scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary significance of a lack of capacity for extended developmental arrest in crocodilian eggs

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 171439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean A. Williamson ◽  
Roger G. Evans ◽  
S. Charlie Manolis ◽  
Grahame J. Webb ◽  
Richard D. Reina
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Crocodylus Porosus ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hypoxic Incubation ◽  
Embryonic Arrest ◽  
And Control

Hypoxia within the oviducts maintains embryonic arrest in turtles at the pre-ovipositional stage, which expands the timeframe over which nesting can occur without compromising embryo survival. The arrest can be extended post-oviposition through incubation of eggs in hypoxia. We determined whether crocodilian embryos have this same capacity. We also tested whether increased oxygen availability during incubation alters hatching success. We incubated freshly laid saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) eggs ( N  = 83) at 32°C in one of five treatments; control (normoxia; 21% O 2 ), 3-day and 6-day hypoxia (1% O 2 ), or 3-day and 6-day hyperoxia (42% O 2 ). Incubation (approx. 82 days) was then completed in normoxia. There was a significant effect of treatment on survival of embryos through to hatching ( p  < 0.001). The hypoxic treatments resulted in almost no hatching (6.7% and 0% survival for the 3- and 6-day treatments, respectively), while the hyperoxic and control treatments resulted in normal to high hatching success (86.6%, 100% and 64.2% for the control, 3- and 6-day hyperoxic treatments, respectively). Unlike turtles, hypoxic incubation of crocodile eggs failed to delay development. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that, unlike turtles, crocodiles do not exhibit embryonic arrest when incubated under hypoxic conditions immediately following oviposition. An absence of embryonic arrest is of ecological and evolutionary significance, as it implies that crocodilians lack an ability to avoid adverse environmental conditions through delayed nesting and that, unlike turtles, embryonic arrest may not be a potential explanation for the lack of viviparity in the order Crocodylia .

Obesity management through Ayurveda - A Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Kumar Tyagi ◽  
Shivakumar .
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Lifestyle Management ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
And Control

Lifestyle disorders are one of the biggest threats for the population living unhealthy lifestyle. Sthoulya (Obesity) is one such disorder which creates lot of physical as well as mental disorder to the sufferer. Due to changing lifestyle, comforts and dietary habit lots of individuals changed their life totally. Obesity is a growing disease in developed and developing countries. Prevalence is drastically hike in past few years. Ayurveda, the science of life with which we can manage and control lots of lifestyle disorders. Focusing on dietary and lifestyle management along with treatment, we can overcome the hazards of obesity which is growing in a uncontrolled manner. The available data is based on the clinical findings only. Aim and objective: To assess the effect of “Guru Cha Atarpanam Chikitsa” in the management of Sthoulya. Setting: Swastharakshana evam Yoga, OPD and IPD, SDMCAH, Hassan. Method: Udwarthana, Parisheka, Shamana Aushadhis, Ahara, and Vihara was followed within the treatment duration and effect of treatment was assessed before and after treatment, advised for follow up. Results: The treatment adopted is effective in the management of Sthoulya and to improve the quality of life.

scholarly journals PSV-6 Effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 153-154
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Li ◽  
Yunhui Zhu ◽  
Michael Reese ◽  
Eric Buchanan ◽  
Lee Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Drinking Frequency ◽  
And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress. Sows were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700h to 1900h) and 23.9°C (1900h to 0700h). Sows in one room (treatment), but not in the other room (control) were provided with chilled drinking water (13 to 15°C) and cooled floor pads (15 to 18°C). Behavior of sows (n=15 sows/treatment; parity=1 to 6) was video recorded during farrowing, and d 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed to register birth time of each piglet. Number of drinking bouts and duration of each bout were registered for 2 h (1530h to 1730h) each day after farrowing. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video-recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each day after farrowing, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. No effect of treatment was detected for litter size born, farrowing duration, or birth interval (P &gt;0.33; Table 1). Neither frequency nor duration of drinking bouts was affected by treatment (P &gt;0.27). No significant difference was observed in time budget for each posture (P &gt;0.46) between treatment and control groups. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (from 1.2 drinks/2h on d 1 to 4.9 drinks/2h on d 21; P&lt; 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (8% to 14%; P&lt; 0.0001), standing (4% to 10%; P&lt; 0.001), and sitting (2% to 4%; P&lt; 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (86% to 67%; P&lt; 0.0001) in both control and treatment rooms. These results indicate that chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads did not affect behavior of sows during farrowing and lactation in the current study.

