diaporthe aspalathi, which previously has not been reported on soybean, was also recovered from leaf samples. These isolates, however, were recovered very infrequently. Recovery of P. longicolla from roots was much lower than from leaves, stems, and pods in all years and irrigation environments. The recovery of P. longicolla from seed was affected by irrigation environments. Seed from irrigated plots had more P. longicolla than that from nonirrigated plots. Isolation of P. longicolla from seed was negatively correlated with percentage of seed germination in irrigated environments but not in the nonirrigated environment. Pod infection was correlated with seed infection in all three irrigation environments. Even though infection of leaves and stems increased with increasing moisture availability, such infection did not consistently correlate with seed infection. Seed germination and seed infection were negatively correlated with percent hard seed. This study provided the first demonstration of the seasonal progression of P. longicolla on soybean cultivars grown under three irrigation environments.

Effect of Three Desiccant Herbicides on Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Quality

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Cerkauskas ◽  
Onkar D. Dhingra ◽  
James B. Sinclair ◽  
Stephen R. Foor
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Sodium Borate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Combined Data

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars ‘UFV1’ and ‘UFV2’ grown at Viçosa and Florestal, Brazil, and ‘Bonus' and ‘Wells' at Urbana, Illinois, were sprayed at growth stages R5.5to R6(full-pod) or R7(50% defoliation) with the desiccant/herbicides glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), or sodium chlorate:sodium borate (50:50, w/v). Desiccation of plants by paraquat significantly reduced seed weight and germination at all locations and increased the incidence ofAlternariaandPhomopsisspp. at Urbana. Analysis of the combined data from the Brazilian locations showed a significant decrease in seed germination for all treatments except paraquat sprayed on the UFV2at R7and sodium chlorate: sodium borate sprayed on UFV1at R7. Herbicide application at R7did not result in consistent increases in seedborneFusariumorPhomopsisspp. at any Brazilian location. Rainfall and temperature at seed maturation were more important variables in pod-to-seed infection by these fungi than increased rates of tissue senescence caused by the desiccants.

scholarly journals Relación entre el peso freco y el peso seco del rastrojo de maíz en diferentes estados fenológicos del cultivo.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bänziger ◽  
G. O. Edmeades ◽  
J. Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of dry matter produced during various stages of corn growth is a important variable to be taken into consideration. However, the lack of drying facilities makes its measurement a difficult task in the fields. A simple method to convert the fresh weight of a crop in the field into dry weight, could be an answer to that problem. In this study, we calculated the relationship between fresh and dry weight of corn stovers, over several, growth, stages of eight corn cultivars of different vigour and maturity period, at two Mexican locations. The differences between cultivars were for percent stover dry weight (%SDW) most evident in the second half of the grain growth stage, when late cultivars showed less humidity than the early ones. The % SDW was regressed against the phenological developmental stage and expressed as a ratio against antesis (R, days to sampling /days to 50% antesis). The equations (R2 = 0.97 - 0.99) with best results were: Early maturing cultivars: %SDW = 12.6 + 0.94R2 + 1.68R4; Late: %SDW = 16.1 - 4.00 R2 + 3.36R4. There were no consistant differences among cultivars with different vigour levels, even though certain differences were noted among the locations and they were attributed to differences in relative humidity. We describe a protocol for determining the dry weight of corn stover by area unit (t/ha) when drying conditions are not available, by utilizing only a scale and a ruler.We also suggest a method to calculate percent dry matter for a real plant parts (including grain).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Commercial Soybean Cultivars for Reaction to Phomopsis Seed Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1990-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxian Li ◽  
Gabe Sciumbato ◽  
John Rupe ◽  
Grover Shannon ◽  
Pengyin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Phomopsis Longicolla ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Phomopsis Seed Decay ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Selection Of

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), caused by Phomopsis longicolla (syn. Diaporthe longicolla), is an economically important soybean disease causing poor seed quality. Planting resistant cultivars is one of the most effective means to control PSD. In this study, 16 commercially available maturity groups IV and V soybean cultivars, including two previously identified PSD-resistant and two PSD-susceptible checks, were evaluated for seed infection by P. longicolla in inoculated and noninoculated plots, and harvested promptly or with a 2-week delay in harvest. The test was conducted at Stoneville, Mississippi, in 2012 and 2013. Seed infection by P. longicolla ranged from 0.5 to 76%, and seed germination ranged from 18 to 97%. One MG IV cultivar (Morsoy R2 491) and five MG V cultivars (Progeny 5650, Progeny 5706, Asgrow 5606, Asgrow 5831, and Dyna-Gro33C59) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower percent seed infected by P. longicolla than their respective susceptible checks and other cultivars in the same tests. Information obtained from this study will be useful for soybean growers and breeders for selection of cultivars for planting or breeding and future genetic studies in the development of cultivars with improved resistance to PSD.

Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Three Seed-borne Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemu Mengistu ◽  
P. A. Arelli ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
J. P. Bond ◽  
G. J. Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Phomopsis Longicolla ◽  
Phomopsis Seed Decay ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Purple Seed Stain

Seed-borne diseases of soybeans caused by Phomopsis longicolla (Phomopsis seed decay), Cercospora kukuchii (purple seed stain), and M. phaseolina (charcoal rot) are economically important diseases that affect seed quality. Commercial cultivars marketed as resistant to all three diseases are not available. Reactions of 27 maturity group (MG) III, 30 early MG IV, 33 late MG IV, and 53 MG V genotypes were evaluated for resistance to these pathogens during the 2006 to 2008 growing season in the same field that had been in no-till production, not irrigated, and naturally and artificially infested. There was great variation in seed infection among genotypes and years, indicating the value of screening genotypes over multiple years. Some genotypes were resistant to these pathogens in one, two, or in all three years. Genotypes, DP 3478 (early MG IV), and RO1-769F (MG V) were resistant and DG4460 was moderately resistant to P. longicolla infection across three years. Genotypes AG3705 and FFR3990 (MG III) and DC20300, DC7816, Stoddard, and Ozark (MG V), were resistant to C. kukuchii infection during all three years. Ten genotypes in MG III, eight in early MG IV, seven in late MG IV, and 14 in MG V had no seed infection by M. phaseolina in all three years. These results indicate that seed infection comparison to these pathogens among genotypes should be made over several years, or false conclusions about resistance to any of the three pathogens may be made when disease is assessed for limited period of time. The genotypes identified as having resistance to each or combinations of the seed-borne diseases across the three years could be useful as a source for resistance in improving soybean seed quality. Accepted for publication 20 December 2012. Published 21 March 2012.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Diverse Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Phomopsis Seed Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1517-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxian Li ◽  
John Rupe ◽  
Pengyin Chen ◽  
Grover Shannon ◽  
Allen Wrather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Phomopsis Longicolla ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Soybean Germplasm ◽  
Phomopsis Seed Decay ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), caused primarily by the fungal pathogen Phomopsis longicolla, is one of the most important diseases reducing seed quality and yield of soybean. Few cultivars have been identified as resistant. To identify new sources of resistance to PSD, 135 soybean germplasm accessions, originating from 28 countries, were field screened in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Missouri in 2009. Based on seed assays of natural field infection by P. longicolla in 2009, 42 lines, including the most resistant and susceptible lines, were reevaluated in the field in 2010, 2011, and 2012 with P. longicolla-inoculated and noninoculated treatments. Six maturity group (MG) III (PI 189891, PI 398697, PI 417361, PI 504481, PI 504488, and PI 88490), four MG IV (PI 158765, PI 235335, PI 346308, and PI 416779), and five MG V (PI 381659, PI 381668, PI 407749, PI 417567, and PI 476920) lines had significantly lower percent seed infection by P. longicolla than the susceptible checks and other lines in the same test (P ≤ 0.05). They appeared to have some levels of resistance to PSD. These new sources of PSD resistance can be used in developing soybean breeding lines or cultivars with resistance to PSD, and for genetic mapping of PSD resistance genes.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed-Borne Sarocladium Oryzae, the Incitant of Rice Sheath Rot on Rice Seed Quality

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chellappan Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Ayyanar Kamalakannan ◽  
Veeramuthu Valluvaparidasan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Rice Seeds ◽  
Sheath Rot

Effect of Seed-BorneSarocladium Oryzae, the Incitant of Rice Sheath Rot on Rice Seed QualityRice seeds collected fromSarocladium oryzaeinoculated plants produced more discoloured grain, chaffiness and recorded much lower seed germination than seeds collected from healthy plants in all the three cultivars tested. The germination, chaffiness and discolouration in healthy plants were found to be in the range of 70.50 to 93.50 per cent, 5.5 to 17.75 per cent and 4 to 18 per cent respectively. There was a progressive and significant reduction in total sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar content of rice seeds with varying degree of seed infection caused byS. oryzaeThe increase in phenol content due toS. oryzaeinfection ranged from 15.74 to 70.78 per cent and increase being proportional to the per centS. oryzaeseed infection.

