scholarly journals Biocontrol Activity and Induction of Systemic Resistance in Pepper by Compost Water Extracts Against Phytophthora capsici

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 774-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mee Kyung Sang ◽  
Jeong-Gyu Kim ◽  
Ki Deok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Plant Assays ◽  
Pepper Plants

We investigated the effects of water extracts of composts (CWE) from commercial compost facilities for controlling root and foliar infection of pepper plants by Phytophthora capsici. Among 47 CWE tested, CWE from composts Iljuk-3, Iljuk-7, Shinong-8, and Shinong-9 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited zoospore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, and population of P. capsici. All selected CWE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the disease incidence and severity in the seedling and plant assays compared with the controls. However, there were no significant differences in zoospore germination, disease incidence, and disease severity between treatments of untreated, autoclaved, and filtered CWE. In addition, CWE significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed leaf infection of P. capsici through induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants root-drenched with CWE. The tested CWE enhanced the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes, CABPR1, CABGLU, CAChi2, CaPR-4, CAPO1, or CaPR-10 as well as β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and peroxidase activities, which resulted in enhanced plant defense against P. capsici in pepper plants. Moreover, the CWE enhanced the chemical and structural defenses of the plants, including H2O2 generation in the leaves and lignin accumulation in the stems. The CWE could also suppress other fungal pathogens (Colletotrichum coccodes in pepper leaves and C. orbiculare in cucumber leaves) through ISR; however, it failed to inhibit other bacterial pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper leaves and Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in cucumber leaves). These results suggest that a heat-stable chemical(s) in the CWE can suppress root and foliar infection by P. capsici in pepper plants. In addition, these suppressions might result from direct inhibition of development and population of P. capsici for root infection, as well as indirect inhibition of foliar infection through ISR with broad-spectrum protection.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Activity and Primed Systemic Resistance by Compost Water Extracts Against Anthracnoses of Pepper and Cucumber

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mee Kyung Sang ◽  
Ki Deok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Related Enzyme ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Generation

We investigated direct and indirect effects of compost water extracts (CWEs) from Iljuk-3, Iljuk-7, Shinong-8, and Shinong-9 for the control of anthracnoses caused by Colletotrichum coccodes on pepper and C. orbiculare on cucumber. All tested CWEs significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in vitro conidial germination and appressorium formation of the fungal pathogens; however, DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) failed to inhibit the conidial development of the pathogens. Direct treatments of the CWEs and BABA on pepper and cucumber leaves at 1 and 3 days before or after inoculation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced anthracnose severities; Iljuk-3, Shinong-9, and BABA for pepper and Iljuk-7 for cucumber had more protective activities than curative activities. In addition, root treatment of CWEs suppressed anthracnoses on the plants by the pathogens; however, CWE treatment on lower leaves failed to reduce the diseases on the upper leaves of the plants. The CWE root treatments enhanced not only the expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes CABPR1, CABGLU, CAChi2, CaPR-4, CAPO1, and CaPR-10 in pepper and PR1-1a, PR-2, PR-3, and APOX in cucumber but also the activity of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and peroxidase and the generation of hydrogen peroxide in pepper and cucumber under pathogen-inoculated conditions. However, the CWE treatments failed to induce the plant responses under pathogen-free conditions. These results indicated that the CWEs had direct effects, reducing anthracnoses by C. coccodes on pepper leaves and C. orbiculare on cucumber leaves through protective and curative effects. In addition, CWE root treatments could induce systemic resistance in the primed state against pathogens on plant leaves that enhanced PR gene expression, defense-related enzyme production, and hydrogen peroxide generation rapidly and effectively immediately after pathogen infection. Thus, the CWEs might suppress anthracnoses on leaves of both pepper and cucumber through primed (priming-mediated) systemic resistance.

