scholarly journals Disentangling the effects of sex, life history and genetic background in Atlantic salmon: growth, heart and liver under common garden conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 200811
Author(s):  
William Bernard Perry ◽  
Monica F. Solberg ◽  
Christopher Brodie ◽  
Angela C. Medina ◽  
Kirthana G. Pillay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Additive Basis ◽  
Liver Morphology ◽  
Gene Complexes

Livestock domestication has long been a part of agriculture, estimated to have first occurred approximately 10 000 years ago. Despite the plethora of traits studied, there is little understanding of the possible impacts domestication has had on internal organs, which are key determinants of survival. Moreover, the genetic basis of observed associated changes in artificial environments is still puzzling. Here we examine impacts of captivity on two organs in Atlantic salmon ( Salar salar ) that have been domesticated for approximately 50 years: heart and liver, in addition to growth. We studied multiple families of wild, domesticated, F 1 and F 2 hybrid, and backcrossed strains of S. salar in replicated common garden tanks during the freshwater and marine stages of development. Heart and liver weight were investigated, along with heart morphology metrics examined in just the wild, domesticated and F 1 hybrid strains (heart height and width). Growth was positively linked with the proportion of the domesticated strain, and recombination in F 2 hybrids (and the potential disruption of co-adapted gene complexes) did not influence growth. Despite the influence of domestication on growth, we found no evidence for domestication-driven divergence in heart or liver morphology. However, sexual dimorphism was detected in heart morphology, and after controlling for body size, females exhibited significantly larger heart weight and heart width when compared with males. Wild females also had an increased heart height when compared with wild males, and this was not observed in any other strain. Females sampled in saltwater showed significantly larger heart height with rounder hearts, than saltwater males. Collectively, these results demonstrate an additive basis of growth and, despite a strong influence of domestication on growth, no clear evidence of changes in heart or liver morphology associated with domestication was identified.

scholarly journals KARATERISTIK ORGAN BAGIAN DALAM AYAM BURAS YANG DIBERI PAKAN MINYAK KELAPA (Cocos nucifera) DALAM RANSUM

ZOOTEC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Jein Rinny Leke ◽  
F.N. Sompie ◽  
E. Wantasen ◽  
T. Widyastuti ◽  
E.H.B. Sondakh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Pancreas Weight

INTERNAL ORGANS CHAR ACTERISTICS OF NATIVE CHICKEN FED BY COCONUT OIL (Cocos nucifera) ON DIET. The research was carried to determine the internal organs characteristics of buras chickens fed coconut (Cocos mucifera) oil in diet. A total 100 unsexed buras chickens was used in this experiment. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications (4 hens each). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, when the treatments indicated significant effect it was continued Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Five dietary treatments containing 0, 0.5%, 1 %, 1,5%, and 2% levels of coconut oil (CO) with five replicates were applied to chickens.  Parameters measured were body weight, heart, liver, pancreas  and gizzard weight. Result showed that CO in the ration significantly increased the body weight (P<0.01) but did not affect to heart weight, liver weight, pancreas weight and gizzard weight.(P>0.05) It can be concluded that coconut oil in the diet can’t increase the internal organ characteristics. We can gave the 2% CO in the diet for the best results. Key words: Internal Organs, Coconut Oil, Buras Chickens

scholarly journals INTERNAL ORGANS OF ISA BROWN CHICKENS AGED 104 WEEKS FED WITH CALCIUM THAT WAS DERIVED FROM SEASHELLS IN THEIR RATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
IKU M. S. F. ◽  
G. A. M. K. DEWI ◽  
M. WIRAPARTHA
Keyword(s):  
Liver Weight ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of calcium from seashells flour in commercial rations on the internal organs of isa brown chickens aged 104 weeks, carried out in Pesedahan Village, Manggis District, Manggis Regency, Karangasem for 4 weeks. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments consistend of five replications used three isa brown chikens. The treatments given were commercial rations whithout adding seashells flour (P0/control), commercial ransum plus 1%, 2% and 3% calcium seashells flour (P1, P2, and P3). The variables observed were hearth weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigthand spleen weight. The results showed that the addition of calcium shellfish flour 1%, 2%, and 3% in commercial rations had no significant effect on hearth weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigthand spleen weight. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of calcium seashells flour 1%, 2%, and 3% in commercial rations did not affect heart weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigth and spleen weight

Persistence of Orally Administered Salmonella enterica Serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. NESSE ◽  
T. LØVOLD ◽  
B. BERGSJØ ◽  
K. NORDBY ◽  
C. WALLACE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Gastric Intubation

