scholarly journals Focus Issue Articles on Emerging and Re-Emerging Plant Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 852-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna V. Subbarao ◽  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Steven J. Klosterman
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
The Impact

The history of plant pathology is closely tied to plant diseases that have changed the course of human history. The Irish potato famine, caused by late blight of potato, resulted in the starvation and death of millions of people and one of the most influential human migrations in history. Other plant diseases have impacted quality of life in myriad ways. The advent of fungicides, clean seeds, host resistance, and the development of a plethora of other techniques, has diminished the impact of plant diseases. However, impressive advances in modes of rapid transport have not only increased global trade and human migration, but also augmented the risk for anthropogenic invasions of plant pathogens. As a consequence, and possibly aggravated by climate change, many historical and contemporary diseases are emerging as threats to modern agriculture and food security. These emerging diseases are not only important in global crop production, but also pose severe risks on a local level, especially on small farms in developing countries. This Focus Issue of Phytopathology contains a collection of peer-reviewed research articles, invited reviews and perspective articles on an assortment of emerging and re-emerging diseases caused by bacterial (3 papers), fungal (6 papers), oomycete (5 papers), and viral plant pathogens (3 papers). These diseases cover a range of crops including annual field crops and perennial tree crops, and vegetables, across five continents.

scholarly journals Lesson from Ecotoxicity: Revisiting the Microbial Lipopeptides for the Management of Emerging Diseases for Crop Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Deepti Malviya ◽  
Pramod Kumar Sahu ◽  
Udai B. Singh ◽  
Surinder Paul ◽  
Amrita Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition

Microorganisms area treasure in terms of theproduction of various bioactive compounds which are being explored in different arenas of applied sciences. In agriculture, microbes and their bioactive compounds are being utilized in growth promotion and health promotion withnutrient fortification and its acquisition. Exhaustive explorations are unraveling the vast diversity of microbialcompounds with their potential usage in solving multiferous problems incrop production. Lipopeptides are one of such microbial compounds which havestrong antimicrobial properties against different plant pathogens. These compounds are reported to be produced by bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and few other microorganisms; however, genus Bacillus alone produces a majority of diverse lipopeptides. Lipopeptides are low molecular weight compounds which havemultiple industrial roles apart from being usedas biosurfactants and antimicrobials. In plant protection, lipopeptides have wide prospects owing totheirpore-forming ability in pathogens, siderophore activity, biofilm inhibition, and dislodging activity, preventing colonization bypathogens, antiviral activity, etc. Microbes with lipopeptides that haveall these actions are good biocontrol agents. Exploring these antimicrobial compounds could widen the vistasof biological pest control for existing and emerging plant pathogens. The broader diversity and strong antimicrobial behavior of lipopeptides could be a boon for dealing withcomplex pathosystems and controlling diseases of greater economic importance. Understanding which and how these compounds modulate the synthesis and production of defense-related biomolecules in the plants is a key question—the answer of whichneeds in-depth investigation. The present reviewprovides a comprehensive picture of important lipopeptides produced by plant microbiome, their isolation, characterization, mechanisms of disease control, behavior against phytopathogens to understand different aspects of antagonism, and potential prospects for future explorations as antimicrobial agents. Understanding and exploring the antimicrobial lipopeptides from bacteria and fungi could also open upan entire new arena of biopesticides for effective control of devastating plant diseases.

scholarly journals “The pitch itself was no man's land:” Siege, Željezničar Sarajevo Football Club and the Grbavica Stadium

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-903
Author(s):  
Richard Mills
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hague ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Football Stadium

Inspired by microhistory, this essay explores the wartime plight of a football stadium and the multi-ethnic club that called it home as a means of understanding Bosnia and Herzegovina's descent into conflict, the siege of Sarajevo, and the impact upon civilians. Like the suburb of the same name, Grbavica became part of the frontline during the siege. Deprived of its home, FK Željezničar continued to function, while players, staff, and supporters longed for a return to the shattered ground. At a local level, the organization offers a means of visualizing the development of the Grbavica suburb, from its socialist foundations to its post-Dayton reintegration. In this way, the life of the stadium and those who frequent it map onto the history of Yugoslavia, its dissolution, and the independent republic that emerged in its wake. Moreover, the wartime partition of the stadium, the club, and its supporters’ group – all of which were claimed by actors on both sides of the frontline – were representative of political developments in a state where the ethnic balance was forcibly reengineered. This reconstruction of Grbavica's war harnesses original photographic evidence, oral history, maps, contemporary journalism, and the transcripts of the Hague Tribunal.