Comparative Mapping of Three Bacterial, Three Fungal, and One Virus Disease-resistance Genes in Common Bean

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 547a-547
Author(s):  
Geunhwa Jung ◽  
James Nienhuis ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne ◽  
H.M. Ariyarathne
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Disease Resistance Genes ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Viral Pathogen

Common bacterial blight (CBB), bacterial brown spot (BBS), and halo blight (HB), incited by the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, Pseodomonas syringae pv. syringa, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, respectively are important diseases of common bean. In addition three fungal pathogens, web blight (WB) Thanatephorus cucumeris, rust Uromyces appendiculatus, and white mold (WM) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are also destructive diseases attacking common bean. Bean common mosaic virus is also one of most major virus disease. Resistance genes (QTLs and major genes) to three bacterial (CBB, BBS, and HB), three fungal (WB, rust, and WM), and one viral pathogen (BCMV) were previously mapped in two common bean populations (BAC 6 × HT 7719 and Belneb RR-1 × A55). The objective of this research was to use an integrated RAPD map of the two populations to compare the positions and effect of resistance QTL in common bean. Results indicate that two chromosomal regions associated with QTL for CBB resistance mapped in both populations. The same chromosomal regions associated with QTL for disease resistance to different pathogens or same pathogens were detected in the integrated population.

scholarly journals Influence of Sub- Versus Top-irrigation and Surfactants in a Recirculating System on Disease Incidence Caused by Phytophthora spp. in Potted Pepper Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1147-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Stanghellini ◽  
C. J. Nielsen ◽  
D. H. Kim ◽  
S. L. Rasmussen ◽  
P. A. Rorbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Recycled Nutrient Solution ◽  
Pepper Plants ◽  
Ebb And Flow

Zoospores of Phytophthora capsici spread from inoculated source plants to healthy potted pepper plants located on separate ebb-and-flow benches when the recycled nutrient solution originated from a common reservoir. Amending the recirculating nutrient solution with a surfactant, which selectively kills zoospores, resulted in 100% control of the spread of the pathogen in an ebb-and-flow and a top-irrigated cultural system. Without a surfactant in the recirculating nutrient solution, all plants in an ebb-and-flow cultural system died within 6 weeks. In contrast, all plants in a top-irrigated cultural system died within 2 weeks after inoculation of source plants. These results suggest that the use of recycled irrigation water in an ebb-and-flow cultural system is less conducive to pathogen spread than its use in a top-irrigated cultural system, but may still serve as efficient means of inoculum movement in the absence of control measures.

scholarly journals Isolation, Partial Sequencing, and Expression of Pathogenesis-Related cDNA Genes from Pepper Leaves Infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Won Jung ◽  
Byung Kook Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Abiotic Elicitor ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Sequencing And Expression

Specific cDNAs showing differential expression in bacteria-infected pepper leaves as opposed to healthy leaves were isolated from a pepper cDNA library from hypersensitive response (HR) lesions of leaves infected with an avirulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Among a total of 282 cDNA clones tested, 36 individual cDNA genes (13%) hybridized strongly or differentially to the cDNA probes from bacteria-infected leaves. Ten Capsicum annuum-induced (CAI) genes encoding putative thionin, lipid transfer protein I and II, osmotin (PR-5), class I chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, SAR 8.2, stellacyanin, leucine-rich repeat protein, and auxin-repressed protein were identified. Two CAI genes showed little or no sequence homology to the previously sequenced plant genes. Transcripts of the CAI genes were strongly or preferentially induced in pepper tissues by infection with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria or Phytophthora capsici, and by abiotic elicitor treatment. In particular, most of the CAI genes were strongly induced in pepper tissues by ethephon and methyl jasmonate.

scholarly journals Expression and Functional Roles of the Pepper Pathogen–Induced bZIP Transcription Factor CabZIP2 in Enhanced Disease Resistance to Bacterial Pathogen Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae Woo Lim ◽  
Woonhee Baek ◽  
Sohee Lim ◽  
Sang-Wook Han ◽  
Sung Chul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Bzip Transcription Factor ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Pepper Plants