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15°C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 × 108, 1.0 × 106, or 1.0 × 104 CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15°C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

scholarly journals Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: how to diagnose and when to perform genetic tests

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda Sobey
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Connective Tissue Disorders ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Danlos Syndrome

The term Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) encompasses a group of inherited connective tissue disorders. The manifestations of EDS can be seen in skin, joints, blood vessels and internal organs and vary from mild to severe and life threatening. Each subtype is a separate and different condition. The genetic basis of many subtypes has now been elucidated, confirming heterogeneity. An awareness of the different conditions within this group is the starting point towards accurate diagnosis. Accurate elicitation of history and clinical signs is vital in selecting the correct confirmatory investigation. Skin biopsy with electron microscopy can be helpful in the decision process of whether and when to perform genetic testing. Correct diagnosis within the EDSs allows targeted management, family screening and prenatal diagnosis.

Transferrin Polymorphism in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Møller
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Transferrin Polymorphism ◽  
Starch Agar

Three main patterns of transferrins, made up of two molecular types, were found by starch–agar electrophoresis in plasma of hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Distributions of the observed patterns from progenies of three hatchery matings agreed with expected Mendelian distributions in offspring of known parentage, implying that the bands have their origin in two codominant alleles. In nearly all samples of the wild salmon the genetic basis of transferrin variation was demonstrated by nonsignificant differences between observed and expected distributions when the Hardy–Weinberg formula was applied.Frequencies of the TfA allele differed in samples from different rivers and within the same river; the Atlantic salmon forms genetically different populations. Interchange of stocks probably influenced the values of the different gene frequencies found.

scholarly journals Effect of Low Environmental Temperature on Performance and Blood System in Broiler Chickens (Gallus domesticus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. S17-S23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Blahová ◽  
R. Dobšíková ◽  
E. Straková ◽  
P. Suchý
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Conversion Performance

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of low environmental temperature on growth, feed conversion, performance and selected biochemical and haematological indicators in broiler chickens. The decrease in air temperature since the 22nd day of growth influenced significantly (p < 0.05) the level of total proteins, uric acid, phosphorus (in female broiler chickens), glucose (in male broiler chickens), haemoglobin (in female broiler chickens) and liver weight (in male broiler chickens). The temperature influenced significantly (p < 0.01) the level of triiodothyronine, haemoglobin (in male broiler chickens), haematocrit, abdominal fat content (in male broiler chickens), and heart weight too. The results have clearly confirmed that during growth, the decrease in environmental temperature (cold stress) negatively influenced some indices of performance and blood system in broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Carcass and organ characteristics of finishing broilers fed diets containing probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
J.I. Ugwuoke ◽  
O.R. Okwesili ◽  
C.E. Dim ◽  
M.N. Okonkwo ◽  
H.M. Ndofor-Foleng
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

A five-week study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of S. cerevisiae on carcass and organ characteristics of finishing broilers. One hundred and twenty 4-weeks old broilers of cobb strain were randomly assigned to four treatments (T1 = 0.6 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) kg–1 diet; T2 = 0.8 g SC kg–1 diet; T3 = 1.0 g SC kg–1 diet and T4 = 0.0 g SC kg–1 diet) with 30 birds per treatment and replicated twice with 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum to the birds in a deep litter system. In the end, data on growth, carcass and organ indices generated from the study were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the treatments in the birds’ growth performance indices. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the birds’ values for liver weight, heart weight, shank length and thigh length with birds in T3 recording highest values of 61.30 g, 16.93 g and 12.00 cm for liver weight, heart weight and thigh length, respectively. It was thus concluded that finishing broilers fed 1.0 g of S. cerevisiae had superior carcass and organ characteristics than birds on the control and lower levels of inclusion.

scholarly journals Genetic and Molecular Genetic Basis of Nuclear-Plastid Incompatibilities

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Vera S. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis ◽  
Nuclear Loci

Genetic analysis of nuclear-cytoplasm incompatibilities is not straightforward and requires an elaborated experimental design. A number of species have been genetically studied, but notable advances in genetic mapping of nuclear loci involved in nuclear-plastid incompatibility have been achieved only in wheat and pea. This review focuses on the study of the genetic background underlying nuclear-plastid incompatibilities, including cases where the molecular genetic basis of such incompatibility has been unveiled, such as in tobacco, Oenothera, pea, and wheat.

