Characterization of Diaporthe spp. associated with spruce decline on Colorado blue spruce in Michigan
Since 2006 there has been a decline in Colorado blue spruce (CBS; Picea pungens) planted as landscape trees and for Christmas tree production throughout the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States. This decline is characterized by a slow loss of needles in the lower portion of the tree starting at branch tips, followed by entire branch dieback which gradually progresses upwards over several years. This dieback has been linked to shallow branch cankers visible in the phloem when the bark layer is removed. Isolates in the fungal genus Diaporthe have been consistently isolated from lesion margins on symptomatic branches. Prior to the initial reports of declining CBS in landscape and Christmas trees, Diaporthe was only known as a nursery disease of CBS. To determine the species of Diaporthe linked to the decline of CBS in Michigan, seven gene regions were sequenced from a collection of Diaporthe isolates collected in 2011-2018 from CBS and other coniferous hosts. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses indicated that Diaporthe eres and a novel Diaporthe clade were present on symptomatic CBS in Michigan. The new species Diaporthe brevicancria nov. is described, and Koch’s postulates were confirmed for D. brevicancria nov. and D. eres. Diaporthe brevicancria nov. produced the largest cankers in greenhouse pathogenicity trials and dual inoculations of D. brevicancria nov. and D. eres produced intermediate cankers.