scholarly journals Administration of GnRH at Onset of Estrus, Determined by Automatic Activity Monitoring, to Improve Dairy Cow Fertility during the Summer and Autumn

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2194
Author(s):  
Zvi Roth ◽  
Yaron Z. Kressel ◽  
Yaniv Lavon ◽  
Dorit Kalo ◽  
David Wolfenson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Activity Monitoring ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Automatic Activity ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Uterine Diseases ◽  
And Control

We examined gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration at onset of estrus (OE), determined by automatic activity monitoring (AAM), to improve fertility of dairy cows during the summer and autumn. The study was performed on two dairy farms in Israel. The OE was determined by AAM recorded every 2 h, and a single im dose of GnRH analogue was administered shortly after OE. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal palpation, 40 to 45 d after artificial insemination (AI). Conception risk was analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Brief visual observation of behavioral estrus indicated that about three-quarters of the events (n = 40) of visually detected OE occurred within 6 h of AAM-detected OE. Accordingly, the GnRH analogue was administered within 5 h of AAM-detected OE, to overlap with the expected endogenous preovulatory LH surge. Overall, pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was monitored over the entire experimental period (summer and autumn) in 233 first, second or third AI (116 and 117 AI for treated and control groups, respectively). Least square means of P/AI for treated (45.8%) and control (39.4%) groups did not differ, but group-by-season interaction tended to differ (p = 0.07), indicating no effect of treatment in the summer and a marked effect of GnRH treatment (n = 58 AI) compared to controls (n = 59 AI) on P/AI in the autumn (56.6% vs. 28.5%, p < 0.03). During the autumn, GnRH-treated mature cows (second or more lactations), and postpartum cows exhibiting metabolic and uterine diseases, tended to have much larger P/AI than their control counterparts (p = 0.07–0.08). No effect of treatment was recorded in the autumn in first parity cows or in uninfected, healthy cows. In conclusion, administration of GnRH within 5 h of AAM-determined OE improved conception risk in cows during the autumn, particularly in those exhibiting uterine or metabolic diseases postpartum and in mature cows. Incorporation of the proposed GnRH treatment shortly after AAM-detected OE into a synchronization program is suggested, to improve fertility of positively responding subpopulations of cows.

Hypoxia and reoxygenation stimulate biphasic changes in endothelial monolayer permeability

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (1) ◽  
pp. L52-L58 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Stress Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Endothelial Monolayer ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Endothelial Monolayers ◽  
Monolayer Permeability ◽  
Hypoxic Incubation ◽  
Intercellular Gaps

Incubation of bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial (BPMVE) cells in low O2 content (95% N2-5% CO2) for 4 h increased monolayer permeability to dextran almost twofold and also increased the incidence of intercellular gaps and intracellular actin stress fibers. Hypoxic incubation decreased the extracellular matrix contents of fibronectin and vitronectin, proteins that serve as anchorage points for the endothelial cells. This state was reversed after 24 h of hypoxic incubation, and the BPMVE monolayer permeability to dextran was less than that of normoxic controls. The monolayer had fewer intercellular gaps and stress fibers, and the extracellular matrix contained increased amounts of fibronectin, vitronectin, and type I collagen. These alterations stimulated by 24 h of hypoxic incubation were resolved within 4 h of reoxygenation in room air supplemented with 5% CO2. These studies indicate that incubation of endothelial monolayers in hypoxic conditions first increases and then decreases monolayer permeability, through increased and decreased formation of intercellular gaps.