A pepper bZIP transcription factor gene, CabZIP2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Transient expression analysis of the CabZIP2-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the CabZIP2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. The acidic domain in the N-terminal region of CabZIP2 that is fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeast. Transcription of CabZIP2 is induced in pepper plants inoculated with virulent or avirulent strains of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. The CabZIP2 gene is also induced by defense-related hormones such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethylene. To elucidate the in vivo function of the CabZIP2 gene in plant defense, virus-induced gene silencing in pepper and overexpression in Arabidopsis were used. CabZIP2-silenced pepper plants were susceptible to infection by the virulent strain of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, which was accompanied by reduced expression of defense-related genes such as CaBPR1 and CaAMP1. CabZIP2 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Together, these results suggest that CabZIP2 is involved in bacterial disease resistance.

scholarly journals Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Effector AvrBsT Induces Cell Death in Pepper, but Suppresses Defense Responses in Tomato

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nak Hyun Kim ◽  
Hyong Woo Choi ◽  
Byung Kook Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Type Iii Effector ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Pepper Plants

A type III effector protein, AvrBsT, is secreted into plant cells from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Bv5-4a, which causes bacterial spot disease on pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). To define the function and recognition of AvrBsT in the two host plants, avrBsT was introduced into the virulent pepper strain X. campestris pv. vesicatoria Ds1. Expression of AvrBsT in Ds1 rendered the strain avirulent to pepper plants. Infection of pepper leaves with Ds1 (avrBsT) expressing AvrBsT but not with near-isogenic control strains triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) accompanied by strong H2O2 generation, callose deposition, and defense-marker gene expressions. Mutation of avrBsT, however, compromised HR induction by X. campestris pv. vesicatoria Bv5-4a, suggesting its avirulence function in pepper plants. In contrast, AvrBsT acted as a virulence factor in tomato plants. Growth of strains Ds1 (avrBsT) and Bv5-4a ΔavrBsT was significantly enhanced and reduced, respectively, in tomato leaves. X. campestris pv. vesicatoria-expressed AvrBsT also significantly compromised callose deposition and defense-marker gene expression in tomato plants. Together, these results suggest that the X. campestris pv. vesicatoria type III effector AvrBsT is differentially recognized by pepper and tomato plants.

scholarly journals Ectopic Expression of Tsi1 in Transgenic Hot Pepper Plants Enhances Host Resistance to Viral, Bacterial, and Oomycete Pathogens

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 983-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoung Shin ◽  
Jeong Mee Park ◽  
Jong-Min An ◽  
Kyung-Hee Paek
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Pepper Plants

In many plants, including hot pepper plants, productivity is greatly affected by pathogen attack. We reported previously that tobacco stress-induced gene 1 (Tsi1) may play an important role in regulating stress responsive genes and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. In this study, we demonstrated that overexpression of Tsi1 gene in transgenic hot pepper plants induced constitutive expression of several PR genes in the absence of stress or pathogen treatment. The transgenic hot pepper plants expressing Tsi1 exhibited resistance to Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Furthermore, these transgenic plants showed increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and also an oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. These results suggested that ectopic expression of Tsi1 in transgenic hot pepper plants enhanced the resistance of the plants to various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and oomycete. These results suggest that using transcriptional regulatory protein genes may contribute to developing broad-spectrum resistance in crop plants.

scholarly journals Synthetic Ultrashort Cationic Lipopeptides Induce Systemic Plant Defense Responses against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (16) ◽  
pp. 5373-5379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yariv Brotman ◽  
Arik Makovitzki ◽  
Yechiel Shai ◽  
Ilan Chet ◽  
Ada Viterbo
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Induction ◽  
New Family ◽  
High Utility