Morphological and molecular based identification of Antifungal bacillus licheniformis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
B Oyuntogtokh ◽  
M Byambasuren
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Bacterial Cultures

At present, plant diseases caused by soil borne plant pathogens have major constraints on crop production. Which include genera Fusarium spp, Phytophtora spp, Sclerotinia and Altenaria. Due to this reason, chemical fungicides are routinely used to control plant disease, which is also true in Mongolian case. However, use of these chemicals has caused various problems including environmental pollution with consequence of toxicity to human health also resistance of some pathogens to these fungicides are present. Fortunately, an alternative method to reduce the effect of these plant pathogens is the use of antagonist microorganisms. Therefore, some species of the genus Bacillus are recognized as one of the most effective biological control agent.Our research was focused to isolate Bacillus licheniformis, with antifungal potential, from indigenous sources. In the current study, 28 bacterial cultures were isolated from soil and fermented mare’s milk also named as koumiss. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified according to simplified key for the tentative identification of typical strain of Bacillus species. As a result 8 strains were positive and further screened for antifungal activity against Fusarium spp and Alternaria solani. Out of these 8 strains 5 strains are selected based on their high effectiveness against fungal pathogens and for further confirmation Polymerase Chain reaction run for effective bacterial strains using specific primers B.Lich-f and B.Lich-r. 

scholarly journals RNA interference approaches for plant disease control

BioTechniques ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
Yen-Wen Kuo ◽  
Bryce W Falk
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Plant Disease Control

Plant diseases caused by a variety of pathogens can have severe effects on crop plants and even plants in natural ecosystems. Despite many effective conventional approaches to control plant diseases, new, efficacious, environmentally sound and cost-effective approaches are needed, particularly with our increasing human population and the effects on crop production and plant health caused by climate change. RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation and antiviral response mechanism in eukaryotes; transgenic and non transgenic plant-based RNAi approaches have shown great effectiveness and potential to target specific plant pathogens and help control plant diseases, especially when no alternatives are available. Here we discuss ways in which RNAi has been used against different plant pathogens, and some new potential applications for plant disease control.

The Use of Micro-Algal Technologies for Soil and Agronomic Improvements

2021 ◽  
pp. 491-509
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Microalgae are promising tools in improving soil fertility and agricultural production in the era of increased population and the need for food security, which is mostly hindered by climate change. The microbes have the ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, produce metabolites with many applications in addition surviving and growing in harsh environmental conditions. In this chapter, microalgae species of the cyanobacteria and green algae groups are established as good soil biofertilizers and conditioners which are crucial in nutrient cycling, improved soil structure, and increased soil microbial activity. These are requirements for better crop production. Microalgae are also crucial biocontrol agents that suppress and kill plant pathogens and pests, regulate the production of phytohormones, and in bio-remediation of polluted soils. Their use is therefore a road map to sustainable agriculture and food security. To ensure their optimal use, extensive research is necessary to understand the mechanisms of action behind the benefits.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of host cell manipulation by plant pathogens

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C801-C801
Author(s):  
Richard Hughes ◽  
Stuart King ◽  
Abbas Maqbool ◽  
Hazel McLellan ◽  
Tolga Bozkurt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cell Manipulation ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Structural Studies

An estimated 15% of global crop production is lost to pre-harvest disease every year. New ways to manage plant diseases are required. A mechanistic understanding of how plant pathogens re-program their hosts to enable colonisation may provide novel genetic or chemical opportunities to interfere with disease. One notorious plant parasite is the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. This pathogen remains a considerable threat to potato/tomato crops today as the agent of late blight. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins outside of and into plant cells to suppress host defences and manipulate cell physiology. Structural studies have provided insights into effector evolution and enabled experiments to probe function [1-3]. Crystal structures of 4 Phytophthora RXLR-type effectors, which are unrelated in primary sequence, revealed similarities in the fold of these proteins. This fold was proposed to act as a stable scaffold that supports diversification of effectors. Further, molecular modelling has enabled mapping of single-site variants responsible for specialisation of a Phytophthora Cystatin-like effector, revealing how effectors can adapt to new hosts after a "host jump". Structural studies describing how RXLR-effectors interact with host targets are lacking. We have used Y2H/co-IP studies to identify host proteins that interact with P. infestans effectors PexRD2 and PexRD54. PexRD2 interacts with MAPKKKe, a component of plant immune signalling pathways, and suppressed cell death activities of this protein. We used the structure of PexRD2 to design mutants that fail to interact with MAPKKKe, and no longer suppress cell-death activities. We found that PexRD54 interacts with potato homologues of the autophagy protein ATG8. We have obtained a crystal structure for PexRD54 in the presence of ATG8. We are now using X-ray scattering to verify the complex structure in solution prior to establishing the role of this interaction during infection.

