scholarly journals Cybernetic combatants support the importance of duels in the evolution of extreme weapons

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200254
Author(s):  
Murray P. Fea ◽  
Romain P. Boisseau ◽  
Douglas J. Emlen ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Contest Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Animal Contest ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
One To One ◽  
A Current

A current evolutionary hypothesis predicts that the most extreme forms of animal weaponry arise in systems where combatants fight each other one-to-one, in duels. It has also been suggested that arms races in human interstate conflicts are more likely to escalate in cases where there are only two opponents. However, directly testing whether duels matter for weapon investment is difficult in animals and impossible in interstate conflicts. Here, we test whether superior combatants experience a disproportionate advantage in duels, as compared with multi-combatant skirmishes, in a system analogous to both animal and military contests: the battles fought by artificial intelligence agents in a computer war game. We found that combatants with experimentally improved fighting power had a large advantage in duels, but that this advantage deteriorated as the complexity of the battlefield was increased by the addition of further combatants. This pattern remained under the two different forms of the advantage granted to our focal artificial intelligence (AI) combatants, and became reversed when we switched the roles to feature a weak focal AI among strong opponents. Our results suggest that one-on-one combat may trigger arms races in diverse systems. These results corroborate the outcomes of studies of both animal and interstate contests, and suggest that elements of animal contest theory may be widely applicable to arms races generally.

Human third-party observers accurately track fighting skill and vigour along their unique paths to victory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Robert Caton ◽  
Barnaby Dixson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Contest Theory ◽  
Fighting Ability ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Holding Power ◽  
Animal Contest ◽  
Resource Holding Power ◽  
Unique Path

Sexual selection via male-male contest competition has shaped the evolution of agonistic displays, weaponry, and fighting styles, and is further argued to have shaped human psychological mechanisms to detect, process, and respond appropriately to cues of fighting ability. Drawing on the largest fight-specific dataset to date across the sports and biological sciences (N = 2,765), we examined how different indicators of fighting ability in humans reflect unique paths to victory and indicate different forms of perceived and actual resource-holding power (RHP). Overall, we discovered that: (1) both striking skill and vigour, and grappling skill and vigour, individually and collectively predict RHP; (2) different RHP indicators are distinguished by a unique path to victory (e.g., striking skill is a knockout-typical strategy, whereas grappling vigour is a submission-typical strategy); and (3) third-party observers accurately track fighting skill and vigour along their unique paths to victory. Our argument that different measures of RHP are associated with unique paths to victory, and third-party observers accurately track fighting vigour and skill along their unique paths to victory, advance our understanding not only of human contest competition, but animal contest theory more broadly.

A Movie E-Shop Recommendation Model Based on Web Usage and Ontological Data

2011 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Andreas Aresti ◽  
Penelope Markellou ◽  
Ioanna Mousourouli ◽  
Spiros Sirmakessis ◽  
Athanasios Tsakalidis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
User Modeling ◽  
Web Mining ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Recommendation Systems ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Web Usage ◽  
One To One ◽  
Online Shops

Recommendation systems are special personalization tools that help users to find interesting information and services in complex online shops. Even though today’s e-commerce environments have drastically evolved and now incorporate techniques from other domains and application areas such as Web mining, semantics, artificial intelligence, user modeling, and profiling setting up a successful recommendation system is not a trivial or straightforward task. This chapter argues that by monitoring, analyzing, and understanding the behavior of customers, their demographics, opinions, preferences, and history, as well as taking into consideration the specific e-shop ontology and by applying Web mining techniques, the effectiveness of produced recommendations can be significantly improved. In this way, the e-shop may upgrade users’ interaction, increase its usability, convert users to buyers, retain current customers, and establish long-term and loyal one-to-one relationships.

scholarly journals Facial expression recognition based on improved VGG convolutional neural network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2083 (3) ◽  
pp. 032030
Author(s):  
Cui Dong ◽  
Rongfu Wang ◽  
Yuanqin Hang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Original Network ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
A Current

Abstract With the development of artificial intelligence, facial expression recognition based on deep learning has become a current research hotspot. The article analyzes and improves the VGG16 network. First, the three fully connected layers of the original network are changed to two convolutional layers and one fully connected layer, which reduces the complexity of the network; Then change the maximum pooling in the network to local-based adaptive pooling to help the network select feature information that is more conducive to facial expression recognition, so that the network can be used on the facial expression datasets RAF-DB and SFEW. The recognition rate increased by 4.7% and 7% respectively.

The Past of the Future of Computation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Simple Step ◽  
A Current

Hand axes, language, and computers are tools that increase our ability to deal with the world. Computing is a cognitive tool and comes in several kinds: digital, analog, and brain-like. An analog telephone connects two telephones with a wire. Talking causes a current to flow on the wire. In a digital telephone the voltage is converted into groups of ones or zeros and sent at high speed from one telephone to the other. An analog telephone requires one simple step. A digital telephone requires several million discrete steps per second. Digital telephones work because the hardware has gotten much faster. Yet brains constructed of slow devices and using a few watts of power are competitive for many cognitive tasks. The important question is not why machines are becoming so smart but why humans are still so good. Artificial intelligence is missing something important probably based on hardware differences.

scholarly journals Human-Brain Artificial-Intelligence Matrix

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Potential Wells ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Brain ◽  
A Current