scholarly journals Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Plant Growth and Seed Germination of Four Okra Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-263
Author(s):  
Ghadir MOHAMMADI ◽  
Ebrahim M. KHAH ◽  
Spyridon Alexandros PETROPOULOS ◽  
Dimosthenis B. CHACHALIS
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In the present study, the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers on okra plants was examined. Four okra cultivars (‘Boyiatiou’, ‘Veloudo’, ‘Clemson’ and ‘Pylaias’) were sprayed weekly throughout the duration of the cultivation with two commercial micronutrient fertilizers (F1 and F2) [e.g. M1= control (0 ml); M2= 40 ml (20 ml of each fertilizer); M3 = 80 ml (40 ml of each fertilizer). From the results of the present study, it was observed that plant height of ‘Boyiatiou’ and ‘Pylaias’ was increased by application of M2 whereas plant height of ‘Clemson’ and ‘Veloudo’ was either unaffected or reduced. Flower induction increased at both micronutrient levels (M2 and M3) only in ‘Pylaias’. Pod set was higher in treatment M3 in ‘Veloudo’ and ‘Pylaias’ and resulted in higher seed yield.  Pod length and diameter were not affected by micronutrient application, as well as 100-seed mean weight and moisture content; however the number of seeds per pod in ‘Pylaias’ was significantly lower in M2 and M3 than in M1, whereas the percent seed germination of all cultivars was higher following micronutrient application. Germination differed between the control and the micronutrient treatments at all times of harvest and plant parts. In conclusion, the main value of foliar application of micronutrients was to increase germination percentage and reduce hardseedness, especially for cv. ‘Veloudo’, since the occurrence of hard seeds in susceptible cultivars reduces germination, and therefore seed quality. In some cultivars (‘Pylaias’ and ‘Veloudo’ here) micronutrients may also increase seed yield by increasing pod set.

Effects of Harvest-Aid Herbicides on Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Yield and Quality

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Ratnayake ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Normal Seedling ◽  
Harvest Aid ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Soybean Plants

Experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to investigate the influence of 220 g ai ha–1AC 263,222, 840 g ai ha-4glufosinate, 560 g ai ha–1glyphosate, and 840 g ai ha–1paraquat applied at R5, R6, R7, and R8 soybean growth stages as harvest-aid treatments on soybean seed quality. Soybean yield was severely reduced by all herbicides applied at R5. Only paraquat and glufosinate reduced soybean yield when applied at R6, and none of the herbicides reduced yield when applied at R7 or R8. Paraquat and glufosinate reduced seed weight when applied at RS and R6. Glyphosate and AC 263,222 reduced seed germination when applied at RS, R6, and R7 growth stages, and normal seedling percentages were also reduced by glyphosate at these growth stages. Glufosinate and AC 263,222 affected normal seedlings only at R5 and R6. Soybean hypocotyl and primary root lengths were reduced by glyphosate and AC 263,222 applications at R5 and R6, whereas glufosinate and paraquat did not affect these variables. Glyphosate applied at R5 reduced shoot weight in 1-mo-old soybean plants. No effects were observed on soybean yield, seed germination or seedling development when herbicides were applied at R8.

Incidence of pod and seed infection in two soybean lines differing in resistance to Phomopsis seed decay

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Anderson ◽  
R. I. Buzzell ◽  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
V. A. Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Phomopsis Longicolla ◽  
Phomopsis Seed Decay ◽  
Date Seed ◽  
Diaporthe Phaseolorum ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Soybean Resistance

Two soybean (Glycine max) lines differing in resistance to Phomopsis seed decay were evaluated in field trials, over 3 yr, for time and incidence of pod and seed infection caused by Phomopsis longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora and D. p. var. sojae. Pod infection increased linearly with time but OX615 averaged 15% less than Coles at each sample date. Seed infection increased curvilinearly in conjunction with decreasing seed moisture with marked increases between the fifth and seventh weeks after flowering. At maturity, average seed infection was 69% in Coles and 28% in OX615. Key words:Glycine max, soybean, resistance to Phomopsis seed decay

scholarly journals The Use of Electrostatic Field to Improve Soybean Seed Germination in Organic Production

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1473
Author(s):  
Zlatica Mamlic ◽  
Ivana Maksimovic ◽  
Petar Canak ◽  
Goran Mamlic ◽  
Vojin Djukic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Electrostatic Field ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Dark Green

Soybean production in the system of organic agriculture is not very demanding, and this has been well documented both through experimental results and commercial production. However, one of the biggest problems in organic production is the lack of adequate pre-sowing treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of the electrostatic field. This is a physical treatment that was first used for seed treatment in the 18th century but has mostly been neglected since then. Seeds of five soybean genotypes with differently colored seed coats (yellow, green, dark green, brown, and black) were included in this study. The seeds were exposed to different values of direct current (DC) with the following voltages: 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V, and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min, and 3 min. After exposing the seeds to the electric field, the physiological properties of seeds and seedlings at the first stage of growth were evaluated. The results show that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depends on the genotype, voltage, and exposure time. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving seed germination and the initial growth of soybean seedlings. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to particular genotypes since inadequate treatments may reduce the quality of seeds.

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