Effects of Egg Oiling on Larid Productivity and Population Dynamics

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Lewis ◽  
Richard A. Malecki
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Breeding Birds ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Larus Marinus ◽  
Nest Materials ◽  
Dose Responses

Abstract Small quantities of petroleum may adhere to the plumage, feet, or nest materials of breeding birds and be transferred to their eggs during incubation. In this study, oil was applied to naturally incubated Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) and Herring Gull (L. argentatus) eggs, and its effects on reproductive success were assessed. Embryo survival was inversely proportional to the quantity of petroleum applied to eggshell surfaces. Dose responses, however, were dependent on embryonic age at the time of treatment. Eggs of either species, treated with 10-20 μl of No. 2 fuel oil 4-8 days after laying, experienced significant reductions in hatching success. Embryos oiled past the midpoint of the 28-day incubation period were insensitive to as much as 100 μl of petroleum. Fuel oil weathered outdoors for several weeks was as toxic as fresh oil to larid embryos. Productivity estimates obtained following various oil treatments indicated that only under severe conditions (e.g. large doses of petroleum contaminating young embryos) could egg oiling have a significant impact upon populations of the Herring Gull and species with similar life-history characteristics. Species that are more sensitive to oil, however, those having lower reproductive potentials and higher postfledging mortality rates or those subject to other stresses, may be more adversely affected by oil pollution.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Whole Cell Inactivated Vibrio harveyi Vaccine against Vibriosis in a Marine Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) Model

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Nadirah Abu Nor ◽  
Mohd Zamri-Saad ◽  
Ina-Salwany Md Yasin ◽  
Annas Salleh ◽  
Farina Mustaffa-Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in various commercial marine fish species. The infection leads to significant economic losses for aquaculture farms, and vaccination is an alternative approach for the prevention and control of fish diseases for aquaculture sustainability. This study describes the use of formalin-killed Vibrio harveyi (FKVh) strain Vh1 as a vaccine candidate to stimulate innate and adaptive immunities against vibriosis in a marine red hybrid tilapia model. Tilapia are fast growing; cheap; resistant to diseases; and tolerant to adverse environmental conditions of fresh water, brackish water, and marine water and because of these advantages, marine red hybrid tilapia is a suitable candidate as a model to study fish diseases and vaccinations against vibriosis. A total of 180 healthy red hybrid tilapias were gradually adapted to the marine environment before being divided into two groups, with 90 fish in each group and were kept in triplicate with 30 fish per tank. Group 1 was vaccinated intraperitoneally with 100 µL of FKVh on week 0, and a booster dose was similarly administered on week 2. Group 2 was similarly injected with PBS. Skin mucus, serum, and gut lavage were collected weekly for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lysozyme activity assay from a total of 30 fish of each group. On week 4, the remaining 60 fish of Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with 108 cfu/fish of live Vibrio harveyi. The clinical signs were monitored while the survival rate was recorded for 48 h post-challenge. Vaccination with FKVh resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of survival (87%) compared to the control (20%). The IgM antibody titer and lysozyme activities of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the unvaccinated Groups 2 in most weeks throughout the experiment. Therefore, the intraperitoneal exposure of marine red hybrid tilapia to killed V. harveyi enhanced the resistance and antibody response of the fish against vibriosis.

scholarly journals Aerobic scope does matter in the temperature-size rule but only under optimal conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Walczyńska ◽  
Mateusz Sobczyk
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions

We united theoretical predictions of the factors responsible for the evolutionary significance of the temperature-size rule (TSR). We assumed that (i) the TSR is a response to temperature-dependent oxic conditions, (ii) body size decrease is a consequence of cell shrinkage in response to hypoxia, (iii) this response enables organisms to maintain a wide scope for aerobic performance, and (iv) it prevents a decrease in fitness. We examined three clones of the rotifer Lecane inermis exposed to three experimental regimes: mild hypoxia, severe hypoxia driven by a too high temperature, and severe hypoxia driven by an inadequate oxygen concentration. We compared the following traits in normoxia- and hypoxia-exposed rotifers: nuclear size (a proxy for cell size), body size, specific dynamic action (SDA, a proxy of aerobic metabolism) and two fitness measures, the population growth rate and eggs/female ratio. The results showed that (i) under mildly hypoxic conditions, our causative reasoning was correct, except that one of the clones decreased in body size without a decrease in nuclear size, and (ii) in more stressful environments, rotifers exhibited clone- and condition-specific responses, which were equally successful in terms of fitness levels. Our results indicate the importance of the rule testing conditions. The important conclusions were that (i) a body size decrease at higher temperatures enabled the maintenance of a wide aerobic scope under clone-specific, thermally optimal conditions, and (ii) this response was not the only option to prevent fitness reduction under hypoxia.