Human-Brain Artificial-Intelligence Matrix is a new technology aims to connect the human brain with the machine for the purpose of enabling the human brain to perform defined functions even if it becomes unable to perform them such as performing the function of vision in case of blindness, the function of hearing in case of deafness, Performing the function of motion in case of paralysis and many other functions. This technology will be based on the Cognition Theory which I argue about that the whole process of cognition can be treated quantum-mechanically. The cognition starts when a neuron sends data to be processed in the brain and ends in an effector to respond. The data “action potential” is a current of particles which can be described quantum-mechanically as a wave-impulse based on the dual nature of the particles. The neurons are a net of entangled cells classically and quantum-mechanically. When the action potential changes the potential of the neurons, it creates quantum mechanical potential wells and barriers. The action potential perfectly transmits in and out the neurons through quantum mechanical tunnels. The form of energy before processing is not the same after, but the amount of energy is always conserved. Since the neurons are entangled during the action potential transmission, the brain and effector will be entangled during the action potential processing. The effector’s cognition of data must be a discrete cognition of single-valued data from its self-adjoint matrix which entangled with brain matrix.

scholarly journals Perceived and actual fighting ability: determinants of success by decision, knockout or submission in human combat sports

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 20200443
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Lane ◽  
Mark Briffa
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Combat Sports ◽  
Resource Holding Potential ◽  
Contest Theory ◽  
Fighting Ability ◽  
Animal Contest ◽  
Performance Traits

Animal contest theory assumes individuals to possess accurate information about their own fighting ability or resource-holding potential (RHP) and, under some models, that of their opponent. However, owing to the difficulty of disentangling perceived and actual RHP in animals, how accurately individuals are able to assess RHP remains relatively unknown. Furthermore, it is not just individuals within a fight that evaluate RHP. Third-party observers evaluate the fight performance of conspecifics in order to make behavioural decisions. In human combat sports, when fights remain unresolved at the end of the allotted time, bystanders take a more active role, with judges assigning victory based on their assessment of each fighter's performance. Here, we use fight data from mixed martial arts in order to investigate whether perceived fighting performance (judges' decisions) and actual fighting success (fights ending in knockout or submission) are based on the same performance traits, specifically striking skill and vigour. Our results indicate that both performance traits are important for victory, but that vigour is more important for fights resolved via decision, even though the effect of vigour is enhanced by skill. These results suggest that while similar traits are important for fighting success across the board, vigour is overvalued in judges' perceptions of RHP.

New Military Technologies: Dangers for International Security and Peace

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Jürgen Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
International Security ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cyber War

New military technologies are being developed at a high pace, with the USA in the lead. Intended application areas are space weapons and ballistic missile defence, hypersonic missiles, autonomous weapon systems, and cyber war. Generic technologies include artificial intelligence, additive manufacturing, synthetic biology and gene editing, and soldier enhancement. Problems for international security and peace - arms races and destabilisation - will likely result from properties shared by several technologies: wider availability, easier access, smaller systems; shorter times for attack, warning and decisions; and conventional-nuclear entanglement. Preventive arms control is urgently needed.

scholarly journals What can associative learning do for planning?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 180778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Lind
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Paradox ◽  
Flexible Planning ◽  
A Current ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Theoretical Developments

There is a new associative learning paradox. The power of associative learning for producing flexible behaviour in non-human animals is downplayed or ignored by researchers in animal cognition, whereas artificial intelligence research shows that associative learning models can beat humans in chess. One phenomenon in which associative learning often is ruled out as an explanation for animal behaviour is flexible planning. However, planning studies have been criticized and questions have been raised regarding both methodological validity and interpretations of results. Due to the power of associative learning and the uncertainty of what causes planning behaviour in non-human animals, I explored what associative learning can do for planning. A previously published sequence learning model which combines Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning was used to simulate two planning studies, namely Mulcahy & Call 2006 ‘Apes save tools for future use.’ Science 312 , 1038–1040 and Kabadayi & Osvath 2017 ‘Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering.’ Science 357 , 202–204. Simulations show that behaviour matching current definitions of flexible planning can emerge through associative learning. Through conditioned reinforcement, the learning model gives rise to planning behaviour by learning that a behaviour towards a current stimulus will produce high value food at a later stage; it can make decisions about future states not within current sensory scope. The simulations tracked key patterns both between and within studies. It is concluded that one cannot rule out that these studies of flexible planning in apes and corvids can be completely accounted for by associative learning. Future empirical studies of flexible planning in non-human animals can benefit from theoretical developments within artificial intelligence and animal learning.

scholarly journals Integrating Personality Research and Animal Contest Theory: Aggressiveness in the Green Swordtail Xiphophorus helleri

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e28024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair J. Wilson ◽  
Marloes de Boer ◽  
Gareth Arnott ◽  
Andrew Grimmer
Keyword(s):  
Xiphophorus Helleri ◽  
Contest Theory ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Animal Contest

scholarly journals Revisiting automated project management in the digital age – a survey of AI approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Auth ◽  
Oliver Jokisch ◽  
Christian Dürk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Business Politics ◽  
Cognitive Assistance ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Ibm Watson ◽  
A Current ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

In this decade, remarkable progress has been made in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Inspired by well-known services of cognitive assistance systems such as IBM Watson, Apple's Siri or Google Duplex, AI concepts and algorithms are widely discussed regarding their automation potentials in business, politics and society. At first glance, project management (PM) seems to be less suitable for automation due to the inherent uniqueness of projects by definition. However, AI is also creating new application possibilities in the PM area, which will be explored in this contribution by involving an extensive literature review as well as real-world examples. The objective of this article is to provide a current overview of AI approaches and available tools that can be used for automating tasks in business project management.

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