scholarly journals Beyond species recognition: somatic state affects long-distance sex pheromone communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20150832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Chemnitz ◽  
Petra C. Jentschke ◽  
Manfred Ayasse ◽  
Sandra Steiger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Pheromone Emission ◽  
Somatic State

Long-range sex pheromones have been subjected to substantial research with a particular focus on their biosynthesis, peripheral perception, central processing and the resulting orientation behaviour of perceivers. Fundamental to the research on sex attractants was the assumption that they primarily coordinate species recognition. However, especially when they are produced by the less limiting sex (usually males), the evolution of heightened condition dependence might be expected and long-range sex pheromones might, therefore, also inform about a signaller's quality. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive study of the role of a male's long-range pheromone in mate choice that combines chemical analyses, video observations and field experiments with a multifactorial manipulation of males' condition. We show that the emission of the long-distance sex pheromone of the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides is highly condition-dependent and reliably reflects nutritional state, age, body size and parasite load—key components of an individual's somatic state. Both, the quantity and ratio of the pheromone components were affected but the time invested in pheromone emission was largely unaffected by a male's condition. Moreover, the variation in pheromone emission caused by the variation in condition had a strong effect on the attractiveness of males in the field, with males in better nutritional condition, of older age, larger body size and bearing less parasites being more attractive. That a single pheromone is influenced by so many aspects of the somatic state and causes such variation in a male's attractiveness under field conditions was hitherto unknown and highlights the need to integrate indicator models of sexual selection into pheromone research.

ATTRACTION OF MALE GREEN APPLE BUGS, LYGOCORIS COMMUNIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), TO CAGED FEMALES

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Boivin ◽  
R. K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Lygus Hesperus ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Pheromone Emission

In Quebec apple orchards, pheromones are used to monitor a number of pest species (Rivard et al. 1978; Paradis et al. 1979). However, few studies have looked for the presence of sex pheromones in mirids. Scales (1968) detected the presence of sex pheromone in a mirid, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), as did Strong et al. (1970) for Lygus hesperus Knight. Subsequently, the daily and annual cycles of pheromone emission in Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) (King 1973) and Helopeltis clavifer (Walker) (Smith 1977) were established.

scholarly journals Effects of phenotype- and condition-dependent factors on juvenile dispersal of the ringed salamander (Ambystoma annulatum)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brittany Hunter Ousterhout
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Juvenile Dispersal ◽  
Ambystoma Annulatum

Dispersal is the movement of individuals from their natal population to a different breeding population. Long distance dispersal movements are rare, with most individuals staying within their natal population (hereafter residents). The frequency with which individuals disperse to new population or settle near natal sites has strong consequences for individual survival and fitness, as well as ecological and evolutionary processes. Despite the importance of dispersal, there have been limited empirical tests of the factors affect whether an individual disperses or is philopatric. This is particularly true for amphibians of the family Ambystomatidae. These pond-breeding salamanders have complex life cycles, with aquatic larvae and terrestrial juveniles and adults. Despite abundant research on the breeding migrations and larval life stage of these salamanders, factors affecting juvenile dispersal remain poorly resolved. This is particularly true for phenotype-dependent factors, such as body size and body condition, which are generally controlled for rather than manipulated. An understanding of factors driving dispersal in Ambystomatidae is critically needed. One-third of all amphibians are currently threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and fragmentation, and climate change. By understanding the factors that affect dispersal in this family of salamanders, we can manage at the individual, population, and metapopulation level. My dissertation research used laboratory and field experiments to measure effects of phenotype- and condition-dependent factors on movement in a mole salamander (Ambystoma annulatum). The primary objectives of my study were to 1) describe the effect of natal density on juvenile phenotype, and 2) determine the effect of individual variation in phenotype-dependent factors (i.e., behavior, morphology, and body condition) and condition-dependent factors (i.e., natal population density and juvenile habitat quality) on dispersal. To identify the effects of natal population density on juvenile phenotype, I conducted a replicated pond mesocosm experiment. I manipulated the density of ringed salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum) over 10 levels and compared the model fit of four functional forms of body size, body condition, date of metamorphosis survival, and percent lipids. In general, I found support for non-additive density dependence, with the negative impact of each additional individual decreasing in magnitude as density increased. After measuring the effect of natal conditions on juvenile phenotype, I conducted a series of experiments to describe the effect of phenotype- and condition dependent factors. I reared salamanders from larvae under different natal densities, resulting in juveniles that different in the conditions they experienced (i.e., natal density), as well as their body size, condition, and morphology. I also measured the exploration behavior of individuals. Using PIT telemetry, I tracked the initial movement of juvenile salamanders in two different habitat conditions (forest and field habitat). I found that both phenotype- and condition-dependent factors affect juvenile dispersal. I also found an interaction between these two types of factors, suggesting that redundant cues over ontogeny affect dispersal. Collectively, these studies indicate that both aquatic natal habitat and its effects on juvenile phenotype, as well as juvenile terrestrial habitats should be considered when managing amphibian populations and metapopulations.

scholarly journals An airborne sex pheromone in snakes

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shine ◽  
R. T. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Vomeronasal System ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Tongue Flicking

Most reptile sex pheromones so far described are lipid molecules too large to diffuse through the air; instead, they are detected via direct contact (tongue-flicking) with another animal's body or substrate-deposited trails, using the vomeronasal system. The only non-lipid pheromone reported in snakes involves courtship termination in red-sided gartersnakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis ): males that encounter copulatory fluids cease courtship, presumably reflecting the futility of courting an already-mating female. Our field experiments at a communal den in Manitoba show that this pheromone can work via olfaction: courtship is terminated by exposure to airborne scents from mating conspecifics, and does not require direct contact (tongue-flicking). Hence, the sexual behaviour of reptiles can be affected by airborne as well as substrate-bound pheromones.

scholarly journals A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Distance Communication

Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.