scholarly journals Attention Bias Test Measures Negative But Not Positive Affect in Sheep: A Replication Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1314
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Monk ◽  
Caroline Lee ◽  
Emily Dickson ◽  
Dana L. M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Positive Groups ◽  
Previous Location

An attention bias test has been developed as a measure of negative affective states in sheep. The test measures an individual’s allocation of attention between a threatening (previous location of a dog) and positive (conspecific photo) stimulus over a 3 min period. This study replicated a previously inconclusive study, to determine whether the test could assess positive affective states under more controlled conditions and with a younger population of animals. Pharmacological treatments were used to induce anxious, calm, happy, and control affective states prior to entering the attention bias test arena (n = 20/treatment). We hypothesized that sheep in positive and negative affective states could be differentiated using key measures of attention during testing, including vigilance (head at or above shoulder height) and duration looking towards the valenced stimuli. Anxious sheep were more vigilant than control animals during attention bias testing as predicted (linear mixed effects model, p = 0.002), but the positive groups did not differ from controls (p > 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on looking behaviors (p > 0.05). We suggest this attention bias test paradigm can assess negative but not positive affect in sheep and that modifications to the ethogram or stimuli are needed to more clearly characterize the direction of attention during testing.

Cervical sympathectomy and cerebral microvascular and blood flow responses to hypocapnic hypoxia

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. H460-H467 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kissen ◽  
H. R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Brain Capillary ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microvascular Response ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
And Control ◽  
Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

This study evaluated the effects of bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and utilization of brain capillary reserve in conscious rats during normoxia and hypoxia (8% O2 in N2). Regional CBF was determined in sham-lesioned and ganglionectomized rats with [14C]iodoantipyrine. The percentage of the total volume fraction and number of perfused capillaries was determined by comparing the perfused microvessels, identified by the presence of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, with the total microvascular bed, identified by alkaline phosphatase stain. There were no significant differences in regional CBF between control and ganglionectomized rats under normoxic conditions. CBF increased significantly during hypoxia in both control and control ganglionectomized rats. In control, hypoxic flow to caudal structures was significantly higher than to rostral structures and that differential response was prevented by ganglionectomy. There was no significant difference in the number of perfused microvessels between sham-lesioned and ganglionectomized rats during normoxia. The number of perfused arterioles and capillaries was significantly higher under hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions in sham and ganglionectomized animals. During hypoxia, the percent of arterioles per squared millimeter perfused increased to 63 +/- 5% in sham-lesioned rats and to a significantly greater extent, 80 +/- 6%, in ganglionectomized rats. The percentage of capillaries per squared millimeter perfused changed similarly. The peripheral sympathetic nervous system appeared to play an important role in the control of cerebral microvascular response to hypoxia.

scholarly journals Copper Surfaces in Biofilm Control

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Inês B. Gomes ◽  
Manuel Simões ◽  
Lúcia C. Simões
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Copper Surfaces ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Control

Biofilms are structures comprising microorganisms associated to surfaces and enclosed by an extracellular polymeric matrix produced by the colonizer cells. These structures protect microorganisms from adverse environmental conditions. Biofilms are typically associated with several negative impacts for health and industries and no effective strategy for their complete control/eradication has been identified so far. The antimicrobial properties of copper are well recognized among the scientific community, which increased their interest for the use of these materials in different applications. In this review the use of different copper materials (copper, copper alloys, nanoparticles and copper-based coatings) in medical settings, industrial equipment and plumbing systems will be discussed considering their potential to prevent and control biofilm formation. Particular attention is given to the mode of action of copper materials. The putative impact of copper materials in the health and/or products quality is reviewed taking into account their main use and the possible effects on the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

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