ABSTRACT A new family of synthetic, membrane-active, ultrashort lipopeptides composed of only four amino acids linked to fatty acids was tested for the ability to induce systemic resistance and defense responses in plants. We found that two peptides wherein the third residue is a d-enantiomer (italic), C16-KKKK and C16-KLLK, can induce medium alkalinization of tobacco suspension-cultured cells and expression of defense-related genes in cucumber and Arabidopsis seedlings. Moreover, these compounds can prime systemic induction of antimicrobial compounds in cucumber leaves similarly to the plant-beneficial fungus Trichoderma asperellum T203 and provide systemic protection against the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea B05, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrimans, and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Thus, short cationic lipopeptides are a new category of compounds with potentially high utility in the induction of systemic resistance in plants.

scholarly journals Tomato Bio-Protection Induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4 Involves ROS Scavenging Enzymes and PRs, without Compromising Plant Growth

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Ana García-Villaraco ◽  
Lamia Boukerma ◽  
Jose Antonio Lucas ◽  
Francisco Javier Gutierrez-Mañero ◽  
Beatriz Ramos-Solano
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein

Aims: to discover the interrelationship between growth, protection and photosynthesis induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4 in tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum) challenged with the leaf pathogen Xanthomonas campestris, and to define its priming fingerprint. Methods: Photosynthesis was determined by fluorescence; plant protection was evaluated by relative disease incidence, enzyme activities by specific colorimetric assays and gene expression by qPCR. Changes in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging cycle enzymes and pathogenesis related protein activity and expression were determined as metabolic and genetic markers of induction of systemic resistance. Results: N21.4 significantly protected plants and increased dry weight. Growth increase is supported by significant increases in photochemical quenching together with significant decreases in energy dissipation (Non-Photochemical Quenching, NPQ). Protection was associated with changes in ROS scavenging cycle enzymes, which were significantly increased on N21.4 + pathogen challenged plants, supporting the priming effect. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) was a good indicator of biotic stress, showing similar levels in pathogen- and N21.4-treated plants. Similarly, the activity of defense-related enzymes, ß-1,3-glucanase and chitinase significantly increased in post-pathogen challenge state; changes in gene expression were not coupled to activity. Conclusions: protection does not compromise plant growth; N21.4 priming fingerprint is defined by enhanced photochemical quenching and decreased energy dissipation, enhanced chlorophylls, primed ROS scavenging cycle enzyme activity, and glucanase and chitinase activity.

scholarly journals Concomitant Induction of Systemic Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in Cucumber by Trichoderma asperellum (T-203) and Accumulation of Phytoalexins

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7343-7353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Yedidia ◽  
Michal Shoresh ◽  
Zohar Kerem ◽  
Nicole Benhamou ◽  
Yoram Kapulnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Pathway Gene

ABSTRACT Most studies on the reduction of disease incidence in soil treated with Trichoderma asperellum have focused on microbial interactions rather than on plant responses. This study presents conclusive evidence for the induction of a systemic response against angular leaf spot of cucumber (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans) following application of T. asperellum to the root system. To ascertain that T. asperellum was the only microorganism present in the root milieu, plants were grown in an aseptic hydroponic growth system. Disease symptoms were reduced by as much as 80%, corresponding to a reduction of 2 orders of magnitude in bacterial cell densities in leaves of plants pretreated with T. asperellum. As revealed by electron microscopy, bacterial cell proliferation in these plants was halted. The protection afforded by the biocontrol agent was associated with the accumulation of mRNA of two defense genes: the phenylpropanoid pathway gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and the lipoxygenase pathway gene encoding hydroxyperoxide lyase (HPL). This was further supported by the accumulation of secondary metabolites of a phenolic nature that showed an increase of up to sixfold in inhibition capacity of bacterial growth in vitro. The bulk of the antimicrobial activity was found in the acid-hydrolyzed extract containing the phenolics in their aglycone form. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic compounds showed a marked change in their profile in the challenged, preelicited plants relative to that in challenged controls. The results suggest that similar to beneficial rhizobacteria, T. asperellum may activate separate metabolic pathways in cucumber that are involved in plant signaling and biosynthesis, eventually leading to the systemic accumulation of phytoalexins.

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