Differential induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes by clofibric acid and aspirin in piglet tissues

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (5) ◽  
pp. R1553-R1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Xian Yu ◽  
Jack Odle ◽  
James K. Drackley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Newborn Pigs ◽  
Acyl Coa Oxidase ◽  
Total Carnitine

Peroxisomal β-oxidation (POX) of fatty acids is important in lipid catabolism and thermogenesis. To investigate the effects of peroxisome proliferators on peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation in piglet tissues, newborn pigs (1–2 days old) were allowed ad libitum access to milk replacer supplemented with 0.5% clofibric acid (CA) or 1% aspirin for 14 days. CA increased ratios of liver weight to body weight ( P < 0.07), kidney weight to body weight ( P< 0.05), and heart weight to body weight ( P < 0.001). Aspirin decreased daily food intake and final body weight but increased the ratio of heart weight to body weight ( P < 0.01). In liver, activities of POX, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO), total carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), and catalase were 2.7-, 2.2-, 1.5-fold, and 33% greater, respectively, for pigs given CA than for control pigs. In heart, these variables were 2.2-, 4.1-, 1.9-, and 1.8-fold greater, respectively, for pigs given CA than for control pigs. CA did not change these variables in either kidney or muscle, except that CPT activity was increased ∼110% ( P < 0.01) in kidney. Aspirin increased only hepatic FAO and CPT activities. Northern blot analysis revealed that CA increased the abundance of catalase mRNA in heart by ∼2.2-fold. We conclude that 1) POX and CPT in newborn pigs can be induced by peroxisomal proliferators with tissue specificity and 2) the relatively smaller induction of POX in piglets (compared with that in young or adult rodents) may be related to either age or species differences.

1272Effect of age, genetic background and experimental conditions on left atrial monophasic action potential duration, effective refractory period and activation time in Langendorff-perfused murine hearts

EP Europace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Obergassel ◽  
S N Kabir ◽  
M O"reilly ◽  
L C Sommerfeld ◽  
C O"shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Monophasic Action Potential ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Supported by EU [CATCH ME] 633196, British Heart Foundation FS/13/43/30324, AA/18/2/34218 LF, PK, DFG FA413 LF, Studienstiftung to JO. Background Studying cardiac electrophysiology in isolated perfused beating murine hearts is a well-established method. The range of normal values for left atrial action potential durations (LA-APD), activation times (LA-AT) and effective refractory periods (atrial ERP) in murine wildtype (WT) is not well known. Purpose This study aimed to establish reference values for LA-APD, LA-AT and atrial ERP and to identify factors that influence these electrophysiological parameters in wildtype (WT) mice. Method We combined results from isolated beating heart Langendorff experiments carried out in WT between 2005 and 2019 using an octopolar catheter inserted into the right atrium and a monophasic action potential electrode recording from the LA epicardium. Electrophysiological parameters (LA-APD at 50%, 70%, 90% repolarization (APD50, APD70, APD90), LA-AT and atrial ERP) at different pacing cycle lengths (PCL) were summarized. We analyzed effects of PCL, genetic background, age, gender, heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW), LA weight to body weight ratio (LAW/BW) as well as coronary flow and temperature as experimental conditions. Results Electrophysiological parameters from 222 isolated hearts (114 female, mean age 6.6 ± 0.25 months, range 2.47-17.7 months) of different backgrounds (77 C57BL/6, 23 FVB/N, 33 MF1, 69 129/Sv and 20 Swiss agouti) were combined. Coronary flow rate, flow temperature and start of isolation to cannulation time were constant experimental conditions over the timespan of experiments. LA-APD was longer while LA-AT decreased with longer PCL throughout all genetic backgrounds (Figure 1A). Genetic background showed strong effects on all electrophysiological parameters. LA activation was delayed in 129/Sv compared to other backgrounds (Figure 1D). LA-APD70 and atrial ERP were significantly shorter in Swiss agouti background compared to others. LA-APD70 was also significantly prolonged in 129/Sv background compared to MF1 (Figure 1C). Atrial ERP was longer in FVB/N compared to other backgrounds. Age effects were compared in groups. Atrial ERP was significantly longer in mice ≤ 3 months compared to all older mice. Atrial ERP was also significantly prolonged (+ 3.4ms, + 13.5%) in female mice compared to males (Figure 1B). Conclusion This dataset summarizes left atrial electrophysiological parameters in the beating mouse heart and can serve as a reference for design and interpretation of electrophysiological experiments in murine models of commonly used genetic backgrounds. We confirm that cycle length, genetic background, age and gender affect atrial electrophysiological parameters. Awareness of these will support successful experimental design. Abstract Figure 1

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