scholarly journals Allelopathy and Agricultural Sustainability: Implication in weed management and crop protection—an overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Zahir Muhammad ◽  
Naila Inayat ◽  
Abdul Majeed ◽  
Hazrat Ali ◽  
Kaleem Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Diverse Plant

Abstract Crop plants have defined roles in agricultural production and feeding the world. They are affected by several environmental and biological stresses, which range from soil salinity, drought, and climate change to exposure to diverse plant pathogens. These stresses pose risk to agricultural sustainability. To avoid the increasing biotic and abiotic pressure on crop plants, agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture for attaining desirable yield and production of crops. However, the use of agrochemicals is also challenging the integrity of ecosystems. Thus, to maintain the integrity of ecosystem, sustainable measures for elevated crop production are required. Allelopathy, a process of chemical interactions between plants and other organisms, could be used in the management of several biotic and abiotic stresses if the basic mechanisms of the phenomena and plants with allelopathic potentials are known. Allelopathy has a promising future for its application in agriculture for natural weed management, improving soil health and suppressing plant diseases. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of allelopathy in agriculture and its role in sustainability with a specific focus on weed management and crop protection.

scholarly journals Suitability of the MODIS-NDVI Time-Series for a Posteriori Evaluation of the Citrus Tristeza Virus Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965
Author(s):  
Daniela Vanella ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Juan Miguel Ramírez-Cuesta ◽  
Matilde Tessitori
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ndvi Time Series ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

The technological advances of remote sensing (RS) have allowed its use in a number of fields of application including plant disease depiction. In this study, an RS approach based on an 18-year (i.e., 2001–2018) time-series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and processed with TIMESAT free software, was applied in Sicily (insular Italy). The RS approach was carried out in four orchards infected by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) at different temporal stages and characterized by heterogeneous conditions (e.g., elevation, location, plant age). The temporal analysis allowed the identification of specific metrics of the NDVI time-series at the selected sites during the study period. The most reliable parameter which was able to identify the temporal evolution of CTV syndrome and the impact of operational management practices was the “Base value” (i.e., average NDVI during the growing seasons, which reached R2 values up to 0.88), showing good relationships with “Peak value”, “Small integrated value” and “Amplitude”, with R2 values of 0.63, 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. The approach herein developed is valid to be transferred to regional agencies involved in and/or in charge of the management of plant diseases, especially if it is integrated with ground-based early detection methods or high-resolution RS approaches, in the case of quarantine plant pathogens requiring control measures at large-scale level.

scholarly journals Current status of plant pathogens of agricultural importance for Colombia. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Miguel Marques Monteiro Amaro ◽  
Jonathan Cope ◽  
Bárbara Franco-Orozco
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Food And Agriculture

Plant disease still plays a major role in limiting agricultural production worldwide. Pathogens and pests reduce crop yield and can cause large reductions in crop quality. Colombia is no exception as it contends with many devastating pathogens that present a major threat to the country’s agricultural sector. This review is important because it highlights four of the more damaging pathogens that affect the economics of important crops in Colombia - Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Phytophthora palmivora, and Hemileia vastatrix. This paper was based on an extensive literature search for plant diseases in Colombia in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Moreover, this search was complemented with research on crop production in the country in databases made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The four pathogens reviewed in this paper were chosen not only because of their current devastating effects on Colombia’s agricultural production but also because of their potential to cause further damage in the near future. Understanding the current situation of these crop pathogens in Colombia is imperative for state directives aimed at developing informed and efficient control strategies.

scholarly journals Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Plant Disease Detection

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2441
Author(s):  
Liangzhe Chen ◽  
Xiaohui Cui ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Feature Matching ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
Meta Learning ◽  
Adaptive Processes

Plant diseases can harm crop growth, and the crop production has a deep impact on food. Although the existing works adopt Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to detect plant diseases such as Apple Scab and Squash Powdery mildew, those methods have limitations as they rely on a large amount of manually labeled data. Collecting enough labeled data is not often the case in practice because: plant pathogens are variable and farm environments make collecting data difficulty. Methods based on deep learning suffer from low accuracy and confidence when facing few-shot samples. In this paper, we propose local feature matching conditional neural adaptive processes (LFM-CNAPS) based on meta-learning that aims at detecting plant diseases of unseen categories with only a few annotated examples, and visualize input regions that are ‘important’ for predictions. To train our network, we contribute Miniplantdisease-Dataset that contains 26 plant species and 60 plant diseases. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed LFM-CNAPS method outperforms the existing methods.

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