Alerting and Message Components in Songs of Rufous-Sided Towhees

Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 223-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Narrow Frequency Range ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractIn numerous species of passerine birds the initial few notes of the song have a narrow frequency range and wide temporal spacing when compared with the rest of the song. This structure is well adapted for high detectability when the song is acoustically degraded during passage through the environment. The song of the rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo eythrophtalmus) consists of relatively tonal introductory syllables followed by a complex rapid trill. The trill is capable of carrying more information than the introduction, but is inherently less detectable at a distance owing to degradation by reverberation, amplitude fluctuation, and frequency-dependent attenuation. Signal detection theory predicts that the detectability of the trill will be increased when it is preceded by the introductory syllables, owing to the removal of uncertainty concerning the time of arrival of the signal. This is alerted detection. I performed field experiments using playback of recorded song to towhees to test the hypothesis that these introductory syllables facilitate detection of conspecific song at a distance. Tape recordings of normal and artificially degraded full songs, introduction, and trills were played to territorial male towhees. Normal songs, degraded songs, and normal trills elicited strong territorial defense responses, indicating recognition as adequate species-specific song, and confirming that sufficient information is contained in the trill for species recognition. Degraded trills alone elicited little response. Both normal and degraded introductions also elicited little response, demonstrating that the increased response to a degraded full song over that to a degraded trill is not due to any species-specific characteristics of the introduction, but rather to its function as an alerting stimulus.

Field Study of Low-Energy Long-Distance Wireless Communication for IoT Application in Remote Areas

Mekatronika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Kwai Yang Sak ◽  
Ahmad Najmuddin Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Long Distance

Long Range (LoRa) is a wireless radio frequency technology under the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). LoRa is able to communicate long range and low energy consumption. The communication range has become an essential element in the wireless radio frequency technology in the Internet of Things (IoT). The presence of LoRa is able IoT application performs in long communication distances with high noise sensitivity ability. People can operate, monitor, and do a variety of tasks from a remote distance. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance of the LoRa connection between radio transceivers in remote locations. The different environment and structural elements affect the LoRa performance. This thesis will be supported by the experiment that LoRa communication in different environments and tests. This experiment tests in line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). Two sets of LoRa parameters, including Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth, and coding rate, are tested in different environments. The experiment tests the LoRa performance in various aspects: received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet received ratio (PPR) at different coverage ranges. In addition, the LoRa performance is evaluated in university, residential areas and vegetation areas under similar temperature, weather, and time. The LoRa coverage distance in the vegetation area and university area is reached 900 meters in the LOS test. Still, the vegetation area's signal is more stable and able to receive weaker RSSI signals. The LoRa coverage distance in the NLOS test is shorter compared to the LOS test. NLOS test has only one-third of the LOS LoRa communication distance. It is due to the signal penetration on structural elements such as buildings and woods cause the signal power loss and only transmitting a shorter distance. The LoRa parameter with SF9, 31.25kHz bandwidth and 4/8 coding rate has a better coverage range and stable connection.

scholarly journals Media-Media Pembelajaran Efektif dalam Membantu Pembelajaran Matematika Jarak Jauh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Dewasni Hasiru ◽  
Syamsu Qamar Badu ◽  
Hamzah B. Uno
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Effective Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Study Type ◽  
System 1

The study is done with the goal of providing a glimpse of what media is effectively used in assisting remote math. The method used in the study is a qualitative approach with a library study type (library research). Retrieval with a documentary technique that is, locate appropriate literature sources through books, research journals and other sources of information relating to effective long-range learning media in mathematics. To see the effectiveness of media using media indicators in the long-range learning system: (1) create motivation, (2) increase learning yields, (3) make learners remember old knowledge, (4) learners capable of applying the knowledge learned. Research shows the media that can be used in long-distance math study is google classroom, learning video, Whatsapp, and zoom. However, effective media used in long-distance math study is google classroom and learning videos, Whatsapp and zoom is still less effective in the long-distance mathematical learning process

Colonization of depopulated crinoids by symbionts: who comes from the bottom and who from the water column?

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 1607-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Mekhova ◽  
P.Y. Dgebuadze ◽  
V.N. Mikheev ◽  
T.A. Britayev
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sandy Substrate ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All ◽  
High Degree

Previous experiments with the comatulid Himerometra robustipinna (Carpenter, 1881) demonstrated intensive host-to-host migration processes for almost all symbiotic species both within host aggregations and among hosts separated by several metres. The aim of this study was to check the ability of symbionts to complete long-distance migrations, by means of two in situ experiments which depopulated the crinoid host. Two different sets of field experiments were set up: exposure of depopulated crinoids (set 1) on stony ‘islands’ isolated from native crinoid assemblages by sandy substrate, and (set 2) in cages suspended in the water column. Hosts from set 1 were exposed for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks to assess whether substrate has an influence on the symbionts' long-distance migrations. In set 2 cages were exposed for 10–11 days, aiming to check whether symbionts were able to disperse through the water column with currents. These experiments allow the conclusion that post-settled symbionts can actively migrate among their hosts. Symbionts are able to reach their hosts by employing two different ‘transport corridors’, by drifting or swimming in water column, and by moving on the bottom. Comparison of experimental results allows the division of symbionts into two conventional groups according to the dispersal ability of their post-settled stages: (1) species able to complete long-distance migrations, (2) species unable to migrate or having limited dispersal ability. The finding of the free-living shrimp Periclimenes diversipes Kemp, 1922 in set 2 raises the question about the factors that affect such a high degree of specialization of crinoid assemblages.

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